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Objective To explore the characteristics of childhood tuberculosis and recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease in order to improve its diagnosis and treatment. Methods Key words“child”“tuberculosis”“diagno-sis” and “treatment” were used to retrieve relevant literatures from Pubmed,Web of Science,CNKI and Wanfang databases.The literatures were reviewed and clinical experience summarized. Results Disseminated tuberculosis and extrapulmonary tubercu-losis were common in children with tuberculosis. It was difficult to collect with samples of diagnostic value for detection. There counterparts were no systematic diagnosis and treatment programs available for children with drug-resistant tuberculosis,and phar-maceutical dosage forms tailored for children were lacking. Conclusion Tuberculosis in children is more complex to diagnose and treat than in adult counterpart.Diagnosis of this disease relies on a variety of diagnostic methods.It's still challenging to control childhood tuberculosis.
RESUMO
OBJETIVO: Descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos da tuberculose infantil (TB) em hospital de referência. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo (1999-2008) de 473 indivíduos (0-14 anos) com TB confirmada, ou com melhora clínica até o quarto mês de tratamento sob os cuidados da unidade, incluindo a revisão dos prontuários médicos, fichas de acompanhamento clínico de TB e fichas de notificação da unidade de TB do hospital. RESULTADOS: Dentre os 473 casos de TB incluídos no estudo, 52% apresentou reatividade à prova tuberculínica, 66% história de contato com paciente com tuberculose pulmonar, principalmente intradomiciliar, sendo o pai/padrasto o familiar mais envolvido; TB disseminada em 22%. O resultado do teste de HIV foi obtido em 265 casos (56%), sendo positivo em 45 (17%). O diagnóstico de TB foi confirmado em 31% dos casos, mais frequentemente em crianças com idade acima de 5 anos, com prova tuberculínica negativa, e nas formas disseminadas. Das 65 culturas positivas para a TB realizadas no estudo, o teste da sensibilidade às drogas anti-TB foi obtido em 30 casos (46%), entre os quais 10 (33%) eram resistentes a um ou mais fármacos anti-TB, e 2 (0,8%) eram multirresistentes. Entre os pacientes com tuberculose pulmonar confirmada, 31% não preencheram os critérios para iniciar o tratamento com anti-TB de acordo com pontuação do Ministério da Saúde (< 25 pontos). CONCLUSÃO: A elevada percentagem de TB resistente à fármacos e a co-infecção com HIV identificados neste estudo enfatiza a necessidade de realizar estudos adicionais para avaliar tal impacto nas atividades de controle da TB infantil.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological aspects of childhood tuberculosis (TB) in a Brazilian reference hospital. METHODS: This was a retrospective study (1999-2008) of 473 subjects (0-14 year olds) with confirmed TB, or with clinical improvement by the fourth month of treatment under the unit's care, including the review of medical records, monitoring reports and notifications by the TB unit. RESULTS: Among 473 TB cases included in the study, positive tuberculin skin test was observed in 52%, history of contact with a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis in 66%, mostly intra-household, and with the father/stepfather most commonly involved; and disseminated TB in 22%. The result of HIV testing was obtained in 265 (56%) cases, being positive in 45 (17%). The diagnosis of TB was confirmed in 31% of cases, most frequently in children older than 5 years, with negative tuberculin skin test, and in disseminated forms. Of the 65 cultures positive for TB performed in the study, drug sensitivity testing to anti-TB drugs was done in 30 (46%) clinical samples, among which 10 (33%) were resistant to one or more anti-TB drugs, and 2 (0.8%) were multi-drug-resistant. Among patients with confirmed pulmonary TB, 31% did not meet the criteria for starting anti-TB treatment according to the scores of the Ministry of Health (< 25 points). CONCLUSION: The high proportion of drug-resistant TB and co-infection with HIV identified in this study highlight the necessity to carry out additional studies in order to evaluate the impact of TB control activities on childhood TB.