¿Túnica o capa? Análisis histórico, etimológico y propuesta para terminologia anatomica internacional / ¿Tunic or coat? Historical, etymological analysis and proposal for the international anatomical terminology

RESUMEN: El continuo desarrollo de las ciencias morfológicas y la utilización de sus productos por diversas ciencias aplicadas ha provocado la incorporación a Terminologia Anatomica (TA) de modificaciones que tienden a interpretaciones de los nombres, que son dados por principio en latín como idioma oficial. Esta situación, hacen necesarias revisiones periódicas de la nomenclatura, sugiriendo adecuaciones confiables y válidas a la traducción al idioma vernáculo de los términos anatómicos. En este sentido, revisamos los términos en Terminologia Anatomica Internacional (TAI) de: Tunica mucosa linguae (A05.1.04.011), Tunica serosa (A05.4.01.007), Tunica adventitia (A05.4.01.009), Tunica muscularis (A05.4.01.010), Tunica mucosa (A05.4.01.015) y Tunica mucosa oris (A05.1.01.002); los que, traducidos al español por la Sociedad Anatómica Española (2001) se identifican como: mucosa de la lengua, capa serosa, capa adventicia, capa muscular, capa mucosa y mucosa de la boca, respectivamente; reconociendo, errores etimológicos, en la traducción del término Túnica (en latin: Tunica) por el de Capa (del latín Cappa) o su ausencia. Evidenciado esto, realizamos un análisis de los términos latinos Tunica y Cappa, y su traducción al español, encontrando: inconsistencias en la traducción de los términos, falta de traducción de la palabra Tunica; y, la verificación fundamentada de tales inconsistencias en la etimología de los términos descritos. A la luz de los resultados, basándose en los principios de la TA y el principio de construcción del cuerpo humano de estratificación, sugerimos: cambiar la traducción en TAI para los términos Tunica mucosa linguae, Tunica serosa, Tunica adventitia, y Tunica mucosa oris por: Mucosa linguae, Cappa serosa, Cappa adventitia, Mucosa oris; y, cambiar, la traducción al español de los términos Tunica muscularis y Tunica mucosa hacia Túnica muscular y Túnica mucosa, respectivamente. El uso de términos anatómicos correctos permitirá una mejor comunicación en el ámbito de la docencia y la investigación científica.

SUMMARY: The continuous development of the morphological sciences and the use of their products by various applied sciences has led to the incorporation of modifications into Anatomical Terminology (TA) that tend to interpretations of the names, which are given by principle in Latin as the official language. This situation requires periodic reviews of the nomenclature, suggesting reliable and valid adjustments from the translation into the vernacular language of the anatomical terms. In this sense, we review the terms in International Anatomical Terminology (IAT) of: Tunica mucosa linguae (A05.1.04.011), Tunica serosa (A05.4.01.007), Tunica adventitia (A05.4.01.009), Tunica muscularis ( A05.4.01.010), Tunica mucosa (A05.4.01.015) and Tunica mucosa oris (A05.1.01.002); those that, translated into Spanish by the Spanish Anatomical Society (2001) are identified as: mucosa of the tongue, serosa layer, adventitial layer, muscle layer, mucous layer and mucosa of the mouth, respectively; recognizing, etymological errors, in the translation of the term Tunica (in Latin: Tunica) by Capa (from the Latin Cappa) or its absence. Evidenced this, we made an analysis of the Latin terms Tunica and Cappa, and its translation into Spanish, finding: inconsistencies in the translation of the terms, lack of translation of the word Tunica; and, the substantiated verification of such inconsistencies in the etymology of the described terms. In the light of the results, based on the principles of the TA and the principle of construction of the human body of "stratification", we suggest: change the translation in TAI for the terms Tunica mucosa linguae, Tunica serosa, Tunica adventitia, and Tunica mucosa oris by: Mucosa linguae, Cappa serosa, Cappa adventitia, Mucosa oris, and, change, the translation into Spanish of the terms Tunica muscularis and Tunica mucosa into Muscular Tunic and Tunic Mucosa, respectively.The use of correct anatomical terms will allow better communication in the field of teaching and scientific research.

Toxicity of antioxidative extract collected from Styela clava tunics in ICR mice / 한국실험동물학회지

Some polymers and bioactive compounds derived from Styela clava tunic (SCT) have been reported as traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, oxidative stress and surgical wounds although there is little scientific evidence of their liver and kidney toxicity. To investigate the toxicity of ethanol extracts of SCT (EtSCT) in the liver and kidney of ICR mice, alterations in related markers including body weight, organ weight, urine composition, liver pathology and kidney pathology were analyzed following oral administration of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight/day of EtSCT for 14 days. EtSCT showed a high level of free radical scavenging activity for DPPH (93.1%) and NO (16.2%) as well as the presence of 14.8 mg/mL of flavonoids and 36.2 mg/mL of phenolics, while EtSCT treated groups did not show any significant alterations in the body and organ weight, clinical phenotypes, urine parameters or mice mortality when compared with the vehicle treated group. In addition, constant levels of serum biochemical markers including alanine phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (CRE) were maintained. Moreover, no specific histopathological features induced by most toxic compounds were observed in liver and kidney sections stained with hematoxilin and eosin. Therefore, the present results indicate that EtSCT with strong antioxidant activity cannot induce any specific toxicity in liver and kidney organs of ICR at doses of 100 mg/kg body weight/day.

Development of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Targeting 18S Ribosomal DNA for Rapid Detection of Azumiobodo hoyamushi (Kinetoplastea)

Ascidian soft tunic syndrome (AsSTS) caused by Azumiobodo hoyamushi (A. hoyamushi) is a serious aquaculture problem that results in mass mortality of ascidians. Accordingly, the early and accurate detection of A. hoyamushi would contribute substantially to disease management and prevention of transmission. Recently, the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method was adopted for clinical diagnosis of a range of infectious diseases. Here, the authors describe a rapid and efficient LAMP-based method targeting the 18S rDNA gene for detection of A. hoyamushi using ascidian DNA for the diagnosis of AsSTS. A. hoyamushi LAMP assay amplified the DNA of 0.01 parasites per reaction and detected A. hoyamushi in 10 ng of ascidian DNA. To validate A. hoyamushi 18S rDNA LAMP assays, AsSTS-suspected and non-diseased ascidians were examined by microscopy, PCR, and by using the LAMP assay. When PCR was used as a gold standard, the LAMP assay showed good agreement in terms of sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). In the present study, a LAMP assay based on directly heat-treated samples was found to be as efficient as DNA extraction using a commercial kit for detecting A. hoyamushi. Taken together, this study shows the devised A. hoyamushi LAMP assay could be used to diagnose AsSTS in a straightforward, sensitive, and specific manner, that it could be used for forecasting, surveillance, and quarantine of AsSTS.

Túnicas testiculares durante la fase de reposo y actividad sexual del conejo macho (Oryctolagus cuniculus) / Morphology of testes and it´s covers during the phase of rest and sexual activity of the male rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

La domesticación del conejo (Oryctolagus cuniculus), ha permitido el paso de una reproducción de tipo anual a una de tipo no estacional, observándose pariciones durante todo el año. Sin embargo, existen parámetros reproductivos que nos indican que aún existe cierta estacionalidad, por ejemplo, la ubicación testicular, correspondiendo el conejo a un estacional de días largos. El presente estudio analiza la morfología de testículos y epidídimos, comparando la bioestructura de las cubiertas testiculares del conejo macho (Oryctolagus cuniculus), durante los meses de Enero y Septiembre. Para esto, se utilizaron seis conejos machos, tres correspondientes al mes de Enero, y tres al mes de Septiembre. Los ejemplares se encontraban clínicamente sanos y sexualmente maduros, de peso promedio 2,5 kg. Se obtuvieron los testículos junto a sus respectivos sacos escrotales, los que se procesaron mediante técnica histológica corriente y tricrómico. Se consignó el Indice espermatogénico (IE) e índice celular interticial (ICI) según Grocock & Clarke. Durante el mes de Enero, se evidenció una clara disminución de los parámetros reproductivos testiculares, con un IE =3, y un ICI=4. Por el contrario, durante el mes de Septiembre, se observó un IE=5 y ICI=5. La túnica albugínea mostró diferencias de espesor en ambos períodos. Sin embargo, se encontró un gran desarrollo de la musculatura cremastérica en ambas etapas, por lo que se concluye que ésta última no sufre atrofia durante el mes de Enero, atribuible posiblemente, a la criptorquidia facultativa que posee esta especie.

The domestication of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has allowed the passage of a reproduction of the annual rate to a non-seasonal type, observing calving throughout the year. However, there are reproductive parameters which indicate that there is still some seasonality, for example, testicular position, which corresponds the rabbit to seasonal long days. This study examines the morphology of testes and epididymis, comparing the biostructure of testicular coverings of male rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) during the resting phase and sexual activity. For this, six male rabbits were used, three for the month of January, and three in September. The specimens were clinically healthy, sexually mature, and had an average weight of 2.5 kg. Testes were obtained with their scrotal sacs, which are processed using current histological and trichromic technique. Spermatogenic index and interstitial cell index were recorded according to Grocock & Clarke. During the month of January, it showed a clear decrease in testicular reproductive parameters, with IE = 3, and ICI = 4. By contrast, during the sexual activity it was observed IE = 5 and ICI = 5. During both periods, the albuginea tunic showed no large variations in thickness. Further, there is a great development of the cremasteric muscle in both stages, it was concluded that it does not undergo atrophy during the regression phase, possibly attributable to the voluntary cryptorchidism that this species has.

A Clinical Study on the Efficacy of Cosmetics Containing the Ascidian tunic in Reducing Wrinkles / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: In the last few decades, there has been a substantial increase in the population of aged people. Aging skin is a common concern for many people these days. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cosmetics containing Ascidian tunic in reducing wrinkles. METHODS: Cream containing the Ascidian tunic was applied to right lateral epicanthal areas of 30 subjects for 8 weeks. As control group, a placebo which does not contain the Ascidian tunic was applied to the left lateral epicanthal areas of the subjects. Skin barrier function was evaluated and skin replicas were molded on both epicanthal areas every 4 weeks. The changes of the skin wrinkles were analyzed with skin visiometer. RESULTS: In comparison of the changes between groups treated with placebo and Ascidian tunic, there was statistically significant differences in hydration and sebum secretion. But there were no statistically significant differences in the result of R-value by visiometer. CONCLUSION: The treatment of Ascidian tunic extract seems to be partially effective in improving wrinkles, but further study is required.

AN INIMAL EXPERIMENT OF A NEW TECHNIGUE OF MACROSCOPIC VASOVASOSTOMY WITH CATGUT TO SPLINT AND REDUCE TENSION AND SUTURING TUNIC OF THE BOTH ENDS OF THE VAS / 重庆医科大学学报

A new technigue of the macroscopic vasovasostomy has been reported. The procedure was carried out by suturing only tunic of the both ends of the vas with catgut to splint and reduce tension(Group 1 ).In animal experiment, this technigue was compared with following methods of vasovasostomy. ( 1 ) .tunic-muscular layer anastomosis without splint(Group 2),(2).whole layer anastomosis with stainless steel splint (Group 3) and (3).whole layer anastomosis without splint. Among all dogs,the operative procedure was performed without the aid of optical magnification nor any special instruments. The four technigues were tested in 60 dogs (120 vasa) in which each of them used 15 dogs (30 vasa). The results of the dog experiments showed that the anatomical patency rates of the Group 1,2,3 and 4 after operation were 63.3%, 66.7%, 23.3%and 10%.Our studies indicate that the use of absorble catgut as an intravasal splinting and reducing tension in vasovasostomy is feasible in dogs.Gross as well as microscopic evaluation of the anastomotic area demonstrated that the intraluminal material was substantially absorbed with nosignificant reaction after operation.As compared with other macroscopic vasovasostomies, this technic is claimed to be simpler, easier, less traumatic, effective and feasible