Respuesta del café a la fertilización con zinc en suelos de la zona cafetera colombiana / Coffee crop response to zinc fertilization in soils of the Colombian coffee region / Resposta do café à fertilização com zinco nos solos da zona cafeeira

RESUMEN Aunque el zinc (Zn) es un microelemento esencial para la nutrición del café por su efecto directo sobre el crecimiento y porque sus deficiencias en las etapas vegetativas son cada vez más comunes, son pocas las investigaciones relacionadas con este nutriente en Colombia. Por ello, con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta del café variedad Colombia renovado por zoca a la fertilización con zinc (Zn), se realizó una investigación en tres localidades: Venecia, Gigante y Timbío. Los tratamientos consistieron en tres dosis de Zn (5, 10 y 20 kg.ha-1), aplicadas al suelo en forma de óxido (ZnO), y tres dosis de Zn (0,045, 0,09 y 0,18 kg.ha-1), aplicadas vía foliar como quelato, además de un testigo sin aplicación de Zn. Durante el primer año, la aplicación edáfica se realizó a los dos y ocho meses después del zoqueo, y a partir del segundo año, cada seis meses con la recomendación NPK según el análisis de suelo. La aplicación foliar se realizó a los 60 y 90 días después del pico de floración tanto para la cosecha principal como para la mitaca de cada sitio. Se midió la producción anual de café cereza y acumulada durante cuatro años. Para las condiciones del estudio la fertilización edáfica o foliar de Zn no tuvo efectos significativos en la producción de café cereza pero si se registraron aumentos en los niveles de Zn en el suelo y en las hojas.

ABSTRACT Even though Zn is an essential micronutrient for coffee nutrition due to its direct effect on plant growth and because Zn deficiencies are more and more frequent, research related to this nutrient in coffee in Colombia is still little. For these reasons, aiming to determine the Colombian variety coffee crop response to zinc fertilization (Zn) in three sites of the Colombian coffee region, the supply of three Zn rates applied to soil in the form of ZnO (5, 10 and 20 kg.ha-1), and three doses of Zn quelate applied via foliar (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 kg.ha-1), plus a control without Zn were evaluated. The research was carried out in three sites: Venecia, Gigante and Timbio. During the first year soil treatments were applied two and eight months after trimming, and from the second year the edaphic application was carried out every six months simultaneously with the NPK recommendation according to soil analysis. Foliar application was carried out at 60 and 90 days after the blooming peak for both main harvest and the "mitaca" of each site. Coffee berries yield annually and accumulated over four years were analyzed. For the study conditions the Zn application both edaphic and foliar did not affect significantly coffee yield but did increase the Zn contents at soil and leaves.

RESUMO Embora o zinco (Zn) seja um microelemento essencial para a nutrição do café devido a seu efeito direto no crescimento e porque suas deficiências nas etapas vegetativas são cada vez mais comuns, há pouca pesquisa relacionada a este nutriente na Colômbia. Por esta razão, com o objetivo de avaliar a resposta do café da variedade Colômbia, renovado pelo zoca, à fertilização com zinco (Zn), foi realizada uma investigação em três locais: Venecia, Gigante e Timbío. Os tratamentos consistiram em três doses de Zn (5, 10 e 20 kg.ha-1), aplicadas ao solo na forma de óxido (ZnO), e três doses de Zn (0,045, 0,09 e 0,18 kg.ha-1), aplicadas por aplicação foliar como quelato, além de um controle sem aplicação de Zn. Durante o primeiro ano, a aplicação do solo foi realizada dois e oito meses após a enxada, e a partir do segundo ano, a cada seis meses com a recomendação da NPK de acordo com a análise do solo. A aplicação foliar foi feita aos 60 e 90 dias após o pico de floração, tanto para a cultura principal como para a mitaca em cada local. A produção anual e cumulativa de café cereja foi medida ao longo de quatro anos. Para as condições do estudo, a fertilização do solo ou foliar Zn não teve efeito significativo na produção de café cereja, mas foram registrados aumentos nos níveis de solo e de Zn foliar.

Differences in mineral concentrations on hooves of horses, mules and donkeys / Diferenças nas concentrações de minerais nos cascos de equinos, muares e asininos

This study aimed to measure the concentrations of minerals in different regions and pigmentation of horses' hooves, mules and donkeys. A total of 20 Crioulo horses, 20 mules and 20 Pega donkeys were used. They formed two groups: pigmented (dark) or non-pigmented (bright) hooves. All animals were unshod and with adequate foot conformation. Females were non-pregnant and without foal and no animals were in training. Samples were collected from the hooves of all limbs in the regions of wall, sole and frog. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, copper, iron and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry; sodium and potassium concentrations were determined by atomic emission spectrophotometry. Among the groups it was observed that the wall, sole and frog of donkeys' hooves presented higher concentrations of sodium and calcium and with the exception of the frog that also obtained higher levels of copper in this species. Mules had lower concentrations of zinc in the wall and the horses had higher concentrations of potassium and zinc in the sole and higher magnesium in the frog and wall. There was no difference (P>0.05) in concentrations regarding the pigmentation of the hooves. The different regions of the hooves in each group presented similar concentrations of minerals and it was regardless of the pigmentation. The mineral concentrations may be related to desirable functional properties of the donkeys' hooves. Pigmented and non-pigmented hooves have similar concentrations of minerals.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi mensurar os teores de minerais nas diferentes regiões e pigmentações dos cascos de equinos, muares e asininos. Utilizaram-se 20 equinos da raça Crioula, 20 muares e 20 asininos da raça Pêga. Formaram-se dois grupos conforme os cascos pigmentados (escuros) e não pigmentados (claros). Todos os animais estavam desferrados e com adequada conformação podal e as fêmeas estavam não gestantes e sem potro ao pé e nenhum animal estava em treinamento. Amostras foram coletadas dos cascos de todos os membros nas regiões de parede, sola e ranilha. As concentrações de cálcio, magnésio, cobre, ferro e zinco foram determinadas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica e as concentrações de sódio e potássio foram determinadas por espectrofotometria de emissão atômica. Entre os grupos observou-se que a parede, sola e ranilha nos asininos apresentaram maiores valores de sódio e cálcio e, exceto para a ranilha, também obteve-se maiores teores de cobre nesta espécie. Os muares apresentaram menores teores de zinco na parede e, os equinos, maiores teores de potássio e zinco na sola e ranilha e de magnésio na ranilha e parede. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) nos teores dos minerais quanto à pigmentação dos cascos. As diferentes regiões dos cascos em cada grupo apresentaram teores similares de minerais e este independeu da pigmentação. As variações dos teores de minerais entre os grupos podem estar relacionados a propriedades funcionais desejáveis dos cascos dos asininos. Cascos pigmentados e não pigmentados apresentam teores similares dos minerais.

Differences in mineral concentrations on hooves of horses, mules and donkeys / Diferenças nas concentrações de minerais nos cascos deequinos, muares e asininos

This study aimed to measure the concentrations of minerals in different regions and pigmentation of horses’ hooves, mules and donkeys. A total of 20 Crioulo horses, 20 mules and 20 Pega donkeys were used. They formed two groups: pigmented (dark) or non-pigmented (bright) hooves. All animals were unshod and with adequate foot conformation. Females were nonpregnant and without foal and no animals were in training. Samples were collected from the hooves of all limbs in the regions of wall, sole and frog. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, copper, iron and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry; sodium and potassium concentrations were determined by atomic emission spectrophotometry. Among the groups it was observed that the wall, sole and frog of donkeys’ hooves presented higher concentrations of sodium and calcium and with the exception of the frog that also obtained higher levels of copper in this species. Mules had lower concentrations of zinc in the wall and the horses had higher concentrations of potassium and zinc in the sole and higher magnesium in the frog and wall. There was no difference (P>0.05) in concentrations regarding the pigmentation of the hooves. The different regions of the hooves in each group presented similar concentrations of minerals and it was regardless of the pigmentation. The mineral concentrations may be related to desirable functional properties of the donkeys’ hooves. Pigmented and non-pigmented hooves have similar concentrations of minerals.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi mensurar os teores de minerais nas diferentes regiões e pigmentações dos cascos de equinos, muares e asininos. Utilizaram-se 20 equinos da raça Crioula, 20 muares e 20 asininos da raça Pêga. Formaram-se dois grupos conforme os cascos pigmentados (escuros) e não pigmentados (claros). Todos os animais estavam desferrados e com adequada conformação podal e as fêmeas estavam não gestantes e sem potro ao pé e nenhum animal estava em treinamento. Amostras foram coletadas dos cascos de todos os membros nas regiões de parede, sola e ranilha. As concentrações de cálcio, magnésio, cobre, ferro e zinco foram determinadas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica e as concentrações de sódio e potássio foram determinadas por espectrofotometria de emissão atômica. Entre os grupos observou-se que a parede, sola e ranilha nos asininos apresentaram maiores valores de sódio e cálcio e, exceto para a ranilha, também obteve-se maiores teores de cobre nesta espécie. Os muares apresentaram menores teores de zinco na parede e, os equinos, maiores teores de potássio e zinco na sola e ranilha e de magnésio na ranilha e parede. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) nos teores dos minerais quanto à pigmentação dos cascos. As diferentes regiões dos cascos em cada grupo apresentaram teores similares de minerais e este independeu da pigmentação. As variações dos teores de minerais entre os grupos podem estar relacionados a propriedades funcionais desejáveis dos cascos dos asininos. Cascos pigmentados e não pigmentados apresentam teores similares dos minerais.

Reversal of an Unconditioned Behavioral Preference for Specific Food Pellets by Intervention of Whisker Sensory Inputs

Adenylyl cyclase type-5 (AC5) is preferentially expressed in the dorsal striatum. Recently, we reported that AC5 knockout (KO) mice preferred food pellets carrying an olfactory cue produced by AC5 KO mice during food consumption (AC5 KO pellets) over food pellets that had been taken by wildtype (WT) mice. In the present study, we demonstrated that whisker trimming on the right side of the face but not the left in AC5 KO mice blocked the behavioral preference for AC5 KO pellets. Conversely, whisker trimming on the right but not the left in WT mice induced a behavioral preference for AC5 KO pellets. Mice lacking D2 dopamine receptor (D2 KO mice) also showed a behavioral preference for AC5 KO pellets. In D2 mice, whisker trimming on the right side of the face but not the left blocked a behavioral preference for AC5 KO food pellets. AC5 KO mice had increased level of phospho-CaMKIIα in the dorsal striatum, and WT mice with whiskers cut on either side also showed increased p-CaMKIIα level in the dorsal striatum. The siRNA-mediated inhibition of CaMKIIα in the dorsal striatum in either the right or the left hemisphere in AC5 KO mice and D2 KO mice blocked the behavioral preference for AC5 KO pellets. However, behavioral changes induced by this inhibition on each side showed asymmetrical time courses. These results suggest that an unconditioned behavioral preference for specific food pellets can be switched on or off based on the balance of states of neural activity in the dorsal striatum regulated by a signaling pathway centered on AC5 and D2 and the sensory inputs of whiskers from the right side of the face.

Reversal of an Unconditioned Behavioral Preference for Specific Food Pellets by Intervention of Whisker Sensory Inputs

Adenylyl cyclase type-5 (AC5) is preferentially expressed in the dorsal striatum. Recently, we reported that AC5 knockout (KO) mice preferred food pellets carrying an olfactory cue produced by AC5 KO mice during food consumption (AC5 KO pellets) over food pellets that had been taken by wildtype (WT) mice. In the present study, we demonstrated that whisker trimming on the right side of the face but not the left in AC5 KO mice blocked the behavioral preference for AC5 KO pellets. Conversely, whisker trimming on the right but not the left in WT mice induced a behavioral preference for AC5 KO pellets. Mice lacking D2 dopamine receptor (D2 KO mice) also showed a behavioral preference for AC5 KO pellets. In D2 mice, whisker trimming on the right side of the face but not the left blocked a behavioral preference for AC5 KO food pellets. AC5 KO mice had increased level of phospho-CaMKIIα in the dorsal striatum, and WT mice with whiskers cut on either side also showed increased p-CaMKIIα level in the dorsal striatum. The siRNA-mediated inhibition of CaMKIIα in the dorsal striatum in either the right or the left hemisphere in AC5 KO mice and D2 KO mice blocked the behavioral preference for AC5 KO pellets. However, behavioral changes induced by this inhibition on each side showed asymmetrical time courses. These results suggest that an unconditioned behavioral preference for specific food pellets can be switched on or off based on the balance of states of neural activity in the dorsal striatum regulated by a signaling pathway centered on AC5 and D2 and the sensory inputs of whiskers from the right side of the face.

Biometria do equilíbrio podal em equinos de tração pertencentes ao Programa de Extensão "Amigo do Carroceiro" do Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina no município de Lages/SC, Brasil / Biometric of podal balance in draft horses to the Extension Program "Amigo do Carroceiro" do Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina in Lages/SC, Brazil

Foram mensurados os cascos de 44 equinos cadastrados no Programa de Extensão "Amigo do Carroceiro" do Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (CAV-UDESC) que desempenham a função de tração no município de Lages, SC. Os parâmetros avaliados foram comprimento e largura da ranilha, altura dos talões lateral e medial, comprimentos e ângulo da pinça e largura e comprimento da sola. Foram identificadas as seguintes alterações: assimetria entre cascos contralaterais torácicos e pélvicos, ângulo da pinça agudo (49,1±5,1) para membros torácicos e (51,8±4,3) para membros pélvicos, diferença de angulações em 40,9% e 34,1% para cascos dos membros torácicos e pélvicos, respectivamente, contração da ranilha bilateral nos membros torácicos (100%), membros pélvicos direitos (70,5%) e nos esquerdos (66,0%). Desequilíbrio médio-lateral (4,6 a 6,8%) nos membros torácicos e (4,6 a 13,6%) nos membros pélvicos. Obtiveram-se correlações positivas (0,3 a 0,7) entre peso corporal, comprimento e largura da sola. Observaram-se diferenças entre os cascos de animais ferrados e desferrados, as quais foram atribuídas ao desgaste dos cascos desferrados. Também se observou negligência dos carroceiros quanto ao cuidado com os cascos e frequência de casqueamento e ferrageamento, os quais foram determinados através da alta porcentagem de animais com ferraduras perdidas.

The hooves of 44 horses registered in the Extension Program "Amigo do Carroceiro" do Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (CAV-UDESC) were measured. The horses perform the function of traction in Lages, SC. The parameters evaluated were the frog length and width, lateral and medial heel length, angle and toe length and sole length and width. The following differences were observed: asymmetry between contralateral hoof of hind and forelimbs, toe angle overly acute, differences between hind and forelimbs in 40.9% and 34.1% respectively, bilateral contraction of the frog in the forelimbs (100%), right hind limb (70.5%) and left hind limb (66.0%). Medial-lateral hoof imbalance in the forelimbs (4.6 to 6.8%) and hind limbs (4.6 to 13.6%). Positive correlations were obtained (0.3 to 0.7) between body weight, sole length and width. Differences were observed between the hooves shoes and unshod, which were assigned to wear unshod hooves. It was also observed negligence of the wagoner about hoof care and frequency of trimming and shoeing, which was revealed by the high percentage of animals with loss of horseshoes.

A Case of Argon Plasma Trimming of a Biliary Metallic Stent Causing a Duodenal Obstruction / 대한소화기내시경학회지

Metallic stents are being widely used in patients with a malignant obstruction of the biliary tract. The advent of metallic stents was heralded as a solution to the problem of plastic stent occlusion. Metallic stents prolong stent patency by lowering occlusion rates, but they may malfunction for several reasons, including occlusion from tumor ingrowth or migration after the procedure. Distal migration or impaction of metallic stents against the duodenal wall may cause severe complications, including duodenal obstruction, perforation and acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Several techniques have been developed to manage distal migration of a biliary metallic stent and remove the malfunctioning stent endoscopically. We report on a 43-year-old male who underwent endoscopic palliative biliary drainage because of obstructive pancreatic head cancer. We transected the distal end of the metallic stent using an argon plasma coagulator, treating the duodenal obstruction without any complications.

Effect of specimen preparation method on the microtensile bond strength of veneering ceramic to zirconia / 대한치과보철학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate effect of specimen preparation method on the microtensile bond strength of veneering ceramic to zirconia core. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cylindrical Lava zirconia block (3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) was cut into discs using a diamond disc. After sintering, the core specimens were placed in an adjustable mold and veneered with Lava ceram (3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany). The disc shaped specimen of group 1 was cut into microbars (1x1x7 mm3) using a low speed diamond disc under water cooling (n = 15). The specimen of group 2 was cut into microbars (1.2x1.2x7 mm3) in the same way. Whereafter the microbars were trimmed (1x1x7 mm3) using a thick diamond disc under water cooling (n = 15). The microtensile bond strength was tested in a microtensile tester (Instron 8848, Instro(R) Co., Norwood, USA). Fractured microtensile specimens were analyzed under a stereomicroscope (MZ6, Leica Microsystems GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) at magnification x30. RESULTS: The microtensile bond strength of group 1 (28.8 +/- 7.0 MPa) was significantly higher than group 2 (11.0 +/- 3.3 MPa) (P=.00). CONCLUSION: It appears advisable to avoid the trimming action, especially high strength ceramic specimens.

Bioinfomatics for the Citrus EST Project (CitEST)

In this work we describe all the computational environments, pipelines, and web services developed for the CitEST transcriptome project, on which all the annotation researchers relied. We also present a complete list of CitEST libraries and, for each of them, the general features after the in silico processing, showing some quantitative information.

Lesiones podales encontradas al realizar la quiropodia funcional al momento del secado en vacas lecheras en estabulación / Foot lesions findings during the functional claw trimming at the dry off period in confinement dairy cows

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue describir las lesiones podales observadas al realizar la Quiropodia Funcional al momento del secado de vacas lecheras en estabulación, para lo cual se tomaron 25 vacas de la raza Pardo Suizo, a las cuales se realizó un examen clínico de las pezuñas y se les aplicó la quiropodia funcional al inicio del periodo seco. Las lesiones podales encontradas se asentaron en fichas diseñadas para tal fin. Los resultados muestran que el 39% de las pezuñas presentaron lesiones al realizar la quiropodia, así mismo se observó que las lesiones más frecuentes fueron: hemorragias (39,8%), enfermedad de la línea blanca (23,7%) y sobre crecimiento del tejido córneo (20,4%). El 78,4% de las lesiones se presentaron en los miembros posteriores y el 21,6% en los miembros anteriores, para estos resultados se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P < 0,05). La distribución de las lesiones en los dedos fue la siguiente: en los miembros posteriores el 68,1% de las patologías se observaron en los dedos laterales y el 31,9% en los dedos mediales, contrario a esto, en los miembros anteriores el 58,4% de las lesiones se presentaron en los dedos mediales y el 41,6% en los laterales, en estos resultados no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P > 0,05). Se puede concluir que la mayor cantidad de lesiones se encontraron en las pezuñas laterales de los miembros posteriores, igualmente se observó que los miembros llegan al periodo de secado en muy mal estado, lo cual refleja las condiciones de las pezuñas al momento del parto y primeros meses de lactancia, esta condición podría ocasionar enfermedades podales en este periodo, en el cual se encuentra la mayor productividad de las vacas lecheras.

The objective of this research was to describe the foot lesions found during the functional trimming at the dry off period of confinement dairy cows. Twenty five Brown Swiss cows were submitted to a hooves examination during the functional trimming at the dry off period. All the foot lesions were recorded on cards designed for this purpose. The results reported that 39% of the claws showed lesions during the functional trimming and also it was determined that the most frequent foot lesion were hemorrhage (39.8%), white line disease (23.7%) and horn overgrowth (20.4%). Also it was determined that 78.4% of the injuries were in the hind limbs and 21.6% were in the forelimb. Based upon these results it was determined that they were statistically significantly differences (P < 0.05). The foot lesions distribution was as follow: in the hind limb 68.1% of the pathologies were at the lateral digit, while 31.9% of the lesions were located at the medial digit. On the contrary, in the forelimbs 58.4% of lesions were in the medial claw and 41.6% were in the lateral claw. Statistically significantly differences were not observed (P > 0.05) in these results. It may be concluded that the majority of lesions were found in the lateral claw of the hind limbs. Also it was observed that the limbs reach the dry off period in very bad conditions reflecting feet conditions at the delivery time and during the first month of lactation. This condition could cause foot diseases within this period in which dairy cows are highly productive.

Analysis of slipped sequences in EST projects

Slippage is an important sequencing problem that can occur in EST projects. However, very few studies have addressed this. We propose three new methods to detect slippage artifacts: arithmetic mean method, geometric mean method, and echo coverage method. Each method is simple and has two different strategies for processing sequences: suffix and subsequence. Using the 291,689 EST sequences produced in the SUCEST project, we performed comparative tests between our proposed methods and the SUCEST method. The subsequence strategy is better than the suffix strategy, because it is not anchored at the end of the sequence, so it is more flexible to find slippage at the beginning of the EST. In a comparison with the SUCEST method, the advantage of our methods is that they do not discard the majority of the sequences marked as slippage, but instead only remove the slipped artifact from the sequence. Based on our tests the echo coverage method with subsequence strategy shows the best compromise between slippage detection and ease of calibration.

Endoscopic Argon Plasma Laser Trimming of Biliary Self Expanding Metallic Stent / 대한소화기내시경학회지

A self-expanding metal stent is an effective treatment for biliary stenosis, improving obstructive jaundice and maintaining the long term patency of the bile duct. The complications of the metal stent are a perforation, distal migration, restenosis and duodenal mucosa injury from the contralateral wall impaction or trauma. However, the metal stent is a relatively permanent device and its removal is technically challenging. We report a case of protrusion of biliary stents into the duodenal lumen of a distal common bile duct cancer patients that was managed successfully by endoscopic argon plasma laser trimming.

Correction of Deviated Nose: Importance of Rasping of Non-affected Side Nasal Bone Flap and Trimming of Non-affected Side Dorsal Septum

A total of 21 patients were operated. Via a columellar labial incision, the upper lateral cartilages were separated from the septum. A submucous resection of the septal cartilage was carried out. After rasping the convex lateral nasal wall of the unaffected side, a low-to-low lateral nasal osteotomy was conducted. Along the deviated dorsal line at the bony vault passing the submucous tunnel, a paramedian nasal osteotomy was performed. The convex side of the nasal bone flap was contoured by rasping. The convex side of the "T"-shaped dorsal septum was trimmed. A total direct septal extension graft of the septal cartilage was done and the alar cartilages were suspended to it. The postoperative results were evaluated by photogrammetric analysis processed by a "neon glow" filter in Adobe Photoshop. The distance from the nasal midline to the most deflective point at 5 levels was measured, and the proportion indices were obtained in regard to intercanthal distance. The results revealed improvement in all levels (p < 0.05), although not perfect. In summary, this technique can result in a clinically good-looking in spite of a slight deflection that still exists.

Fat Myringoplasty Trimmed with CO2 Laser / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Fat myringoplasty is a simple and safe method for repairing tympanic membrane perforation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of fat myringoplasty accompanied by CO2 laser treatment for the trimming of perforation. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Twenty-one patients diagnosed with the following tympanic membrane perforations were used: 1) Traumatic perforation, 2) Chronic otitis media without active inflammation, 3) Re-perforation after middle ear surgery. The procedure was performed at OPD under local anesthesia while operating a microscope that was adapted to the CO2 laser. RESULTS: The overall success rate was 81 percent (17/21). CONCLUSION: Fat myringoplasty can be recommended for repairing tympanic membrane perforation in traumatic, chronic otitis media and re-perforation after middle ear surgery. Fat myringoplasty was simple and effective on only small perforations (