Analysis of the Treatment Strategy of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Based on ZHANG Boli's Theory of “Damp-turbidity and Phlegm-rheum Type of Diseases” / 中医杂志

Professor ZHANG Boli believed that the core pathogenesis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction （HFpEF） is weak pulse at yang and wiry pulse at yin. By referring to the theory of “damp-turbidity and phlegm-rheum type of diseases”， he proposed that yin pathogens of damp-turbidity and phlegm-rheum may damage yang qi in each stage of HFpEF， thus aggravating the trend of weak pulse at yang and wiry pulse at yin， which played an important role in the deterioration of HFpEF. Therefore， Professor ZHANG Boli advocated that importance should be attached to the elimination of yin pathogen and the protection of yang qi during the various stages of HFpEF in order to delay the aggravation of weak pulse at yang and wiry pulse at yin； he put forward the idea of staged treatment that “yin pathogen should be dispelled and yang qi should be demonstrated”； and he formulated the treatment strategy of treating the disease as early as possible， eliminating pathogens and protecting yang， interrupting the disease trend， using warm-like medicinals， and activating blood circulation， to enrich the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of HFpEF.

The neuroprotective effects of Haikun Shenxi capsule medicated serum on N2a/APP695 cells based on PINKl-Parkin mitophagy pathway / 中国药理学通报

Aim To research the neuroprotective effect of Haikun Shenxi (HKSX) medicated serum on N2a/ App695 cells and the underlying mechanism. Methods HKSX medicated serum was prepared and carbohydrate components in it was analyzed using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) . N2a/ App695 cells were intervened with HKSX medicated serum, the cytotoxicity of HKSX medicated serum was measured by MTT; AP[_

Staged Treatment of Endometriosis Combined with Infertility Using the Method of Warming Yang and Removing Turbidity / 中医杂志

It is believed that the key pathogenesis of endometriosis combined with infertility is spleen and kidney yang deficiency and binding of dampness and stasis， for which the method of warming yang and removing turbidity is advocated， and self-made Wenyang Huazhuo Formula （温阳化浊方） is recommended with flexibility by stages in accordance with the rules of the changes of yin and yang in the menstrual cycle and the storing and drainage of uterus. Specifically， during the menstruation， it is suggested to warm channels and invigorate blood， drain dampness and remove dampness； during the late menstruation， the method of warming yang and replenishing yin， regulating and supplementing the chong mai （冲脉） and ren mai （任脉）； for inter-menstruation period， it is advised to warm yang and replenish qi， rectify qi and harmonize blood； in terms of premenstrual period， the method of warming and supplementing spleen and kidney， warming uterus and assisting in fertility can be used. Accordingly， Formulas at the menstruation stage， follicular stage， ovulation stage， and luteal stage to warm yang and remove turbidity are recommended in their modifications， respectively.

A Rat Model of Adenine-induced Chronic Renal Failure Complicated with Cardiovascular Disease / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the preparation method of a rat model of adenine-induced chronic renal failure complicated with cardiovascular disease by investigating the effect of different time points of adenine gastric lavage on general vital signs， biochemical indicators， and cardiac and renal tissue structure and function of model rats. MethodRats in the model group were administered adenine at 150 mg·kg-1·d-1 by gavage for 16 weeks， while those in the normal group were given an equal volume of 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium solution by gavage. At weeks 5， 13， 17， 24-hour urinary protein quantification （24 h-UTP）， biochemical indicators， cardiac ultrasound， and changes in cardiac and renal tissue structure and function were measured in both the model and normal groups. Blood pressure was measured at weeks 5 and 13 in both groups. Weekly changes in body weight were recorded， and general conditions of the rats were observed daily. Result① Compared with the normal group， the model group showed a significant decrease in body weight （P<0.05）. ② Rats in the model group exhibited a significant increase in urine volume， and proteinuria appeared at week 13. ③ Compared with the normal group， the model group showed significant differences in triglyceride （TG）， total cholesterol （TC）， creatinine （Cr）， blood urea nitrogen （BUN）， blood potassium， and blood phosphorus at week 5 （P<0.05）， which increased gradually over time. At week 17， uric acid levels were significantly elevated （P<0.05）， and blood calcium levels were reduced at the end of week 17 （P<0.01）. ④ Compared with the normal group， the model group showed a significant increase in blood pressure at week 5 （P<0.05）， which progressively worsened. ⑤ There was no statistically significant difference in left ventricular wall thickness between the model and normal groups at week 5， but a significant difference was observed at week 13 （P<0.05）. ⑥ Fibrosis appeared in the kidneys of rats in the model group at week 5 and gradually worsened， while obvious fibrosis occurred around the cardiovascular system at week 13 as compared with the results in the normal group. ⑦ In the proximal tubular epithelial cells of the model group， there was an increasing presence of high-density rhomboid needle-shaped crystals， damaged cell membrane integrity， increased cell spacing， increased lysosomes， increased mitochondrial proliferation， denser mitochondrial cristae， and outer mitochondrial membrane. ⑧ Compared with the rats in the normal group， rats in the model group exhibited depressed spirits， significantly reduced activity， hunched posture， dry fur， pale ears and toes， swollen cheeks， increased nocturnal urination， and dark and viscous blood. ConclusionAdenine by gavage at 150 mg·kg-1·d-1 for 12 weeks can be used to establish a rat model of chronic renal failure complicated with cardiovascular disease， which can be used for the prevention and treatment research on chronic renal failure and its associated cardiovascular complications. The syndrome of adenine-induced rat model of chronic renal failure belongs to the deficiency of spleen and kidney， turbidity and stasis obstruction， and can be used to study the mechanisms of warming and tonifying the spleen and kidney， resolving stasis， and eliminating turbidity in the treatment of chronic renal failure.

Biological connotation of "phlegm-turbidity" theory in hepatocellular carcinoma microenvironment based on abnormal lipid metabolism / 临床肝胆病杂志

There is still a lack of effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of liver cancer, and a deep understanding of its pathogenesis may help to develop new treatment methods. Due to the abnormal changes of lipid metabolism in the development and progression of liver cancer, such process is closely associated with the "phlegm-turbidity" theory in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Starting from the changes of lipid metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma microenvironment, this article discusses the association of the abnormal changes of lipid metabolism in tumor cells and immune cells with the "phlegm-turbidity" theory and the clinical efficacy of phlegm-eliminating therapies in clinical practice. Since the "phlegm-turbidity" theory in TCM plays an important role in the pathogenesis and pathological changes of liver cancer, the analysis of its theoretical connotation helps to clarify pathological mechanism, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the role of TCM in the prevention and treatment of liver cancer.

Syndrome differentiation and treatment of coronary heart disease combined with anxiety and depression from stages of phlegm, blood stasis, and toxic pathogen based on theory of "coexistence of diseases and depression syndromes" / 中国中药杂志

Depression syndromes(anxiety and depression), as typical psychological disorders, often coexist with and mutually influence coronary heart disease(CHD). They constitute a psycho-cardiology disease involving both the blood vessels of the heart and the spirit of the heart. Based on the theory of "coexistence of diseases and depression syndromes", it was proposed that CHD and depression syndromes coexisted independently and were causally related. The factors of depression syndromes go through the entire course of CHD and have different causal relationships at different stages, leading to a pathogenic process of "depression causing disease" or "disease causing depression". In the chronic latent period, phlegm predominates, with depression leading to the production of phlegm. Phlegm accumulation and Qi stagnation initiate a mutual damage process of psycho-cardiology, marking the onset of the disease. In the pathological development period, blood stasis becomes predominant. Depression leads to blood stasis, which further obstructs Qi circulation, accelerating disease progression. In the acute attack period, toxicity becomes crucial. Depression transforms into toxicity, damaging Qi and blood, disturbing the balance of the mind, and inducing a sudden and severe exacerbation of the disease. Based on this, the approach of treating phlegm and depression together, treating blood stasis and depression together, and treating toxicity and depression together by stages was established. Research has found that this approach can simultaneously improve organic damage and emotional disorders, and also has a regulating effect on micro-level syndrome indicators, achieving harmonization of psycho-cardiology in the treatment.

Manufacturing classification system for oral solid dosage forms of traditional Chinese medicines(Ⅲ): classification of granule dissolving behaviors / 中国中药杂志

Solubility is an important sensory quality attribute of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) granules. In this paper, 90 batches of granules(30 batches of TCM formula granules, 30 batches of Chinese patent medicine granules and 30 batches of Japanese Kampo granules) were used as the research objects. The turbidity sensor was used to characterize the turbidity curve of the granule dissolution process. The classification system of granule dissolution behaviors was constructed from three dimensions: dissolution degree, equilibrium time, and dissolution mechanism. According to the equilibrium time, the granule dissolution rates were divided into three categories : faster(<100 s), general(101-300 s) and slow(>301 s). According to the turbidity curve profile, the granule dissolution mechanisms were classified into dissolution-controlled type(α-type), dispersion-controlled type(β-type), and dispersion-controlled type followed by dissolution-controlled type(γ-type). The proportion of TCM formula granules, Chinese patent medicine granules and Japanese Kampo granules with complete dissolution or slight turbidity at the end of dissolution was 46.7%, 96.7%, and 10.0%. The proportion of TCM formula granules, Chinese patent medicine granules, and Japanese Kampo granules with faster dissolution rates(<100 s) was 23.3%, 26.7%, and 40.0%. The average dissolution rate of Japanese Kampo granules was faster than that of TCM formula granules, and it was slightly faster than the average dissolution rate of Chinese patent medicine granules. The dissolution mechanism of Chinese patent medicine granules was mainly α-type, while that of Japanese Kampo granules was mainly β-type, and the three types of dissolution mechanisms of TCM formula granules accounted for a relatively average. The purpose of improving the solubility and dispersion of granules can be achieved by combining the comprehensive application of various functional excipients with the small dosage of Japanese Kampo granules and the wide addition scope of excipients. In the process of transforming TCM compound prescriptions into formulas, there is still much room for innovation in formula excipients and process optimization.

WANG Xinlu's Experience in Treating Metabolic Syndrome based on “Blood Turbidity” / 中医杂志

This paper summarized professor WANG Xinlu's experience in treating metabolic syndrome （MS） based on the “blood turbidity” theory. It is believed that blood turbidity is the key pathological factor for the onset of MS. Blood turbidity accumulates internally， and the zang-fu （脏腑） organs become useless， leading to MS. With long-term blood turbidity， phlegm and stasis are cemented， and the condition is worsened， having changed syndromesfrequently. In clinical practice， the basic treatment method is to clear and dissolve blood turbidity， taking self-prepared Modified Huazhuo Xingxue Decoction （加味化浊行血汤） as the basic formula， and flexibly modifying it according to different stages and manifestations of the disease. Simultaneously， supplementary modern medicines are used to treat abnormal indicators of western medicine.

Experience of ZHANG Boli in Staged Treating Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease Based on the Theory of “Similar Diseases and Syndromes of Damp-Turbidity-Phlegm-Rheum” / 中医杂志

This article summarizes the experience of Professor ZHANG Boli in the staged treatment of very early onset inflammatory bowel disease （VEO-IBD）. Grounded in the theory of “similar diseases and syndromes of damp-turbidity-phlegm-rheum”， it is believed that dampness and turbidity are crucial pathogenic factors in VEO-IBD. During the acute phase， the core pathogenesis centers on the accumulation of turbid toxins in the intestines. The treatment focuses on dispelling dampness and clearing turbidity to eliminate turbid toxins， while also regulating the flow of qi and nourishing the spleen and kidney. During the remission phase， the core pathogenesis involves spleen and kidney deficiency， which is treated by invigorating the spleen and warming the kidney to strengthen the body resistance. Additionally， promoting blood circulation and eliminating stasis is integrated throughout the treatment process. Medications are chosen to be mild and gentle， emphasizing balance and harmony， and attention is given to the methods of administration and psychological well-being， ensuring comprehensive care for both body and mind.

Effect of Dahuang Xiezhuo Prescription on Renal Tubular Function in Patients with IgA Nephropathy Complicated with Hyperuricemia / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of Dahuang Xiezhuo prescription on the clinical symptoms， blood uric acid， and renal tubular function of patients with immunoglobulin A （IgA） nephropathy in stages 1-2 of chronic kidney disease （CKD） complicated with hyperuricemia （HUA）. MethodSixty patients with IgA nephropathy in stages 1-2 of CKD complicated with HUA of spleen and kidney deficiency and combined turbidity and blood stasis syndromes were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group， with 30 cases in each group. The patients in the control group received basic treatment， i.e.， losartan potassium tablets 50-100 mg/time， once per day， and sodium bicarbonate tablets 0.5 g/time， three times per day by oral administration， combined with low-salt， low-fat， and low-purine diet. The patients in the observation group received Dahuang Xiezhuo prescription on the basis of basic treatment， one dose per day， twice a day in the morning and evening with warm water. Both groups were treated for two months. The total scores of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）syndrome， blood pressure， 24 h urinary protein （24 h UTP）， blood urea nitrogen （BUN）， serum creatinine （SCr） ［glomerular filtration rate （eGFR） was calculated by CKD-epidemiology collaboration （CKD-EPI） formula］， serum uric acid （SUA）， and renal tubular function indexes ［urinary α1-microglobulin （α1-MG）， urinary β2-microglobulin （β2-MG）， urinary kidney injury molecule-1 （KIM-1）， and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin （NGAL）］ of the two groups before treatment and two months after treatment were recorded. The clinical efficacy of the two groups was evaluated two months after treatment. ResultAfter 2 months of treatment，the total effective rate in the observation group was 81.48%（22/27），higher than 50.00%（14/28） in the control group（χ2 =6.661，P<0.05）. The total scores of TCM syndrome， 24 h UTP， and SUA in the observation group and the observation group were lower than those before treatment （P<0.05）， and compared with the control group after treatment， the observation group decreased more significantly （P<0.05）. After treatment， the blood pressure in the observation group and the observation group was lower than that before treatment （P<0.05）， and there was no significant difference in blood pressure between the two groups after treatment. After treatment， the levels of urinary α1-MG， β2-MG， KIM-1， and NGAL in the two groups were lower than those before treatment （P<0.05）， and the observation group was lower than the control group after treatment （P<0.05）. There were no significant inter-group and intra-group differences in BUN， SCr， and eGFR levels before and after treatment. There were no obvious abnormalities in blood routine， liver function， and electrolytes before and after treatment in the two groups， and no adverse reactions such as allergies occurred. ConclusionDahuang Xiezhuo prescription can effectively improve the clinical symptoms of IgA nephropathy with HUA （CKD1-2） patients with spleen and kidney deficiency and combined turbidity and blood stasis syndromes， reduce blood uric acid level， alleviate renal tubular injury， and protect the kidney. The curative effect is better than that of basic treatment.

Haikun Shenxi capsule improved cognitive dysfunction by activating autophagy in SAMP8 mice / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study the modulation effects of HKSX capsule on Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to preliminarily explore its mechanism using SAMP8 as an AD model.Methods SAMP8 mice aged 4 months were randomly divided into model group ( P8 group) , HKSX low-dose group (L-HKSX group) , HKSX high- dose group ( H-HKSX group) , and senescence-accel- erated mouse/resistance 1 (SAMR1 ) at the same age was used as normal control group ( R1 group).New object recognition and Morris water maze experiments were used to detect the learning and memory abilities of each group.Levels of A(3, _40 and A(3, 42 were detected by ELISA, and the expression levels of LC3- U , p62, Beclin-1 , PSD95 and Syn in hippocampus of each group were detected by Western blot.Results Compared with model group, both low and high doses of HKSX could enhance the D1 in new object recognition test, increase number of crossing the platform anrl the time spent in the target quadrant, and shorten the escape latency.Besides, it also enhanced the clearance °f Ap, _40 and AfJ, _42 , up-regulated the relative expression of Beclin-1 and LC3- II and down-regulated the expression of P62.In addition, it increased the expression of synaptic-related proteins PSD95 and Syn.Conclusions HKSX capsule can regulate the expression of autophagy-related proteins and improve autoph- agv dysfunction, which in turn reduce the deposition of A(3 in vivo to alleviate its cytotoxicity and improve synaptic plasticity.Thus, HKSX can improve the learning and memory deficits of AD mice.

Avaliação da formação de trihalometanos na água de abastecimento público da cidade de Cáceres (MT), Brasil / Evaluation of trihalomethane formation in public water supply in the city of Cáceres, Brazil

RESUMO Estudos recentes vêm demonstrando que a aplicação de cloro poderia levar à formação de trihalometanos (THM), que ocorre quando o cloro reage com a matéria orgânica natural, também denominada de precursora de THM e presente em águas naturais. A United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) classificou os THM como prováveis carcinogênicos para humanos. Com o objetivo de avaliar os níveis de THM na água destinada ao abastecimento público na cidade de Cáceres/MT, foram coletadas amostras de água em três pontos distintos: P1 na água bruta, P2 na saída do reservatório e P3 na rede de abastecimento, por um período de um ano (agosto de 2018 a junho de 2019), com frequência bimestral. Além dos THM, foram monitorados os parâmetros de turbidez, cor, pH e cloro residual livre. Os resultados de água bruta demonstraram que o fenômeno natural denominado "decoada" aumentou as concentrações de turbidez e cor aparente no período enchente/cheia pelo intenso processo de decomposição que ocorre nesse momento, elevando os níveis de matéria orgânica na água bruta. Quanto à água tratada, valores de turbidez fora do preconizado foram detectados. Os níveis de THMs chegaram próximo (0,09518 mg.L-1 - P2) de atingir o VMP de 0,1 mg.L-1 em consequência da presença de precursores. Os valores de THM foram maiores em P2 pelo fato de esse ponto apresentar medição maior de cloro residual livre em relação a P3. Todavia, notou-se uma forte correlação entre THM e turbidez (p < 0,05 e R² = 0,67), o que demonstra que o parâmetro de turbidez pode ser um indicativo da presença de precursores de THM.

ABSTRACT Recent studies have shown that the application of chlorine could lead to the formation of trihalomethanes (THM), which occurs when chlorine reacts with natural organic matter (NOM), also known as precursors of THM, present in natural waters. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has classified THM as probable carcinogens for humans. In order to assess the levels of trihalomethanes in water destined for public supply in the city of Cáceres, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, water samples were collected from three different points: P1, at raw water; P2, at the outlet of the reservoir; and P3, at the supply network, for a period of one year (from August 2018 to June 2019), with bimonthly frequency. In addition to THM, the parameters of turbidity, color, pH, and free residual chlorine were monitored. The results of raw water demonstrated that the natural phenomenon called "decoada" increased the concentrations of turbidity and apparent color in the flood/spate period, due to the intense decomposition process that occurs in this period, increasing the levels of organic matter in raw water. As for treated water, turbidity values outside the recommended values were detected. THM levels (0.09518 mg.L-1 - P2) almost reached the MPV of mg.L-1, as a result of the presence of precursors. The THM values were higher in P2 because this point presents a higher concentration of free residual chlorine in relation to P3. However, there was a strong correlation between THM and turbidity (p < 0.05 and R² = 0.67), thus demonstrating that the turbidity parameter may be indicative of the presence of THM precursors.

Regulatory Effect of Modified Banxia Xiexintang on Insulin Resistance of Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy of modified Banxia Xiexintang on nonalcoholic fatty liver （NAFLD） and the regulatory effect on insulin resistance （IR）. Method:One hundred and forty patients were randomly divided into control group and observation group. A total of 63 patients in control group completed the therapy （4 patients fell off or were lost to follow-up， 3 were eliminated）， while 65 patients in observation group completed the therapy （5 patients fell off or were lost to follow-up， none was eliminated）. Both groups' patients got lifestyle intervention， liver protection and lipid regulation. Patients in control group got Huazhi Rougan granule， 1 pack/time， 3 times/day. Patients in observation group got modified Banxia Xiexintang， 1 dose/day. And the course of treatment for the two groups was 12 weeks， and a 12 week follow-up was recorded. Before and after treatment and during the follow-up， fat content of liver was recorded by instantaneous elastic recorder， fasting blood glucose （FBG） and fasting insulin （FINS） were detected， and insulin sensitivity index （ISI）， insulin resistance index （HOMA-IR） and islet <italic>β</italic> cell function index （HOMA-<italic>β</italic>） were detected. After treatment， B-mode ultrasonography and ratio of liver/spleen CT were detected. And levels of alanine transaminase （ALT）， aspartate transaminase （AST）， total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）， adiponectin， leptin， serine protease inhibitor （Vaspin）， tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-<italic>α</italic> and interleukin-6 （IL-6） were detected. And the safety was evaluated. Result:CAP and HOMA-IR in observation group were lower than those in control group after treatment and during the follow-up （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， and ISI and HOMA-<italic>β</italic> were higher than those in control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Amelioration of indexes of blood lipid was better than those in control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Levels of ALT， AST， FBG and FINS were lower than those in control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Scores of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndromes were lower than those in control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， ratio of liver/spleen CT and adiponectin was higher than that in control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Levels of TNF-<italic>α</italic>， IL-6， vaspin and leptin were lower than those in control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. B-ultrasound efficacy and fat content of liver were superior to those of control group （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. There were no serious adverse events and drug-related adverse reactions. Conclusion:Modified Banxia Xiexintang can regulate glucose and lipid metabolism， improve insulin sensitivity and HOMA-<italic>β</italic> cell function， improve IR， regulate adipocytokines and inflammatory factors， relieve clinical symptoms and liver fat content， and improve CT ratio of liver/spleen， with a better clinical efficacy and safety.

Clinical Efficacy of Sanju Kechuan Oral Liquid on Phlegm-turbid Obstruction of Lung Syndrome of Asthma at Acute Episode / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To observe the clinical efficacy of Sanju Kechuan oral liquid on phlegm-turbid obstruction of lung syndrome of asthma at acute episode, in order to study its effect on pulmonary function and inflammatory factors. Method::One hundred and seventeen patients were randomly divided into control group (57 cases) and observation group (60 cases) by random number table. Patients in control group got budesonide suspension for inhalation by atomizer, 1-2 mg/time, 2 times/days. Patients who could not control were added with salmeterol xinafoate and fluticasone propionate powder for inhalation in every morning and evening, 50-250 μg/time. In addition to the therapy of control group, patients in observation group was added with Sanju Kechuan oral liquid, 20 mL/time, 3 times/days. The course of treatment was 7 days. And before and after treatment, the severity of asthma at acute episode and the phlegm-turbid obstruction of lung syndrome were scored. And 1-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), diurnal variability of peak expiratory flow (PEF), fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), peripheral blood, percentage of sputum eosinophils (Eos) were recorded, and levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17 were detected. Result::The clinical efficacy in observation group was better than that in control group (Z=1.916, P<0.05). Scores of severity of asthma at acute episode and phlegm-turbid obstruction of lung syndrome were lower than those in control group (P<0.01). And FEV1 was higher than that in control group (P<0.05), while PEF was lower than that in control group (P<0.05). Asthma control in observation group was better than that in control group (Z=2.231, P<0.01). And levels of FeNO, Eos in sputum, Eos in peripheral blood, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-17 were lower than those in control group (P<0.01), whereas levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ were higher than those in control group (P<0.01). Conclusion::In addition to the therapy of routine western medicine, Sanju Kechuan oral liquid can alleviate the severity of phlegm-turbid obstruction of lung syndrome of asthma at acute episode, improve the lung function, control the attack of asthma and inhibit the airway inflammation, with a better the clinical efficacy than pure western medicine treatment.

Evaluation and classification of dissolution behavior and capability of Chinese medicine granules based on an inline turbidity sensor / 中国中药杂志

In this paper, the inline turbidity sensor technology was used to quantify the turbidity of the solution during the dissolution of Chinese medicine granules. The probe measurement position and the magnetic stirring speed were optimized. As a result, the stirring speed was 400 r·min~(-1), and the probe position was at 1/4 of the diameter of the beaker. The measurement results were accurate and reliable. Totally 105 batches of commercially available Chinese medicine granules were collected and dissolved according to the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. At the time point of 5 min, 57 batches of granules were completely dissolved, and the corresponding turbidity values ranged between 0-70 FTU; 32 batches of granules showed a slight turbidity, and the corresponding turbidity values ranged between 70-350 FTU; 14 batches of granule solution were turbid, and the corresponding turbidity values ranged between 350-2 000 FTU; two batches of granule solution were heavily turbid, and the corresponding turbidity values were >2 000 FTU. Among the above results, the number of batches in line with the pharmacopoeia dissolution requirement was 84.76%, and the dissolution of some granules still needed to be improved. The turbidity sensor recorded the change curve of turbidity value over time(solubility behavior curve). The degree of important of disintegration and dissolution during the dissolution process showed disintegration > dissolution, disintegration≈dissolution, disintegration < dissolution. The dissolution behavior of the granules can be classified into three categories. The analysis of the mechanism in the process of granule solubility provides a basis for product process improvement.

Effect of Modified Erzhu Erchentang on Major Cardiovascular Risk Factors Caused by Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Phlegm Turbidity and Blood Stasis Syndrome / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To discuss the efficacy of Erzhu Erchentang on major cardiovascular risk factors caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)with phlegm turbidity and blood stasis syndrome, and its anti-inflammatory effect. Method: One hundred and forty-two patients were randomly divided into control group and observation group by random number table. Patients in control group got insulin or oral hypoglycemic drugs for controlling blood sugar, aspirin enteric-coated tablets, 100 mg/time, 1 time/day, telmisartan tablets, 40 mg/time, 1 time/day, atorvastatin, 10 mg/time, 1 time/day, and non-drug interventions. In addition to the therapy of control group, patients in observation group were also given modified Erzhu Erchentang, 1 dose/day, 5 times/week. The course of treatment was 24 weeks. And a 24-week follow-up was recorded. And levels of fasting blood glucose (FPG), 2 h postprandial blood glucose (2 hPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HLD-C) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) were detected. And the occurrence of major cardiovascular events, cerebrovascular events and peripheral vascular events were recorded. Before and after treatment, levels of body mass index (BMI), carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), framingham risk (FRS) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were assessed. And procalcitonin (PCT), homocysteine (Hcy), hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), cystatin C (CysC) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were measured. Result: After treatment, levels of 2 hPG, HbA1c, SBP, DBP, TC, TG, LDL-C, IMT and BMI in observation group were lower than those in control group (PPχ2=4.775, Pχ2=5.639, PZ=2.165, PPConclusion: In addition to the comprehensive therapy of conventional western medicine, modified Erzhu Erchentang can increase the reduce serum inflammatory factors and control the high risk factors of cardiovascular disease of patients with T2DM, so as to reduce the major cardiovascular events.

Effects of warming yang-dispelling turbidity-dredging collaterals method on renal interstitial fibrosis in rats with chronic renal failure and mechanisms involved / 中草药

Objective To investigate the effects of warming yang-dispelling turbidity-dredging collaterals method on renal interstitial fibrosis in rats with chronic renal failure caused by 5/6 nephrectomy and explore its mechanisms. Methods Eight rats were randomly chosen as sham operation group (Sham), while the remaining 24 rats underwent 5/6 nephrectomy were divided into model group (5/6Nx), warming yang-dispelling turbidity-dredging collaterals method group (WDD) and Niaoduqing group (NDQ), and the rats in each group were administrated with corresponding drugs. After the intervention of 12 weeks, all the rats were sacrificed and the kidneys were then removed. HE, PAS Masson, Picrosirius red staining were conducted to assess kidney pathological changes and renal fibrosis. The protein expression of Collagen was tested by both immunofluorescence and Western blotting, and the mRNA expression was evaluated using qRT-PCR. The expression of protein related with the process of EMT, including α-SMA, E-Cadherin and Vimentin, were tested with immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Results Compared with the model group, warming yang-dispelling method alleviated kidney pathological injury and renal fibrosis, and significantly down-regulated the protein and mRNA expression of Collagen . Moreover, warming yang-dispelling turbidity-dredging collaterals method regulated the process of EMT by decreasing the high expression of α-SMA and Vimentin, and increasing the low expression of E-Cadherin. Conclusion Warming yang-dispelling turbidity-dredging collaterals method can effectively attenuate renal fibrosis and injury and its underlying mechanisms may be related with its inhibitory effects on Collagen expression and regulation of EMT.

Effect of Moringa oleifera as Water Coagulant on the Physico-chemical Properties of Gulbi-water

Availability of clean water is a serious problem, especially in developing countries like Nigeria; Water for consumption purpose needs to be treated to meet the quality guidelines of 5 Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) according to World Health Organization, Wastewater treatment are mostly using Polyaluminum Chloride, a synthetic coagulant, which possess health risk and require expensive cost. This research was carried out to observe the effect of Moringa oleifera seed as natural coagulant to replace synthetic coagulant. Highly turbid water was collected from Gulbi River in Kaura-namoda, Zamfara State. Nigeria. M. oleiferaseedwas processed into flour and de-fated with different organic solvent. (AOY = Normal borehole water, BOY = Raw water sample from theriver, COY = Water treated with (de-fated M. oleiferaflour with Chloroform.), DOY = Water sample with (de-fated M. Oleiferaflour with acetone), EOY = Water sample with (de-fated M. Oleiferaflour with diethyl ether.), FOY = Water sample with Alum, GOY = Water sample with unde-fated M. oleiferaflour) and used as a coagulant in place of aluminium sulphate (Alum). Collected water samples were treated with different Moringa oleiferaflour coagulants samples The water treated with different coagulants samples were analyzed based on physic-chemical properties. The pH values ranged from 5.6 to 6.7. The turbidity, conductivity, total solid, temperature and coliform ranged from 4.19 to 76.5 NTU, 94.0to 188.4 μS/cm, 45.5 to 89.3 mg/l, 30.4 to 33.8ºC and 9 × 402cfu, respectively.The work has been considered as revolutionary for small household applications in rural areas, where water purification is absent and M. oleiferatrees are abundantly available.

Diseño de un filtro potabilizador ecológico para comunidades rurales, utilizando la Moringa Oleifera / A watermaker ecological filter design for rural communities, using Moringa Oleifera / Um projeto de filtro ecológico watermaker para comunidades rurais, utilizando Moringa Oleifera

Resumen Introducción: El agua en estado natural contiene diferentes partículas, entre ellas, el suelo y microorganismos impiden que sea apta para el consumo humano, el agua en estas condiciones causa diversas enfermedades hídricas. En países de América Latina y el Caribe, estas enfermedades se encuentran entre las diez causas más frecuentes de defunción. El diseño del filtro ecológico (lento ascendente). Objetivo: potabilizar el agua de comunidades rurales sin emplear sustancias químicas, utilizadas por la ingeniería sanitaria de forma tradicional en la potabilización. Metodología: La aplicación de este proyecto de investigación se ejecutará en la comunidad de Pichiyacu de los Cayapas, ubicada en el Ecuador, provincia de Esmeraldas, cantón Eloy Alfaro. Resultado: Investigaciones científicas han demostrado que la semilla de la Moringa oleifera, es una alternativa amigable con el ambiente y el ser humano, debido a que presenta eficiencias sobre el 90% en la eliminación de la turbidez, y hasta el 100% en la remoción de coliformes fecales. Conclusiones: El presente proyecto considera los parámetros de calidad del agua en la confluencia de los ríos Santiago y Ónzole, en la provincia de Esmeraldas, cantón Eloy Alfaro, parroquia San José, comunidad Pichiyacu de Los Cayapas, la cual cuenta con una población estimada de 300 familias.

Abstract Introduction: Water in its natural state contains different particles, including soil and microorganisms that prevent it from being suitable for human consumption, water in these conditions causes various waterborne diseases. In Latin American and Caribbean countries, these diseases are among the ten most frequent causes of death. The design of the ecological filter (slow up). Objective: To make water available in rural communities without using chemical substances, used by sanitary engineering in a traditional manner for purification. Methodology: The application of this research project will be executed in the community of Pichiyacu de los Cayapas, located in Ecuador, province of Esmeraldas, canton Eloy Alfaro. Result: Scientific research has shown that the seed of the Moringa oleifera, is a friendly alternative to the environment and human being, because it has efficiencies over 90% in the elimination of turbidity, and up to 100% in the removal of coliforms Fecal. Conclusions: This project considers the water quality parameters at the confluence of the Santiago and Ónzole rivers, in the province of Esmeraldas, Eloy Alfaro canton, San José parish, Los Cayapas Pichiyacu community, which has an estimated population of 300 families.

Resumo Introdução: A água em seu estado natural contém diferentes partículas, incluindo o solo e microorganismos que impedem que ela seja adequada para consumo humano; a água nessas condições causa várias doenças transmitidas pela água. Nos países da América Latina e Caribe, essas doenças estão entre as dez causas mais freqüentes de morte. O design do filtro ecológico (ascendente lento). Objetivo: Tornar a água disponível em comunidades rurais sem o uso de substâncias químicas, usadas por engenharia sanitária de maneira tradicional para purificação. Metodologia: A aplicação deste projeto de pesquisa será executada na comunidade de Pichiyacu de los Cayapas, localizada no Equador, província de Esmeraldas, cantão Eloy Alfaro. Resultado: A pesquisa mostrou que a semente de Moringa oleifera é uma alternativa amiga do ambiente e os seres humanos, uma vez que apresenta as eficiências mais de 90% na remoção de turvação, e até 100% na remoção de coliform Fecal Conclusões Este projeto considera os parâmetros de qualidade da água na confluência dos rios Santiago e Onzole na província de Esmeraldas, Canton Eloy Alfaro, paróquia San Jose, comunidade Pichiyacu Los Cayapas, que tem uma população estimada de 300 famílias.

Transport of Pseudomonas aeruginosa via column study trough aquifer at RBF study site, Lubuk Buntar, Kedah, Malaysia 124-130

@#Aims: This study is focused to explore Pseudomonas aeruginosastrain mass transport andassessment of the water quality.Methodology and results:Pseudomonas aeruginosahave been detected in the real location at the RBF study areabyusing molecular method. The bacterium strain was cultivated in the river water sample and column study was performed using soil aquifer collected from the RBF study site.Conclusions, significance and impact of the study:The column experiments show the removal of the bacteria was achieved almost 99%. Concentration of cultured bacteria was detected in range 0.26 g/Lto 0.33 g/Land reduced after flow through the soilpassage in range 0 to 0.148 g/L. This study also examines the water qualities that affected during the transport such as turbidity and color. The range of turbidity for initial concentration for both influents was 84-96 NTU was reduced to range 2.88-49.29 NTU. Meanwhile for color, the initial concentration was 51-58 PtCo was reduced to range 1-18 PtCo