Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Restored Teeth with Two System Root Post

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to determinate the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth and restored with two root post systems: i) resin post, ii) fiber post. A total of 60 teeth were freshly extracted, endodontic ally treated and randomly divided in two groups (n= 30/each group) for standardized restoration; Group 1 (Group R): Resin post and resin restoration, Group 2 (Group FP): Fiberglass post and resin restoration. Both groups' samples were mounted in a metallic base at 135º to allow them to be stabilized and held in the universal testing machine by applying a vertical force at cross speed of 1mm/min. Data were recorded in Newtons (N) Previous to test the fracture resistance; all samples were stored in distilled water at 37 ºC for 24 hours. Data were subject to the Saphiro-Wilk test for normality distribution and Student's t test. Significance was considered at 0.05 values. The values of fiber post group showed normal distribution compared to the resin group, demonstrating less variability among the values. The group FP displayed higher fracture resistance (299.77±100 N) than group R (205.57±86.40 N), with significant differences (p= 0.00002). The greatest fracture resistance was recorded for the group having fiber post reinforced and composite cores. It is suggested that fiberglass post restoration is the first option when endodontic treatment requires core restoration.

RESUMEN: El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la resistencia a la fractura de dientes tratados endodónticamente y restaurados con dos sistemas de endopostes radiculares: I) poste de resina, II) poste de fibra. Un total de 60 dientes recién extraídos fueron tratados endodónticamente y divididos al azar en dos grupos (n= 30/ cada grupo) para la restauración estandarizada; Grupo 1 (Grupo R): Pilares de resina y restauración, Grupo 2 (Grupo FP): Pilares de fibra de vidrio y restauración de resina. Las muestras de ambos grupos se montaron en una base metálica a 135º para permitir su estabilización y sujeción en la máquina universal de ensayos aplicando una fuerza vertical a velocidad transversal de 1 mm/min. Los datos se registraron en Newtons (N), para probar la resistencia a la fractura; todas las muestras se almacenaron en agua destilada a 37 ºC durante 24 horas. Los datos se sometieron a la prueba de normalidad de Saphiro-Wilk y la pruebas t de Student. La significancia se consideró con un valor de 0,05. Los valores del grupo de postes de fibra mostraron una distribución normal en comparación con el grupo de resinas, demostrando menor variabilidad entre los valores. El grupo FP mostró mayor resistencia a la fractura (299,77±100 N) que el grupo R (205,57±86,40 N) que el grupo con diferencias significativas (p= 0,00002). La mayor resistencia a la fractura se registró para el grupo que tenía núcleos compuestos y reforzados con postes de fibra. Se sugiere que la restauración posterior de fibra de vidrio es la primera opción cuando el tratamiento de endodoncia requiere una restauración del núcleo.

Impact of treated sewage on meiobenthic nematodes: a case study from the Tunisian Refining Industries Company / Impacto de esgoto tratado em nematoides meiobentônicos: um estudo de caso da Tunisian Refining Industries Company

The main objective of the current study was to assess the impact of the water taken from the 'Tunisian Refining Industries Company' on meiobenthic nematodes, before and after a series of treatments in decantation basins followed by its discharge in Bizerte bay, Tunisia. The comparison of environmental parameters of the two types of water was clearly indicative of an improvement in the quality of treated waters after a significant reduction in their loads in hydrocarbons. Overall, the water retained a good quality after being treated by 'Tunisian Refining Industries Company' before discharge in the sea. At the end of the experiment, differential responses were observed according to the richness of sediment in organic matter and hydrocarbons. Thus, it was apparent that the nematode assemblage exposed to the treated waters was closer to controls and associated to higher values of abundance, than that under untreated ones. It was also assumed that the species Microlaimus honestus De Man, 1922, Paramonohystera proteus Wieser, 1956 and Cyartonema germanicum Juario, 1972 are sensitive bioindicators of bad environmental statues and of hydrocarbon presence in the environment. On the other hand, Metoncholaimus pristiurus (Zur Strassen, 1894) Filipjev, 1918 would rather be classified as a positive bioindicative species of this type of pollutants.

O principal objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o impacto da água retirada da "Tunisian Refining Industries Company" sobre os nematoides meiobentônicos, antes e depois de uma série de tratamentos em bacias de decantação seguidos de seu descarte na baía de Bizerte, Tunísia. A comparação dos parâmetros ambientais dos dois tipos de água foi claramente indicativa de uma melhoria na qualidade das águas tratadas após uma redução significativa das suas cargas em hidrocarbonetos. No geral, a água reteve uma boa qualidade após ser tratada pela "Tunisian Refining Industries Company" antes da descarga no mar. Ao final do experimento, foram observadas respostas diferenciais de acordo com a riqueza de sedimentos em matéria orgânica e hidrocarbonetos. Assim, ficou claro que a assembleia de nematoides exposta às águas tratadas estava mais próxima dos controles e associada a maiores valores de abundância do que nas não tratadas. Também foi assumido que as espécies Microlaimus honestus De Man, 1922, Paramonohystera proteus Wieser, 1956 e Cyartonema germanicum Juario, 1972 são bioindicadores sensíveis de más estátuas ambientais e da presença de hidrocarbonetos no meio ambiente. Por outro lado, Metoncholaimus pristiurus (Zur Strassen, 1894) Filipjev, 1918 preferiria ser classificado como uma espécie bioindicativa positiva deste tipo de poluentes.

Impact of treated sewage on meiobenthic nematodes: a case study from the Tunisian Refining Industries Company

Abstract The main objective of the current study was to assess the impact of the water taken from the Tunisian Refining Industries Company on meiobenthic nematodes, before and after a series of treatments in decantation basins followed by its discharge in Bizerte bay, Tunisia. The comparison of environmental parameters of the two types of water was clearly indicative of an improvement in the quality of treated waters after a significant reduction in their loads in hydrocarbons. Overall, the water retained a good quality after being treated by Tunisian Refining Industries Company before discharge in the sea. At the end of the experiment, differential responses were observed according to the richness of sediment in organic matter and hydrocarbons. Thus, it was apparent that the nematode assemblage exposed to the treated waters was closer to controls and associated to higher values of abundance, than that under untreated ones. It was also assumed that the species Microlaimus honestus De Man, 1922, Paramonohystera proteus Wieser, 1956 and Cyartonema germanicum Juario, 1972 are sensitive bioindicators of bad environmental statues and of hydrocarbon presence in the environment. On the other hand, Metoncholaimus pristiurus (Zur Strassen, 1894) Filipjev, 1918 would rather be classified as a positive bioindicative species of this type of pollutants.

Resumo O principal objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o impacto da água retirada da Tunisian Refining Industries Company sobre os nematoides meiobentônicos, antes e depois de uma série de tratamentos em bacias de decantação seguidos de seu descarte na baía de Bizerte, Tunísia. A comparação dos parâmetros ambientais dos dois tipos de água foi claramente indicativa de uma melhoria na qualidade das águas tratadas após uma redução significativa das suas cargas em hidrocarbonetos. No geral, a água reteve uma boa qualidade após ser tratada pela Tunisian Refining Industries Company antes da descarga no mar. Ao final do experimento, foram observadas respostas diferenciais de acordo com a riqueza de sedimentos em matéria orgânica e hidrocarbonetos. Assim, ficou claro que a assembleia de nematoides exposta às águas tratadas estava mais próxima dos controles e associada a maiores valores de abundância do que nas não tratadas. Também foi assumido que as espécies Microlaimus honestus De Man, 1922, Paramonohystera proteus Wieser, 1956 e Cyartonema germanicum Juario, 1972 são bioindicadores sensíveis de más estátuas ambientais e da presença de hidrocarbonetos no meio ambiente. Por outro lado, Metoncholaimus pristiurus (Zur Strassen, 1894) Filipjev, 1918 preferiria ser classificado como uma espécie bioindicativa positiva deste tipo de poluentes.

Impact of treated sewage on meiobenthic nematodes: a case study from the Tunisian Refining Industries Company / Impacto de esgoto tratado em nematoides meiobentônicos: um estudo de caso da Tunisian Refining Industries Company

The organization of the roots, ganglia and the peripheral distribution of the cranial nerves of the fully formed embryos of Oreochromis niloticus are examined in the transverse serial sections. These nerves carry fibers, which were also analyzed. The results of this study demonstrated that the glossopharyngeal nerve originates by means of only one root, which leaves the cranium through the glossopharyngeal foramen. This nerve gives fibers (visceromotor) to the first internal and external levator arcus branchialis muscles. There is a single epibranchial (petrosal) ganglion located extracranially. Nervus glossopharyngeus has three rami; pharyngeus, pretramticus and posttrematicus. The ramus pharyngeus carries only viscerosensory fibers; general for the pharyngeal epithelium and special ones for the pseudobranch. General viscerosensory fibers are also carried by rami pretrematicus and posttrematicus for the pharyngeal epithelial lining. The special sensory fibers are carried by the ramus pretrematicus for the taste buds and by ramus posttrematicus for the gill filaments. The ramus pretrematicus also carries visceromotor fibers for the first adductor arcus branchialis and to the first obliquus ventralis muscles.

A organização das raízes, gânglios e a distribuição periférica dos nervos cranianos dos embriões totalmente formados de Oreochromis niloticus são examinados nas seções transversais seriais. Esses nervos carregam fibras, que também foram analisadas. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que o nervo glossofaríngeo se origina por meio de apenas uma raiz, que sai do crânio pelo forame glossofaríngeo. Este nervo fornece fibras (visceromotoras) para os primeiros músculos levantadores do arco branquial interno e externo. Existe um único gânglio epibranquial (petroso) localizado extracranialmente. Nervus glossopharyngeus tem três ramos; faríngeo, pretramticus e póstrematicus. O ramo faríngeo contém apenas fibras viscerossensoriais ­ gerais para o epitélio faríngeo e especiais para o pseudobrânquio. Fibras viscerossensoriais gerais também são transportadas por ramos pretrematicus e posttrematicus para o revestimento epitelial da faringe. As fibras sensoriais especiais são transportadas pelo ramus pretrematicus para as papilas gustativas e pelo ramus posttrematicus para os filamentos branquiais. O ramo pretrematicus também carrega fibras visceromotoras para o primeiro adutor arcus branchialis e para o primeiro músculo oblíquo ventral.

Fenestration and dehiscence frequency in maxillary teeth with apical periodontitis: a CBCT study / Frecuencia de dehiscencias y fenestraciones en dientes maxilares con periodontitis apical: un estudio con TCHC

ABSTRACT Introduction: to determine the frequency of fenestration and dehiscence bone defects present in maxillary teeth with apical periodontitis, mainly in teeth with endodontic treatment, as they are frequently cause of nonspecific symptoms after treatment. Methods: 1201 Maxillary Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) exams were analyzed and 803 teeth with apical periodontitis were selected. Results: of the teeth with apical periodontitis, 142 had a fenestration defect (18%) of which 105 teeth (74%) were endodontically treated. The highest frequency was observed in premolars, with no statistical differences between groups. Dehiscence defect was found in 139 teeth (17%) out of which 90 (65%) were endodontically treated. The highest frequency was observed in molars, with statistical differences in relation to other tooth types (p< 0.001). Conclusion: an important number of teeth with apical periodontitis present dehiscence or fenestration bone defects, especially in teeth with root canal treatment.

Resumen Introducción: determinar la frecuencia de fenestraciones y dehiscencias presentes en dientes maxilares con periodontitis apical, principalmente en dientes con tratamiento de endodoncia, pues frecuentemente son causa de síntomas inespecíficos después del tratamiento. Métodos: se examinaron y analizaron 1201 tomografías computarizadas de haz cónico (TCHC), y se seleccionaron 803 dientes con periodontitis apical. Resultados: de los dientes con periodontitis apical, 142 presentaban fenestración (18%), de los cuales, 105 dientes (74%) estaban tratados endodónticamente. La mayor frecuencia fue observada en premolares, sin diferencias estadísticas entre los grupos. La dehiscencia fue encontrada en 139 dientes (17%), de los cuales 90 (65%) estaban tratados endodónticamente. La mayor frecuencia fue encontrada en molares con diferencia estadísticas en relación con los otros tipos de dientes (p<0,001). Conclusión: un importante número de dientes con periodontitis apical presentan fenestraciones y dehiscencias, especialmente en dientes con tratamiento de canales radiculares.

Estudio comparativo entre coronas, endocoronas y endocoronas con ausencia de una pared axial ante fuerzas de tracción / Comparative study between crown, endocrown and endocrown without one axial wall after tensile strength

Introducción: Las alternativas de tratamiento de órganos dentales con gran destrucción en su estructura varían, no sólo por el material de restauración, sino también por el valor económico y estético. Dentro de las alternativas existe: corona convencional, endocorona cuyo objetivo principal es la elaboración de una restauradora que evita la colocación de postes intraconducto y endocorona con ausencia de una pared axial (EPA) que se realiza cuando una pared, mesial, distal, vestibular o palatina está ausente. Objetivo: Verificar si la endocorona EPA se comporta de igual manera que las coronas convencionales y endocoronas al medir su resistencia ante fuerzas de tracción. Material y métodos: Treinta premolares fueron tratados endodóncicamente, 10 fueron preparados para recibir una corona convencional (grupo A), 10 para endocorona (grupo B) y 10 para endocorona EPA (grupo C). Se realizaron fuerzas de tracción para obtener el valor máximo en el cual las coronas fallaron. Se realizó una prueba ANOVA para comparar los resultados. Resultados: Al someter a los tres tipos de coronas a fuerzas de tracción los resultados obtenidos fueron: 3.04 ± 0.55 MPa para la corona, 7.08 ± 1.6 MPa para la endocorona y 6.17 ± 1.12 MPa para la endocorona EPA. Conclusiones: No existió diferencia significativa entre la endocorona (7.08 MPa) y la EPA (6.17 MPa), convirtiéndose en una alternativa de tratamiento con buen pronóstico en la práctica diaria (AU)

Introduction: The alternatives of treatment of tooth with excessive wear vary not only by the restoration material but also by the economic and aesthetic value. Among the alternatives there is: conventional crown, endocrown whose main objective is the elaboration of a restorative that avoids the placement of intraconducting posts and endocrown without one axial wall (EPA) that is done when a wall; mesial, distal, vestibular or palatal is absent. Objective: To verify if the (EPA) behaves in the same way as the conventional crown and endocrown when measuring its resistance to tensile strength. Material and methods: 30 premolars were treated endodontically, ten were prepared to receive a conventional crown, 10 for endocrown and 10 for EPA. Tensile strength were performed to obtain the maximum value at which the crowns failed, an ANOVA test was performed to compare the results. Results: When the three types of crowns were subjected to tensile strength, the results obtained were; 3.04 ± 0.55 MPa for the crown, 7.08 ± 1.6 MPa for the endocrown and 6.17 ± 1.12 MPa for the EPA endocrown. Conclusions: There was no significant difference between the endocrown (7.08 MPa) and EPA endocrown (6.17 MPa) becoming an alternative treatment with good prognosis in daily practice (AU)

A one-year clinical evaluation of IPS E. max press versus CERASMART endocrowns in anterior endodontically treated teeth: a randomised clinical / Avaliação clínica de um ano de IPS E. max Press versus CERASMART endocrowns em dentes anteriores tratados endodonticamente: um ensaio clínico randomizado

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare gross fracture, patient satisfaction and marginal adaptation of anterior endocrowns restoring endodontically treated anterior teeth fabricated from IPS e.max press and CERASMART hybrid ceramics. Material and Methods: A total of 24 patients were selected to receive an aesthetic endocrown for an upper tooth in the aesthetic zone (central incisor, lateral and canine).The 24 patients were divided into two groups (n= 12 each), where Group 1, the control group, received an IPS e.max press anterior endocrown and Group 2, theintervention group, received a CERASMART anterior endocrown. After cementation all patients were followed up at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. During each follow-up examination, United States Public Health Servicecriteria were adopted for clinical evaluation to score margin integrity and gross fracture. Questionnaires were also used to evaluate the patients' satisfaction and potential postoperative discomfort. The X2 or Fisher's Exact test were used to compare qualitative variables in the two groups and Friedman's test was used to study the changes over time within each group. The significance level was set at P≤ 0.05. Results: With regard to gross fracture and marginal integrity, there was no statistically significant difference at any time interval between IPS e.max press and CERASMART endocrowns. All patients reported being satisfied with their restorations until the end of the follow-up period. Conclusions: CERASMART anterior endocrowns provided a promising treatment modality compared to IPS e.max press anterior endocrowns. (AU)

Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar a fratura grosseira, a satisfação do paciente e a adaptação marginal de endocrowns em dentes anteriores tratados endodonticamente, fabricados a partir de IPS e.max press e cerâmicas híbridas CERASMART. Material e Métodos: Um total de 24 pacientes foi selecionado para receber endocrown em um dente superior na zona estética (incisivo central, lateral e canino). Os 24 pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos (n = 12 cada), onde o Grupo 1, o grupo controle, recebeu uma endocrown anterior IPS e.max press e o Grupo 2, o grupo de intervenção, recebeu uma endocrown anterior CERASMART. Após a cimentação, todos os pacientes foram acompanhados em 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses. Durante cada exame de acompanhamento, os critérios do Serviço de Saúde Pública dos Estados Unidos foram adotados para avaliação clínica para pontuar integridade de margem e fratura grosseira. Questionários também foram usados para avaliar a satisfação dos pacientes e potencial desconforto pós-operatório. O teste X2 ou teste de Fisher foi usado para comparar as variáveis qualitativas nos dois grupos, e o teste de Friedman foi usado para estudar as mudanças ao longo do tempo dentro de cada grupo. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em P≤ 0,05. Resultados: Com relação à fratura grosseira e integridade marginal, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa em qualquer intervalo de tempo entre os endocrowns IPS e.max press e CERASMART. Todos os pacientes relataram estar satisfeitos com suas restaurações até o final do período de acompanhamento. Conclusão: os endocrowns anteriores CERASMART proporcionaram uma modalidade de tratamento promissora em comparação com os endocrowns anteriores IPS e.max press. (AU)

Estabilidad del color en el blanqueamiento intracoronal / Color stability in intracoronal whitening

RESUMEN Introducción: El blanqueamiento intracoronal es una alternativa mínimamente invasiva que permite devolver el color a dientes no vitales tincionados. La estabilidad del color logrado es fundamental para evaluar la predictibilidad de este tipo de tratamiento. Objetivo: Evaluar la estabilidad del color 3 años después del blanqueamiento intracameral con peróxido de hidrógeno y carbamida a diferentes concentraciones. Métodos: Se utilizaron 44 premolares extraídos por indicación ortodóncica, los cuales fueron tratados endodónticamente y pigmentados artificialmente con cromógenos sanguíneos. Las muestras fueron divididas aleatoriamente en 4 grupos de estudio (n = 11) siendo: grupo A: peróxido de carbamida 37 por ciento, grupo B: peróxido de hidrógeno 35 por ciento, grupo C: peróxido de carbamida 100 por ciento y grupo D: control; para luego realizar 4 aplicaciones de agente blanqueador con un intervalo de 4 días entre cada aplicación. El registro del color se realizó mediante espectrofotometría, lo que permitió obtener los valores CIE L*a*b* para calcular la variación total de color entre los parámetros iniciales y finales del tratamiento, así como el control a los 3 años. Resultados: Los resultados fueron analizados mediante las pruebas de Shapiro-Wilks, ANOVA y Mann-Whitney, sin registrar diferencias significativas en la variación total de color al control de los 3 años (p > 0,05). Conclusión: Los resultados del blanqueamiento intracoronal, independiente del tipo y concentración del agente utilizado en este estudio son estables en el tiempo y cualquier variación regresiva de color debe ser atribuida a factores extrínsecos(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Intracoronal whitening is a minimally invasive procedure to restore natural color to stained non-vital teeth. The color stability achieved is fundamental to evaluate the predictability of this type of treatment. Objective: Evaluate color stability 3 years after intracameral whitening with carbamide and hydrogen peroxide at various concentrations. Methods: A total 44 premolars were used which had been extracted by orthodontic indication. The premolars were treated endodontically and artificially pigmented with blood chromogenes. The samples were randomly divided into 4 study groups (n = 11): Group A: 37 percent carbamide peroxide, Group B: 35 percent hydrogen peroxide, Group C: 100 percent carbamide peroxide and Group D: control. Four applications were then made of the whitening agent with a 4-days' separation between them. Color was recorded by spectrophotometry, obtaining the values CIE L*a*b* to estimate total color variation between the initial and final parameters of the treatment, as well as control at 3 years. Results: The results were analyzed with Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA and Mann-Whitney tests, not finding any significant differences in total color variation with respect to the 3 years' control (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The results of the intracoronal whitening studied are stable throughout time, regardless of the type and concentration of the agent used, and any regressive color variation should be attributed to extrinsic factors(AU)

Solo tratado com cimento para sorção de Pb2+, Cd2+, Cr3+ e As5+ em barreiras reativas permeáveis / Soil treated with cement for sorption of Pb 2+ , Cd 2+ , Cr 3+, and As 5+ in permeable reactive barriers

RESUMO A contaminação do meio ambiente tem origem principalmente na exploração de recursos naturais e na produção industrial, que geram resíduos que normalmente acabam dispostos nos solos ou nas águas. Uma das soluções encontradas para a remediação de águas subterrâneas contaminadas é o isolamento da região (pluma) com barreiras reativas permeáveis. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sorção de chumbo (Pb2+), cádmio (Cd2+), cromo (Cr3+) e arsênio (As5+) por dois solos, com doses de 1, 2 e 4% de cimento Portland. Ensaios de equilíbrio em lote foram realizados com soluções monoespécie de Pb2+, Cd2+, Cr3+ e As5+. Com os valores de concentração de equilíbrio do soluto na solução (Ce) e da massa de soluto sorvida por massa de solo (S), obtiveram-se isotermas de sorção, segundo os modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich. Os dados obtidos após ajuste dos modelos foram submetidos a análise de regressão para avaliar o efeito das doses de cimento. A elevação do pH provocada pela adição de cimento impossibilitou, para a maioria dos elementos em ambos os solos, ajustar os modelos teóricos de Freundlich ou Langmuir por conta da precipitação preponderante dos metais. O sorvente analisado que melhor satisfez às condições de sorção, tanto para o arsênio quanto para o chumbo, foi o solo arenoso com adição de 2% de cimento. Já para o cádmio, foi o solo argiloso com 1% de cimento. Para o cromo não foi possível estabelecer a melhor dose de cimento em razão da completa precipitação do metal em todas as doses avaliadas.

ABSTRACT Environment contamination originates mainly from the exploitation of natural resources and industrial production, with the generation of waste generally disposed on the soil or in the water. One of the solutions for the contaminated groundwater remediation is the isolation of the region (plume) with reactive permeable barriers. In this context, this work aimed to evaluate the sorption of lead (Pb2+), cadmium (Cd2+), chromium (Cr3+), and arsenic (As5+) by two soils with doses of 1, 2 and 4% of Portland cement. Batch equilibrium assays were performed with monospecific solutions of Pb2+, Cd2+, Cr3+, and As5+. Sorption isotherms were obtained from equilibrium concentration values of solute in solution (Ce) and mass of solute sorbed by soil mass (S), according to the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The data collected after models adjustment were submitted to regression analysis to evaluate the effect of the cement doses. The pH increase caused by the cement addition made it impossible for most elements in both soils to adjust the theoretical models of Freundlich or Langmuir due to the predominant precipitation of metals. The analyzed sorghum that best satisfied the sorption conditions, for both arsenic and lead, was sandy soil with 2% cement addition. As for cadmium, it was the clay soil with 1% cement. For chromium, it was not possible to establish the best cement dose due to the total metal precipitation at all doses evaluated.

Tratamiento multidisciplinario de diente con pronóstico desfavorable. Reporte de caso / Multidisciplinary tooth treatment with unfavorable prognosis. Case report

RESUMEN: Las perforaciones radiculares son uno de los accidentes que pueden ocurrir dentro del tratamiento endodóntico rehabilitador de un diente y comprometen el pronóstico de éste. El objetivo de este reporte es describir el tratamiento y seguimiento de un diente con pronóstico desfavorable, con falsa vía y perforación en el 1/3 medio radicular. El manejo de la perforación se realizó con BiodentineTM y la rehabilitación con prótesis fija unitaria con poste de fibra individualizado. A los controles clínicos y radiográficos de 6, 12 y 24 meses el tratamiento se encontró asintomático y en función, pudiéndose considerar exitoso.

ABSTRACT: A radicular perforation is a mishap that can occur during the Endodontic and Restorative Treatment of a tooth and it can compromise its short and long-term prognosis. The aim of this report is to describe the treatment and follow up of a tooth with an unfavorable prognosis that had a perforation in the radicular middle third. The perforation was repaired with BiodentineTM and a fiber post and crown were placed. The patient had a follow up at 6, 12 and 24 months and the tooth was found asymptomatic and functional, which can be considered a clinical success.

Uso de un poste y núcleo de fibra de vidrio compuesto fabricados con CAD / CAM para restaurar un diente tratado endodónticamente: reporte de caso / Use of a CAD / CAM-fabricated composite fiberglass post and core to restore an endodontically treated tooth: case report

En la actualidad existe un amplio uso de los postes de fibra de vidrio. Sin embargo, tienen la desventaja que su forma no se pueden cambiar y son inadecuadas para casos de dientes con amplia destrucción coronal y conductos radiculares amplios. Este reporte de caso clínico describe el uso de un poste y núcleo de fibra de vidrio fabricados con un sistema CAD/CAM para restaurar un diente premolar inferior tratado endodónticamente. Este poste de fibra de vidrio CAD/CAM se adapta mejor al conducto radicular que un poste prefabricado, sin necesidad de emplear resina compuesta para el muñón y reduce el espesor de la capa de cemento.

Currently, there is a wide use of fiberglass post. However, they have the disadvantage that their shape can not be changed and are inadequate for cases of teeth with extensive coronal destruction and wide root canals. This case report describes the use of a fiberglass post and core manufactured with a CAD / CAM system to restore a lower premolar tooth treated endodontically. This CAD / CAM fiberglass post adapts better to the root canal than a prefabricated post, without the need to use composite resin for the stump and reduces the thickness of the cement layer.

Resistencia a la Fractura de Dientes Tratados Endodónticamente Obturados con Selladores Biocerámicos Versus Selladores Resinosos. Revisión Sistemática / Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth Obturated with Bioceramic Sealers and Epoxy Resin-Based Sealers. A Systematic Review

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar mediante la revisión de la literatura científica disponible cuál es el tipo de cemento sellador que proporciona mayor resistencia a la fractura en dientes tratados endodónticamente, los cementos a base de biocerámicos o los en base a resina epóxica. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de acuerdo a las bases de los estamentos de PRISMA, en las bases de datos Medline, SciELO, Trip Database, LILACS, Web of Science, Cochrane. Se realizó la búsqueda a 10 años y se incluyeron sólo estudios in vitro. Se encontraron 202 artículos, luego se eliminaron los artículos duplicados y se excluyeron los estudios no atingentes por título y resúmenes, quedando ocho artículos que se revisaron a texto completo. En esta etapa se excluyeron dos estudios. Un total seis estudios fueron incluidos en esta revisión. De estos, ninguno encontró diferencia significativas entre cementos selladores a base de biocerámicos y a base de resina epóxica, en cuanto a resistencia a la fractura de los dientes tratados endodónticamente. Sin embargo, en 4 estudios los valores más altos encontrados de resistencia a la fractura estuvieron dados por los selladores en base a resina epóxica. Los artículos seleccionados, teniendo en consideración las limitaciones propias de los estudios in vitro, concluyen que en cuanto a resistencia a la fractura no hay diferencias significativas entre el uso de cementos selladores a base de biocerámicos y cementos selladores a base de resina epóxica en la obturación radicular de dientes tratados endodónticamente.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to determine through the review of scientific literature, the type of sealer that provides the greatest resistance to fracture in endodontically treated teeth. Bioceramic sealer or epoxy resin based sealers were considered for this analysis. A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA, in the databases Medline, SciELO, Trip Database, LILACS, Web of Science, Cochrane. The search was carried out over the last 10 years, and only in vitro studies were included; 202 articles were found and subsequently, duplicate articles were eliminated, non-inferential studies by title and abstracts were excluded, leaving eight articles that were revised to full text. In this stage, two studies were excluded. In total, six studies were included in this review. Of these, none found significant difference between sealer cements based on bioceramics and based on epoxy resin, in terms of resistance to fracture of endodontically treated teeth. However, in 4 studies the highest found values of fracture resistance were given by sealers based on epoxy resin. Taking into account the limitations inherent to in vitro studies, this review concludes that in terms of fracture resistance, there are no significant differences between the use of sealer based on bioceramics and the based on epoxy resin in the root canal obturation.

Ocorrência de fármacos e desreguladores endócrinos em esgoto bruto e tratado na cidade de Belo Horizonte (MG) / Occurrence of drugs and endocrine disrupters in raw and treatment sewage in the city of Belo Horizonte / MG, Brazil

RESUMO Os compostos de preocupação emergente (contaminants of emerging concern - CECs) atingem constantemente os corpos d'água via lançamento de esgoto sanitário, efluentes industriais e lixiviados de aterro, disposição inadequada de resíduos sólidos e escoamento superficial, ocasionando a poluição dos cursos d'água. Geralmente estes se encontram em concentrações da ordem de nanograma por litro ou micrograma por litro, dificultando sua análise ou onerando esse processo, demandando, assim, o desenvolvimento de técnicas de preparo e extração. Nesse contexto, destaca-se a Partição a Baixa Temperatura (EPBT), que se baseia na partição do analito de interesse entre fase aquosa e fase orgânica. Face ao exposto e à relevância do tema, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, pelo uso da EPBT e cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas, a ocorrência de 16 CECs no esgoto bruto e no tratado de Belo Horizonte (MG).

ABSTRACT Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) constantly reach water bodies through the discharge of sanitary sewage, industrial effluents and landfill leachate, inadequate disposal of solid waste and surface runoff, causing the pollution of watercourses. In general, these are in concentrations of the order of mg / L or ng / L, making it difficult to analyze or burden this process, thus requiring the development of preparation and extraction techniques. In this context, it stands out the Low Temperature Patitioning Extraction (LTPE), which is based on the partition of the analyte of interest between aqueous phase and organic phase. Bearing this and the relevance of the subject in mind, the present work had the objective of evaluating the occurrence of 16 CECs in the crude and treated sewage of Belo Horizonte / MG, by using LTPE and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.

Resistencia compresiva de dientes con conductos amplios restaurados con dos técnicas / Compressive resistance of teeth with large conducts restored with two techniques

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Comparar la resistencia compresiva de dientes premolares uniradiculares, tratados endodónticamente restaurados mediante la técnica de monobloque y complementación. Materiales y métodos: Se seleccionaron 45 premolares inferiores unirradiculares, los cuales fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en 3 grupos, según el diseño reconstructivo: monobloque y complementación; el tercer grupo restaurado bajo la técnica de núcleo colado fue utilizado como grupo control. Para determinar diferencias en la resistencia a la fractura, se realizó un análisis de Varianza (ANOVA a una Vía) y test post hoc de Bonferroni. Resultados: El promedio de la resistencia fue mayor en el grupo dientes rehabilitados con la técnica convencional, seguido de la técnica de monobloque, y en tercer lugar encontramos la técnica de complementación con el valor más bajo. Sin embargo, las técnicas de monobloque y complementación presentan resistencias similares. Conclusiones: La resistencia a la fractura de dientes restaurados con pernos colados es mayor a la de los restaurados con pernos prefabricados fibras de vidrio con técnicas de complementación y monobloque. Sin embargo, producen mayor cantidad de fallas no reparables o de mal pronóstico que los dientes restaurados con pernos prefabricados de fibras de vidrio por su módulo elástico.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To compare the compressive strength of single-rooted premolar teeth, treated endodontically and restored using the monoblock technique and complementation. Materials and methods: 45 single-rooted inferior premolars were selected, which were randomly distributed in 3 groups, 2 according to the reconstructive design: monoblock and complementation; the third group, restored under the cast core technique, was used as a control group. To determine differences in fracture resistance, we performed an analysis of Variance (One-way ANOVA) and post hoc Bonferroni test Results: The mean resistance was higher in the group rehabilitated with the conventional technique, followed by the monoblock technique, and thirdly the technique of complementation with the lowest value. However, the monoblock and complementation techniques exhibited similar strengths. Conclusions: Restored teeth with cast posts have a greater resistance to fracture than restorations with prefabricated posts, glass fibers with complementation and monoblock techniques. However, they produce more non-repairable or poor prognostic failures than restored teeth with prefabricated glass fiber posts for their elastic modulus.

El Prodigio de Meissen / El Prodigio de Meissen

Esta ponencia resume los resultados de una investigación permanente, iniciada en 1993, sobre la vida y obra del doctor Samuel Hahnemann. En ella el autor aborda aspectos como la infancia del fundador de la Homeopatía, la influencia que en él ejercieron su padre y sus padrinos, su proceso de formación como médico y las dificultades y cambios de domicilio que enfrentó al inicio de su vida laboral. Además, habla de la figura de Hahnemann como médico innovador y de su trascendencia en áreas ajenas a la medicina, y rescata algunos episodios casi olvidados por sus biógrafos, como la relación con su primer discípulo, la influencia que recibió por parte de un filósofo contemporáneo y la existencia de un manuscrito inédito, perteneciente al Tratado de las Enfermedades Crónicas, que se encuentra bajo resguardo del Instituto para la Historia de la Medicina de la Fundación Robert Bosch (Alemania). (AU)

This paper summarizes the results of a permanent investigation, begun in 1993, on the life and work of Dr. Samuel Hahnemann. In it, the author deals with aspects such as the childhood of the founder of Homeopathy, the influence exercised by his father and his sponsors, his training as a doctor and the difficulties and changes of address he faced at the beginning of his working life. In addition, he speaks of the figure of Hahnemann as an innovative physician and of his transcendence in areas outside of medicine, and rescues some episodes almost forgotten by his biographers, such as the relationship with his first disciple, the influence he received from a contemporary philosopher and the existence of an unpublished manuscript, being part of The Chronic Diseases, which is under the protection of the Institute for the History of Medicine of the Robert Bosch Foundation (Germany). (AU)

Resistencia a la fractura de postes de fibra de vidrio vs postes colados en dientes anteriores. Revisión sistemática / Fracture Resistance of fiberglass post vs cast post in anterior teeth. Systematic review

Los dientes anteriores con tratamiento endodóntico y con pérdida de estructura dental usualmente son restaurados con postes de fibra de vidrio o con postes colados, y son susceptibles a presentar fallas que pueden llegar a ocasionar la pérdida dental por no ser rehabilitables. Se propone aquí, identificar cuál entre los dos tipos de postes: prefabricados de fibra de vidrio o postes colados, es más resistente a la fractura debido a las fuerzas biomecánicas compresivas o tensionales que se suceden en los dientes anteriores rehabilitados con coronas respecto a la fractura del poste, de la raíz o el desalojo de este. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura, con información recolectada desde las bases de datos de los buscadores: PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs y Science Direct. Noventa y tres artículos sobre el tema fueron tamizados según los criterios de selección. Cuatro cumplieron con este procedimiento y se encontró que la resistencia a la fractura tiende a ser mayor en dientes restaurados con postes colados, pero cuando se presenta una fractura es desfavorable para el retratamiento restaurativo. En el caso de los postes de fibra de vidrio se presenta mejor resistencia a la fractura y presentan un patrón por lo general más favorable para un retratamiento en caso de éste fracaso.

Anterior teeth with endodontic treatment and loss of tooth structure are usually restored with glass fiber posts or cast cores, which are susceptible to present failures that may potentially cause tooth loss because they are not able to be restored again. It is proposed here to identify which of the two types of posts: prefabricated fiberglass or cast posts, is more resistant to fracture due to biomechanical forces of compression that occur in the anterior teeth restored with crowns respect to fracture post , root or eviction of this. A systematic review of the literature was conducted with information gathered from the databases of search engines: PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs and Science Direct. Ninety three articles on the topic were screened according to the selection criteria. Four cumplied with this procedure and found that fracture resistance tends to be grater in teeth restored with cast posts, but when a tracture accors is untaorubale for a restorative retreat. In the case of fiberglass posts and greater remaining height structure better fracture resistance is presented, and they present a pattern usually more favorable for retreatment in case of fracture.

Postes colados: estudio clínico retrospectivo de 44 años en clínica privada especializada / Cast posts: a forty-four year retrospective clinical study in a specialized private practice

El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar el resultado clínico longitudinal de dientes endodónticamente tratados, rehabilitados con postes colados y una restauración coronaria, durante 44 años. Materiales y Métodos. En 130 pacientes seleccionados al azar, 95 presentaron 297 dientes rehabilitados con un poste colado y una restauración coronaria. El criterio de éxito fue que el diente rehabilitado permaneciera funcional sin patología clínica ni radiográfica. Resultados: Doscientos sesenta y ocho (90%) estaban en función y 29 (10%) habían fracasado. El Indice Kappa de Cohen, fue de 0.78 - 1. Conclusiones. El éxito clínico fue de 90%. La sobrevida media observada de los dientes estudiados fue de 19 años. La tasa de fracaso fue de 10%, siendo la fractura dentaria la falla más prevalente (5% de todos los dientes restaurados)...

The aim of this study was to examine the longitudinal clinical result of the use of cast posts and cores and crown restorations in endodontically treated teeth over a 44-year period. Materials and methods. Out of 130 randomly selected patients, 95 had had 297 teeth rehabilitated with cast posts and cores and crown restorations. The endodontic rehabilitation was considered successful when the tooth remained functional with no clinical or radiographic pathology. Results. The success rate was 90% (268) and the failure rate 10% (29). Cohen’s Kappa index ranged between 0.78 and 1. Conclusions. In this 44-year retrospective study, the clinical success rate was 90%. The mean survival time of the studied teeth was 19 years. The failure rate was 10%; tooth fractures were the most prevalent failures (5% of all restored teeth)...

Resistencia a la fractura de dientes debilitados radicularmente rehabilitados con diferentes materiales / Fracture resistance of weak teeth with compromised roots rehabilitated with different materials

Resumen Introducción y objetivo: La preservación y restauración de dientes debilitados radicularmente se ha considerado como un procedimiento poco predecible debido a que existen factores que predisponen al fracaso. Esta condición se presenta frecuentemente y una alternativa para su rehabilitación es reforzar la superficie radicular para mejorar la estabilidad y retención del retenedor. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la resistencia a la fractura de dientes debilitados radicularmente reconstruidos con ionómero de vidrio en combinación con diferentes retenedores comparados con raíces debilitadas sin refuerzo radicular. Materiales y métodos: 60 premolares uniradiculares con similares características fueron seleccionados y divididos aleatoriamente en 6 grupos, 30 dientes fueron internamente debilitados a 1mm y posteriormente reforzados con ionómero de vidrio. Los especímenes fueron sometidos a carga compresiva en una maquina de ensayos universal Instrom con una angulación de 45°. Posteriormente se identificaron los sitios de fractura con ayuda de una lupa 4X de lente convergente a una distancia de 25 cm. Resultados: Resultados indicaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en relación a la condición radicular (P<0.05), demostrando que dientes con refuerzo radicular no mejora considerablemente la resistencia a la fractura. Conclusión: La conservación de la estructura dentaria es más importante que el tipo de refuerzo con materiales dentales. Las características físicas y químicas de los ionómeros permiten su empleo en zonas de socavado, sin aumentar la resistencia compresiva final de la estructura dentaria, brindando únicamente estabilidad del retenedor.

Abstract Introduction and objective: The preservation and restoration of weak teeth with compromised roots has been considered to be a slightly predictable procedure because there are factors that predispose to failure. This condition appears frequently, and an alternative to rehabilitation is to reinforce the radicular surface in order to improve the stability and retention of the retainer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the resistance to fracture of teeth with debilitated roots and reconstructed with glass ionomer combined with different retainers and compared with teeth with weakened roots without reconstruction. Materials and methods: 60 uniradicular premolars with similar characteristics were selected and divided randomly into 6 groups, 30 teeth were internally debilitated to 1mm and later reinforced with glass ionomer. The samples were submitted to a compressive load on an Instrom Universal Testing Machine with 45°angulation. Afterwards, fracture sites in each of the samples were identified using a magnifier 4X converging lens at a distance of 25 cm. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed regarding the root condition (P <0.05), demonstrating that teeth with root reinforcement did not improve significantly their resistance to fracture. Conclusion: The conservation of tooth structure is most important than the type of reinforcement with dental materials. The physical and chemical characteristics of the ionomers allow they can be used in undermined areas without increasing ultimate compressive strength of tooth structure, providing only stability of the retainer.

Efecto de la melaza de caña tratada con ácido sulfúrico en la producción de celulosa por Gluconacetobacter xylinus IFO 13693 / Effect of molasses cane treated with sulfuric acid in the production of cellulose by Gluconacetobacter xylinus IFO 13693 / Efeito do melaço de cana tratada com ácido sulfúrico na produção de celulose por Gluconacetobacter xylinus IFO 13693

En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de la melaza tratada con ácido sulfúrico (MZA-TR) y de las condiciones del cultivo (estático) sobre la síntesis de celulosa por Gluconacetobacter xylinus IFO 13693, para ello, se usó un reactor con 0,2 litros de medio de cultivo, con concentraciones iniciales de 13,3 % y 26,6 % de MZA-TR en el medio de cultivo a pH 5,6. El volumen del inóculo fue del 10 % del volumen total del medio; el proceso se realizó a temperatura ambiente (30 °C), con tiempos de incubación de 3, 7, 14, 21 y 28 días. Además, se evaluaron distintos parámetros fisicoquímicos y mecánicos de la celulosa. El grosor de la película de celulosa presentó un máximo de 2,5 cm, siendo el mejor resultado obtenido, en comparación con anteriores reportes en la literatura. También se encontró que al usar MZA-TR en el medio de cultivo hay un incremento considerable de la producción de celulosa en estático a los 28 días de incubación. Finalmente, se observó que el consumo de glucosa y de fructosa disminuye durante la síntesis de celulosa bacteriana (CB); durante los 3 primeros días de incubación se observó el máximo descenso, lo que permite correlacionar la producción de CB con el consumo de medio. La concentración de 13,3 %, presenta los mejores resultados en los parámetros de velocidad de crecimiento microbiano, cantidad y calidad de la celulosa producida.

This study assessed the effect of molasses treated with sulfuric acid (MZA-TR) and the condition of the crop (static) on the synthesis of cellulose by Gluconacetobacter xylinus IFO 13693, using a reactor with 0,2 liters of growing medium, with initial concentrations of 13,3 % and 26,6 % of molasses treated (MZA-TR) in the culture medium at pH 5,6. The volume of the inoculum was 10 per cent of the total volume of the environment; the process was carried out at ambient temperature (30 °C), with times of incubation of 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Also, different physico-chemical and mechanical parameters of the pulp were evaluated. The thickness of the cellulose film presented a maximum of 2.5 cm, being the best result obtained, in comparison to previous reports in the literature. Furthermore, it was found that using MZA-TR in the middle considerably increased the production of cellulose in static at 28 days of incubation. Finally, it was observed that the consumption of glucose and fructose decreased during the synthesis of Bacterial Cellulose (BC); during the first 3 days of incubation it was noted the maximum decline, which allows to correlate the production of CB with the consumption of media. The concentration of 13.3 %, presents the best results in the speed parameters of microbial growth, the quantity and quality of cellulose produced.

Neste estudo foi avaliado o efeito do melaço tratado com ácido sulfúrico (MZA-TR) e das condições da cultura (estática) sobre a síntese de celulose pelo Gluconacetobacter xylinus IFO 13693. Para isso, foi utilizado um reator com 0,2 litros de meio de cultura, com concentrações iniciais de 13,3 e 26,6% de MZA-TR, e pH igual a 5,6. O volume de inoculo foi de 10% do volume total do meio, e o processo foi realizado a temperatura ambiente (30°C), com tempos de 3, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias. Além disso, foram avaliados os distintos parâmetros físico-químicos e mecânicos da celulose. A espessura máxima que apresentou o filme de celulose foi de 2,5 cm, sendo o melhor resultado obtido, ao comparar com os reportados anteriormente na literatura. Verificou-se também que ao usar MZA-TR no meio de cultura houve um aumento considerável na produção de celulose no meio estático aos 28 dias de incubação. Finalmente foi observado que o consumo de glicose e frutose diminuiu durante a síntese de celulose bacteriana (CB). Durante os três primeiros dias de incubação verificou-se a diminuição máxima, o que permite correlacionar a produção de CB com o consumo do meio. A concentração de 13,3% apresentou os melhores resultados nos parâmetros da velocidade de crescimento microbiano, quantidade e qualidade da celulose produzida.

Double root anatomical variations in a single patient: endodontic treatment and rehabilitation of a three-rooted first premolar: case report / Variaciones anatómicas de raíces dobles en un solo paciente: tratamiento endodóntico y rehabilitación de un primer premolar trirradicular: reporte de caso

Abnormal interaction between oral epithelium and underlying mesenchematic tissue during odontogenesis could result in teeth with an anatomical variation. First maxilar premolar has such variable root canal morphology. However, (0.2-6% of cases) a three-rooted premolar is particularly uncommon. First mandibular premolar frequently has one root and one single canal (75% of cases), however, a tooth with two canals and two separate roots could be found (19.5-22.5%). Execution of an accurate diagnosis of root canal system is essential to perform a successful endodontic treatment and tooth rehabilitation. This article describes diagnosis, endodontic treatment and rehabilitation (means single crown) of a maxillary three-rooted and three-canal first premolar, and a non-endodontically treated mandibular first premolar with two canals and two independent roots in a single patient.

La interacción anormal entre el epitelio oral y el tejido mesenquimático subyacente durante la odontogénesis puede resultar en la formación de un diente con una variación anatómica. El primer premolar maxilar posee una anatomía relativamente variable, sin embargo, es especialmente poco frecuente (0,2% a 6% de los casos) la presencia de este diente con tres raíces y tres canales radiculares. El primer premolar mandibular posee frecuentemente una raíz y un canal radicular (75% de los casos) y es bastante más infrecuente encontrar este diente con dos raíces y dos canales radiculares (19.5 a 22.5%). Un diagnóstico acabado y preciso de es fundamental para lograr un exitoso tratamiento de endodoncia y posterior rehabilitación. Este artículo describe el diagnóstico, tratamiento de endodoncia y rehabilitación (mediante prótesis fija singular) de un primer premolar maxilar con tres raíces y tres canales radiculares, además el reporte de un caso de un primer premolar mandibular biradicular con dos canales radiculares. Ambos se presentan en un mismo paciente.