Heart rate turbulence assessed through ergometry after myocardial infarction: a feasibility study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The impact of ventricular arrhythmias with impaired cardiac vagal activity is one of the most recently studied prognostic factors. However, there are no studies evaluating the phenomenon of heart rate turbulence (HRT) during physical exertion. OBJECTIVE: To study the behavior of HRT during exercise testing, among individuals after myocardial infarction. DESIGN AND SETTING: Feasibility study conducted in a university hospital among individuals 4-6 weeks after myocardial infarction. METHODS: All subjects underwent 24-hour Holter monitoring and ergometric stress testing. We considered that abnormal HRT was present if the turbulence onset was ≥ 0% or turbulence slope was ≤ 2.5 mm/relative risk interval. RESULTS: All 32 subjects were asymptomatic. Their median age was 58 years (interquartile range 12.8) and 70% were male. Abnormal HRT was associated with ventricular dysfunction in this population. We found no differences regarding the behavior of HRT, in relation to age, gender, smoking, systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus or dyslipidemia. Ergometric stress testing detected premature ventricular beats (PVB) in approximately 44% of the examinations, and these occurred both during the active phase of effort and in the recovery period. The low occurrence of several isolated PVB in beta-blocked subjects made it difficult to perform statistical analysis to correlate HRT between ergometric and Holter testing. CONCLUSION: The data obtained in this study do not support performing HRT through ergometric stress testing among patients who remain on beta-blockers post-myocardial infarction, for the purpose of assessing cardiac vagal activity.

Águas paradas, um rio que corre: a linguagem das tormentas / Still waters, a river that runs: the language of the tempests / Aguas tranquilas, un río que corre: el lenguaje de las tormentas / Des eaux calmes, une rivière qui coule: le langage des tempêtes

Neste ensaio autoral, a experiência de descobrir e habitar uma linguagem inusitada e aberta a ressonâncias emocionais na clínica psicanalítica é apresentada em diferentes camadas textuais. O estilo da prosa poética convida à experiência de aproximação com a alteridade, emulando-se no próprio ato da leitura o objeto que se apresenta analiticamente como uma linguagem de reconhecimento.

In this authorial essay, the experience of discovering and inhabiting an unusual language open to emotional resonances in the psychoanalytic clinical practice is presented in different textual layers. The poetic prose style invites the experience of approximation with otherness, emulating in the very act of reading the object that presents itself analytically as a language of recognition.

En este ensayo de autor, la experiencia de descubrir y habitar un lenguaje inusual abierto a resonancias emocionales en la práctica clínica psicoanalítica se presenta en diferentes capas textuales. El estilo de la prosa poética invita a la experiencia de aproximación con la alteridad, emulando en el acto mismo de leer el objeto que se presenta analíticamente como un lenguaje de reconocimiento.

Dans cet essai d'auteur, l'expérience de découvrir et d'habiter un langage inhabituel ouvert aux résonances émotionnelles dans la clinique psychanalytique est présentée dans différentes couches textuelles. Le style de la prose poétique invite à l'expérience du rapprochement avec l'altérité, émulant dans l'acte même de lire l'objet qui se présente analytiquement comme un langage de reconnaissance.

Wall function treatment for bubbly boundary layers at low void fractions

Abstract The present work investigates the role of different treatments of the lower boundary condition on the numerical prediction of bubbly flows. Two different wall function formulations are tested against experimental data obtained for bubbly boundary layers: (i) a new analytical solution derived through asymptotic techniques and (ii) the previous formulation of Troshko and Hassan (IJHMT, 44, 871-875, 2001a). A modified k-e model is used to close the averaged Navier-Stokes equations together with the hypothesis that turbulence can be modelled by a linear superposition of bubble and shear induced eddy viscosities. The work shows, in particular, how four corrections must the implemented in the standard single-phase k-e model to account for the effects of bubbles. The numerical implementation of the near wall functions is made through a finite elements code.

Clinical study of the relationship between heart rate variability, heart rate turbulence and blood pressure control in hypertensive patients / 实用医学杂志

Objective To explore the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV),heart rate turbulence (HRT) and blood pressure (BP) control in hypertensive patients.Methods Hypertensive patients with controlled BP group (n =50) and uncontrolled BP group (n =40) and control group non-hypertensive patients (n =52)were enrolled in this study in our hospital during June 2015 to June 2016.HRV and HRT as well as clinical characteristic of the three groups were analyzed.Results (1) Body mass index was significantly higher in the controlled BP group than in the control group.There was no statistical difference in proportions and categories of antihypertensive medication between the uncontrolled and controlled BP groups (P ＞ 0.05).(2) VLF,LF and TS were significantly lower in the uncontrolled BP group than the control group,and HF was significantly lower in the uncontrolled BP group than in the controlled BP group (P ＜ 0.05).(3) Results of muhiple logistic regression analysis showed that lower rMSSD,pNN50,VLF,LF,HF and TS were risk factors for BP control after adjusting for gender,age,EF value,creatinine,blood lipids,Beta-blockers and history of smoking,coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus.(4) Spearman correlation analysis of the hypertensive patients showed that LF was negatively correlated with TO,and SDNN,SDANN,rMSSD,pNN50,VLF,LF,HF were positively correlated with TS.Conclusion The present results demonstrate that uncontrolled BP is associated with abnormal HRV and HRT,which suggested autonomous nervous imbalance was existed in uncontrolled hypertensive patients.

Quantitative Ultrasound Measurements of Blood Flow Velocity and Turbulence / 中国医疗器械杂志

The paper described the hemodynamics of blood flow based on fluid mechanics and its corresponding formulas, and revealed the limitation of blood flow velocity measurement for non-laminar flow when using the conventional pulse wave Doppler. The paper demonstrated the calculation of turbulence for blood flow based on velocity directions and quantified the turbulence according to the presented formulas. Two methods were introduced and the simulated results were analyzed. An example using real data based on ultrasound vector flow imaging for calculating the turbulence of blood flow was presented in the end.

Max Furioso / Furious Max / Max Furioso

Este artigo relata o atendimento psicanalítico de um menino de 12 anos que apresentava um quadro clínico bastante complicado, com comportamento muito destrutivo por conta de um funcionamento psíquico primitivo. A narrativa dessa análise mostra uma fase inicial de "guerra" na situação clínica, seguida por uma fase de "trégua" em que, graças à capacidade do analista em sobreviver à ferocidade inicial, o paciente pôde transitar de uma atitude referente ao auge de seu sadismo, determinada pelo funcionamento da parte psicótica de sua personalidade, para outra em que se observa o desenvolvimento do aparelho para pensar pensamentos, dando sinais da parte neurótica de sua personalidade. A transformação clínica observada permite teorizar sobre as ligações existentes entre a pulsão de conhecimento e o sadismo, desde que haja continência para a destrutividade manifestada, como se pode perceber pela possibilidade de o analista lidar com sua contratransferência.

This paper reports a psychoanalytic attending of a twelve-year-old boy who presented with a pretty complicated clinical condition, and exhibited a very destructive behavior. That behavior was due to a primitive psychic form of functioning. This psychoanalytic case study describes a clinical situation with an initial stage of "war" which is followed by a stage of "truce". In other words, the psychoanalyst's ability to survive (or overcome) the initial ferocity has enabled the patient's transition from an attitude which was representing the height of his sadism, and was determined by the functioning of the psychotic part of his personality, to another attitude in which the development of the thought-thinking apparatus has been observed, and it shows the neurotic part of his personality. That patient's clinical change allows us to theorize about the existing connection between knowledge instinct and sadism. This connection depends on containing the manifest destructiveness as we may realize when the psychoanalyst is able to handle his (or her) own countertransference.

Este artículo relata la atención psicoanalítica de un niño de 12 años con un cuadro clínico bastante complicado, un comportamiento muy destructivo debido a un funcionamiento psíquico primitivo. La presentación de este análisis muestra una etapa inicial de "guerra" en la situación clínica, a la que le siguió una etapa de "tregua" en la que, gracias a la capacidad del analista de sobrevivir a la ferocidad inicial, el paciente pudo transitar de una actitud relacionada al auge de su sadismo, determinada por el funcionamiento de la parte psicótica de su personalidad, a otra actitud en la que se observa el desarrollo del aparato para pensar pensamientos, dando señales de la parte neurótica de su personalidad. La transformación clínica observada permite teorizar sobre las conexiones existentes entre la pulsión de conocimiento y el sadismo, siempre que exista continencia para la destructividad manifestada, como puede percibirse por la posibilidad del analista de lidiar con su contratransferencia.

The clinical value of Holter heart rate turbulence in the diagnosis of patients at high risk for coronary heart disease / 中国基层医药

Objective To explore the clinical value of Holter heart rate turbulence in diagnosis of patients at high risk for coronary heart disease.Methods 110 patients with suspected coronary artery disease,according to the results of coronary angiography (CAG),were divided into CAG positive group (67 cases) and CAG negative group (43 cases).Heart rate turbulence and heart rate variability were analyzed in two groups.The atrial fibrillation,atrial flutter,and pseudo-differential interference were removed,the qualified ventricular contraction was selected.Two parameters of HRT,the initial shock value (TO) and turbulence slope value (TS) were calculated.Results The average value of TO and TS was (0.36 ± 0.15) ％,(1.98 ± 0.52) ms/RR in positive group,those in the negative group were (-0.87 ± 0.36) ％ and (4.83 ± 0.65) ms/RR,there were statistically significant differences between two groups (t =1.953,1.976,all P ＜ 0.05).After 1 year follow-up,9 cases (13.44％) died in positive group,2 cases (4.65％) died in negative group,the difference was statistically significant (x2 =5.476,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The heart rate turbulence with dynamic cardiogram can help to early diagnose the patients at high risk of coronary heart disease.It was important to improve the survival rate of patients.The method is simple,inexpensive,effective,which is worth promoting in the clinic.

Influential factors of healthy children′s heart rate turbulence / 实用医学杂志

Objective To analyze the influential factors of healthy children′s heart rate turbulence (HRT). Methods One hundred and six healthy children with ventricular premature beat (VPB) were selected in this study and the correlation among HTR parameters as turbulence onset (TO) and turbulence lope (TS) and age, gender, basic heart rate, the number of VPBs were analyzed. Results It was observed that among three age groups, TO decreased with the age, and the difference was statistically significant (P 0.05). TS increased with the age, and intergroup difference was statistically significant (P 0.05). TO and TS decreased with the decline of heart rate (r = 0.494, P < 0.00; r = -0.569,P < 0.00 respectively), and the correlation between TO and HR, TS and HR was found.The number of VPBs had no significant correlation with TO or TS (r = 0.104,P = 0.290; r = 0.122,P =0.212). Conclusions The results demonstrate that influenced by age and basic heart rate, healthy children′s HRT increases with the age and the decline of heart rate. Therefore, the reference index of children′s HRT should differ from that of adults, which requires further evaluation.

Effects of Trimetazidine on Cardiac Function and Heart Rate Turbulence in Coronary Heart Disease and Chronic Heart Failure / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To evaluate the effects of trimetazidine on cardiac function and autonomic function in patients with coronary heart disease and chronic heart failure. Methods 73 patients with coronary heart disease and chronic heart failure were randomly divided into control group (conventional therapy, n=35) and trimetazidine group (conventional therapy plus oral trimetazidine, n=38). All the patients underwent echocardiography for left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVd), and 24-hour Holter electrocardiogram for heart rate turbulence (HRT) indexes, turbulence onset (TO) and turbulence slope (TS) were calculated before and 3 months after treatment. Results 3 months after treatment, LVEF increased, and LVd shrank in both groups (P<0.01). LVEF improved better in the trimetazidine group than in the control group (P<0.001). TO decreased and TS increased in the trimetazidine group (P<0.05). Only TO decreased in the trimetazidine group (P<0.05). TO and TS improved better in the trimetazidine group than in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Trimetazidine could improve cardiac function and autonomic function in patients with coronary heart disease and chronic heart failure.

Realidade sensorial e realidade psíquica: trânsito e turbulência / Sensory reality and psychic reality: transit and turbulence / Realidad sensorial y realidad psíquica: tránsito y turbulencia

Este trabalho clínico se propõe a examinar o trânsito de estados de mente da analista e de sua paciente, trânsito que se dá entre a percepção de impressões sensoriais e a apreensão da realidade psíquica, que só é possível por meio da experiência emocional vivenciada na relação analítica. Traz reflexões sobre a capacidade da dupla analítica de se mover entre o mundo sensorial e o não sensorial e de sofrer turbulência na situação de análise.

This paper examines the transit of states of mind of the analyst and her patient, transit that occurs between the perception of sensory impressions and the apprehension of psychic reality, which is only possible through the emotional experience that occurs in the analytic relationship. It presents reflections on the capacity of the analytic pair to move between the sensory and non-sensory worlds and to suffer turbulence in the situation of analysis.

En este trabajo se propone examinar el tránsito de los estados de la mente del analista y de su paciente, tránsito que tiene lugar entre la percepción de las impresiones sensoriales y la aprehensión de la realidad psíquica, que solo es posible a través de la experiencia emocional en la relación analítica. Reflexiona sobre la capacidad de la díada analítica para moverse entre el mundo sensorial y el mundo no sensorial y sufrir turbulencia en la situación del análisis.

Clinical study and significance of the test of heart rate turbulence in patients with diabetic cardiomyopathy / 中国综合临床

Objective To study the changes and clinical significance of heart rate turbulence(HRT)in patients with diabetic cardiomyopathy.Methods 24h Holter ECG recordings were examined in 33 patients with diabetic cardiomyopathy(DC)and 30 patients in the control group.Turbulence onset(TO)and turbulence slope (TS)were calculated from Holter recordings.The mean value of TO,TS between the two groups were compared,the relativity among TO,TS,SDNN and LEVDD were analyzed as well.Results TO was significantly higher in the DC group compared with the control group[(-0.38 ± 0.12)％ vs(-1.88 ± 0.13)％,t =7.38,P =0.01)].TS in the DC group was significantly lower than that in the control group[(2.02 ± 0.82)ms/R-R vs (9.72 ± 1.18)ms/R-R,t =18.69,P =0.02)].TO was significantly related to SDNN(r =-0.35,P =0.02)and LEVDD(r =0.68,P =0.01),TS was also significantly related to SDNN(r =0.45,P =0.01)and LEVDD (r =-0.39,P =0.03).Conclusion The manifest of heart rate turbulence is significantly impaired in patients with diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Sinus heart rate turbulence in patients with different subtypes of essential hypertension / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To explore sinus heart rate turbulence (HRT) in patients with different subtypes of essential hypertension (EH), and analyze the relationship between HRT and autonomic nervous system function damage in these patients. Methods The study consisted of 107 patients with EH (EH group) and 46 controls (control group). Based on 24 hours dynamic electrocardiogram, all patients were divided into dipper,non-dipper,and anti-dipper blood pressure group. The indexes about HRT and heart rate variability (HRV) among these groups were calculated and compared,and the relationship between turbulence onset (TO),turbulence slope (TS) and 24 hours mean systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure was analyzed. Results There were significant differences in TO,TS,SDNN between EH group and control group(P ＜ 0.05 ). TO in non-dipper and anti-dipper blood pressure group was significantly higher than that in control group( P ＜ 0.05 ), and TS was lower than that in control group(P ＜ 0.05 ). There was no significant difference in TO,TS between dipper blood pressure group and control group (P ＞ 0.05). TO in non-dipper and anti-dipper blood pressure group was significantly higher than that in dipper blood pressure group, but TS was lower than that in dipper blood pressure group (P ＜0.05). Correlation analysis showed that TO had positive relationship with average heart rate and age (rs = 0.265, P = 0.004;rs = 0.217, P = 0.018 ), but had negative correlation with SDNN and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (rx = -0.287,P = 0.002;rx =-0. 179, P = 0.049). Whereas, TS had negative correlation with average heart rate and age (r = -0.335, P =0.015 ;r = -0.238,P= 0.009), but had positive relationship with SDNN and LVEF(r = 0.540,P = 0.001 ;r =0.432,P = 0.001 ). Conclusions HRT of EH patients becomes significantly low. It suggests that the autonomic nerve function in EH patients be injured seriously.

Clinical utility of the sinus rhythm turbulence in patients with acute myocardial infarction / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To explore the clinical utility of the sinus rhythm turbulence in the patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods All day the dynamic electrocardiogram was monitored in 36 patients with AMI (AMI group) and 60 healthy subjects with ventricular premature beat (VPB) (control group),the TO value and TS value after VPB was compared between two groups. Results The TO value after VPB in AMI group was higher than that in control group (P＜0.01), the TS value after VPB in AMI group was lower than that in control group (P ＜ 0.01). The TO value in the non-survivors with AMI was higher than that in the survivors,while their TS value was lower with a significant difference (P＜ 0.01). The irregular positive rate of the TO value and the TS value in the patients with AMI was 58.1%(50/86) and 67.4%(58/86), while that of the healthysubjects was 16.7%(10/60) and 10.0%(6/60) with a significant difference (P ＜ 0.05). The research from the follow-up visit of the selected patients in 2 years showed that death rate of the patients with both irregular TO and TS was 46.2% (24/52), the death rate with either irregular TO or TS was 25.0%(7/28), the death rate with both regular TO and TS was 16.7%(1/6), and the difference of the three phenomenon was significant (P ＜ 0.01). Conclusion As long as the sinus rhythm turbulence of the patients with AMI disappears or declines,the death rate increases, and to monitor and analyze their TO and TS in time is helpful for us to avoid the sudden death of the patients and to discover the levels of their risks.

The effectiveness of different-dose atorvastatin on soluble CD105,high sensitive-C reactive protein and heart rate turbulence in patients with acute coronary syndrome / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical effects and significance of different-dose atorvastatin on soluble CD105(sCD105),high sensitive-C reactive protein(hs-CRP)and the parameters of heart rate turbulence in patients with acute coronary syndrome(ACS). Methods One hundred and six ACS patients were divided into three groups by random digits table: control group(30 patients, routine treatment),treatment group Ⅰ(38 patients, routine treatment + atorvastatin 20 mg), and treatment group Ⅱ(38patients, routine treatment + atorvastatin 40 mg). All patients were treated for 4 weeks. The levels of serum sCD105,hs-CRP,and the parameters of heart rate turbulence before and after treatment. Results Before treatment, the levels of turbulence onset(TO), turbulence slope(TS),sCD105 and hs-CRP in three groups had no significant difference(P ＞ 0.05). After treatment, TO,sCD105 and hs-CRP decreased significantly,and TS increased significantly(P＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01). The change amplitude of treatment group Ⅱ was the most obvious, and the levels of above mentioned index showed significantly difference compared with that of treatment group Ⅰ[TO:(0.22 ±0.18)% vs.(0.66 ± 0.23)%;TS:(6.22 ±0.83)ms/RR interval(RRI)vs.(3.90 ±0.73)ms/RRI;sCD105:(1.65 ±0.43)mg/L vs.(2.92 ±0.50)mg/L;hs-CRP:(1.68 ±0.55)mg/L vs.(2.08±0.61)mg/L](P ＜0.01). Correlation analysis showed the levels of sCD105 and hs-CRP had significantly positive correlation with TO(P ＜ 0.01)and had negative correlation with TS(P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions The atorvastatin treatment in patients with ACS may stabilize coronary vascular endothelial cells and atherosclerotic plaque, and improve autonomic nerve function. Larger doses of atorvastatin may get more benefit.

Cold fronts and reservoir limnology: an integrated approach towards the ecological dynamics of freshwater ecosystems

In this paper the authors discuss the effects of cold fronts on the dynamics of freshwater ecosystems of southeast South America. Cold fronts originating from the Antarctic show a monthly frequency that promotes turbulence and vertical mixing in reservoirs with a consequence to homogenize nutrient distribution, dissolved oxygen and temperature. Weak thermoclines and the athelomixis process immediately before, during and after the passage of cold fronts interfere with phytoplankton succession in reservoirs. Cyanobacteria blooms in eutrophic reservoirs are frequently connected with periods of stratification and stability of the water column. Cold fronts in the Amazon and Pantanal lakes may produce fish killings during the process of "friagem" associated mixing events. Further studies will try to implement a model to predict the impact of cold fronts and prepare management procedures in order to cope with cyanobacteria blooms during warm and stable water column periods. Changes in water quality of reservoirs are expected during circulation periods caused by cold fronts.

Neste trabalho, os autores discutem o impacto das frentes frias na dinâmica dos ecossistemas de água doce da região sudeste da América do Sul e com repercussões no Centro Oeste e Amazônia. Frentes frias com origem no continente Antártico mostram uma frequência mensal que tem como consequência o aumento da turbulência e a mistura vertical em represas, homogeneizando a distribuição de nutrientes, de oxigênio dissolvido e a temperatura da água. Termoclinas fracamente estabilizadas e o processo de atelomixia imediatamente antes, durante e após a passagem das frentes frias intervêm na sucessão fitoplanctônica em represas. Frentes frias na Amazônia e Pantanal podem ser a causa da mortalidade em massa de peixes devido à remoção das camadas anóxicas do fundo dos lagos de várzea (friagem). Florescimentos de cianobactérias em reservatórios eutróficos são frequentemente relacionados com períodos de estratificação e estabilidade vertical da coluna de água. Futuros estudos deverão implementar um modelo preditivo que poderá ser fundamental no gerenciamento de reservatórios de abastecimento de água. Estes modelos terão a capacidade de prever frequência de florescimentos de cianobactérias e gerenciar melhor a qualidade da água desses reservatórios.

Occurrence of Ceratium furcoides (Levander) Langhans 1925 bloom at the Billings Reservoir, São Paulo State, Brazil

An unusual bloom of Ceratium furcoides is reported for a station of the Taquacetuba compartment of the Billings Reservoir. The appearance of this bloom is attributed to the mixing and turbulence of the water column that removed Ceratium cysts from the surface of the sediment and promoted conditions for the growth of this species in the region of mixing. Cold fronts approaching the Billings Reservoir are probably the cause of the mixing and bloom. Also turbulence induced by wind increased phosphorus concentration in the water column. Ceratium furcoides was the dominant species at station 1 where the nutrient concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were high. Ceratium spp. blooms may be a problem for water treatment and massive mortality can affect the dissolved oxygen of the water producing fish kill.

Neste trabalho, apresenta-se e discute-se a formação de florescimento de Ceratium furcoides no compartimento Taquacetuba da Represa Billings. Este florescimento é provavelmente resultado de intensa mistura vertical de coluna de água na região de transição entre este compartimento e o corpo central da represa. Esta mistura vertical é resultado do efeito de frentes frias sobre o sistema, promovendo interfaces que favorecem o aumento acentuado de fósforo na região do florescimento e o rápido crescimento de Ceratium furcoides. A turbulência gerada pode ter removido cistos da superfície do sedimento, promovendo o rápido crescimento desta espécie. O florescimento de espécies de Ceratium spp. pode ser problemático para o tratamento de água, pois pode causar depleção de oxigênio dissolvido após a decomposição, comprometendo a qualidade da água e aumentando os custos do tratamento.

Turbulência induzida por jatos bifásicos do tipo gás-líquido em tanques de aeração / Turbulence induced by two-phase gas-liquid jets in aeration tanks

Jatos bifásicos do tipo gás-líquido são bastante usados nas engenharias sanitária e ambiental para fins de aeração artificial e mistura turbulenta. O presente trabalho investiga a turbulência gerada por meio desses jatos em um tanque de água, utilizando velocimetria por imagem de partículas. As condições experimentais incluíram jatos bifásicos com frações volumétricas de ar de até 70 por cento e números de Reynolds variando entre 10.600 e 17.700. Os resultados dos ensaios indicaram que a fração volumétrica de ar afeta consideravelmente as propriedades turbulentas da fase líquida, enquanto o número de Reynolds apresenta efeito secundário. Correlações adimensionais foram então obtidas para expressar a energia cinética turbulenta e a taxa de dissipação de energia em função desses dois parâmetros. Finalmente, são apresentadas possíveis aplicações dos resultados deste trabalho.

Two-phase gas-liquid jets are widely used in the sanitary and environmental engineering field for artificial aeration and turbulent mixing. The present work investigates the turbulence generated by these jets in a water tank, using particle image velocimetry. The experimental conditions included two-phase jets with gas volume fractions of up to 70 percent and Reynolds numbers ranging from 10,600 to 17,700. The results indicated that the gas volume fraction affects significantly the turbulent properties of the liquid phase, while the Reynolds number presents a secondary effect. Dimensionless correlations were then obtained to express the turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate as a function of these two parameters. Finally, possible applications of the results obtained in this work are presented.

Clinical significance of the heart rate turbulence in patients with chronic heart failure / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To explore the clinical significance of heart rate turbulence (HRT) in patients with chronic heart failure(CHF).Methods Thirty CHF patients(CHF group) and 28 non-organic heart disease persons (control group) were examined by 24 hours dynamic electrocardiogram (DCG).According to the NYHA grading of the cardiac function,CHF group were divided into low-degree heart failure (LdHF) sub-group (NYHA Ⅰ -Ⅱ,16 cases) and high-degree heart failure (HdHF) sub-group (NYHA Ⅲ-Ⅳ,14 cases).In CHF group,ischemic heart disease (IHD) patients were 18 cases and non-ischemic heart disease (NIHD) patients were 12 cases.Two indexes of HRT including turbulence onset (TO) and turbulence slope (TS) were measured and analyzed.Results The TO value in CHF group [(0.43 ±0.83)%] was significantly higher than that in control group [( - 1.49 ± 1.00)%] (P ＜0.05),and the TS value in CHF group[( 2.67 ± 0.66) ms/RRI] was significantly lower than that in control group [( 8.52 ± 2.09)ms/RRI] (P ＜0.05).The TO value in the HdHF sub-group [(0.79 ± 0.67)%] was significantly higher than that in LdHF sub-group[(0.12 ± 0.86)%] (P = 0.026),and the TS value in the HdHF sub-group [(2.88 ±0.79) ms/RRI] was significantly higher than that in LdHF sub-group [(2.40 ± 0.35) ms/RRI] (P= 0.045).The TO and TS values had no significant difference between the IHD and the NIHD patients (P＞0.05).In CHF group,53.3%(16/30) patients' TO and TS values were both abnormal (TO ≥ 0,TS ≤ 2.5 ms/RRI),and 40.0% (12/30) patients had only TO or TS value abnormal,93.3% (28/30) patients had abnormal HRT.Conclusion The phenomenon of HRT in the patients with CHF obviously decrease,and the HRT can be used to evaluate the severity of heart failure and predict the prognosis of the heart failure.

Estudos de Reaeração com Velocimetria por Imagens de Partículas - Sistema S-PIV-3D / Rearation Studies with Particle Image Velocimetry - S-PIV-3D System

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) é uma técnica recente de medição não-intrusiva de campos de velocidades em escoamentos. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um equipamento de medição com características similares aos convencionais, porém com algumas características exclusivas, como o método óptico de aquisição de imagens e a calibração de coordenadas, que resultaram na utilização de uma única câmera convencional para obtenção de imagens e dados tridimensionais em escoamentos de baixa turbulência, proporcionando significativa economia na implantação. Foi desenvolvido um software específico e os resultados consistem em campos de velocidades tridimensionais. A aplicação destinou-se à medição de velocidades na superfície do escoamento em um tanque de grades oscilantes de forma a correlacionar a turbulência superficial com a capacidade de reaeração dos corpos da água.

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is a recent technique of flow measurement labeled as a non-intrusive methodology. The system developed in this paper used principles similar to conventional systems including some exclusive characteristics as the optical method of image acquisition and the calibration process of the coordinate system. The measurement system, resulted from these characteristics, uses a single conventional digital video camera to obtain three-dimensional data in low turbulence flow, which provided significant economy in the system implantation. A specific software was developed and the results consist of fields of three-dimensional velocities obtained from the digital video file. The application was destined to the measurement of velocities on the flow surface in a tank of oscillating grids in order to correlate the surface turbulence with the rearation capacity of the bodies of water.

Blood pressure circadian rhythm and heart rate turbulence in hypertensive patients: relationship with left ventricular hypertrophy / 老年心脏病学杂志（英文版）

Objective To investigate the relationship of blood pressure circadian rhythm with myocardial hypertrophy and the changes of autonomic nerve function in patients with essential hypertension (EH). Methods Eighty-two female patients with essential hypertension (EH) underwent 24-hours ambulatory blood pressure monitorings (ABPM), dynamic electrocardiogram (Holter) and echocardiography examination. Patients were classified into non-dipping group (n=40) and dipping group (n=42) according to the result of ABPM. Left ventricular mass index (LVMI), heart rate variability (HRV) in time domain (including SDNN, SDANN, rMSSD, PNN50) and heart rate turbulence (HRT) parameters (including turbulence onset [TO] and turbulence slope [TS]) were measured. Results Compared with those in dipping group, patients in non-dipping group have higher incidence of LVH (19.0% vs 52.5%, P<0.01), greater mean LVMI (112.39±12.79 g/m2 vs 121.98±13.35 g/m2, P<0.01), decreased PNN50 and rMSSD. TS value was decreased while TO was increased in non-dipping group compared with those in dipping group (both P <0.01); patients with LVH showed decreased TS and increased TO, compared with those without LVH. Conclusion In female patients with EH, non-dipping blood pressure circadian is associated with higher incidence of LVH. The HRV and HRT were more remarkably blunted in non-dipping patients, as well as those with LVH.