Conhecimento dos estudantes de enfermagem sobre medidas preventivas e controlo de infecção: protocolo scoping review / Knowledge of nursing students on infection prevention and control measures: scoping review protocol

OBJETIVO: mapear o conhecimento dos estudantes de enfermagem relativo às medidas de prevenção e controlo de infecção associada aos cuidados de saúde. MÉTODO: scoping review segundo a metodologia de Joanna Briggs Institute. A busca foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, CINAHL® Plus with Full Text, Nursing & Allied Health Collection, Cochrane Plus Collection, MedicLatina (via EBSCOhost). Serão considerados para inclusão nesta revisão estudos escritos em português, inglês e espanhol publicados nos últimos cinco anos e extraídos para a plataforma Rayyan QCRI®. Dois revisores independentes procederam à análise de relevância dos artigos, extração e síntese dos dados, com elaboração do respectivo fluxograma.

OBJECTIVE: to map the knowledge of nursing students regarding infection prevention and control measures associated with health care. METHOD: scoping review according to the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. The search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL® Plus with Full Text, Nursing & Allied Health Collection, Cochrane Plus Collection, MedicLatina (via EBSCOhost). Studies written in Portuguese, English and Spanish published in the last five years and extracted for the Rayyan QCRI platform will be considered for inclusion in this review®. Two independent reviewers carried out the analysis of the relevance of the articles, extraction and synthesis of the data, with preparation of the respective flowchart.

Impact of an educational intervention on standard precautions during the COVID-19 pandemic / Impacto de una intervención educativa sobre las precauciones estándar durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Intervenção educativa para maior conhecimento às precauções padrão na pandemia de COVID-19: estudo quase-experimental

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the impact of an educational intervention on the knowledge of nursing professionals regarding standard precautions. Methods: This is an almost experimental study conducted with 100 nursing professionals. Data collection was performed using a sociodemographic characterization instrument and the Standard Precautions Knowledge Questionnaire. The educational intervention was based on five moments, where the approach to questions with less than 70% accuracy was intensified. Results: There was a significant difference between the scores of healthcare professionals before (16.20 ± 1.51) and after (16.90 ± 1.31) the educational intervention (W=3.336; p < 0.05). Regarding knowledge about hand hygiene after glove use, an increase in knowledge from 83% to 93% was obtained. Conclusions: A positive effect on the professionals' knowledge was recorded, demonstrating advances regarding the strengthening of already acquired knowledge and the understanding of new knowledge.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de una intervención educativa en el conocimiento de los profesionales de enfermería sobre las precauciones estándar. Métodos: Este es un estudio cuasiexperimental realizado con 100 profesionales de enfermería. Para la recopilación de datos, se utilizaron un instrumento de caracterización sociodemográfica y el cuestionario de Conocimiento de las Precauciones Estándar. La intervención educativa se basó en cinco momentos, en los cuales se intensificó el abordaje de cuestiones con menos del 70% de aciertos. Resultados: Hubo una diferencia significativa entre las puntuaciones de los profesionales de salud antes (16,20 ± 1,51) y después (16,90 ± 1,31) de la intervención educativa (W = 3,336; p <0,05). En relación con el conocimiento sobre la higiene de las manos después del uso de guantes, se obtuvo un aumento en el conocimiento del 83% al 93%. Conclusiones: Se registró un efecto positivo en el conocimiento de los profesionales, demostrando avances en cuanto al fortalecimiento de los conocimientos ya adquiridos y la comprensión de nuevos saberes.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o impacto de uma intervenção educativa no conhecimento dos profissionais de enfermagem em relação às precauções padrão. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo quase-experimental, realizada com 100 profissionais de enfermagem. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizados o instrumento de caracterização sociodemográfica e o questionário de Conhecimento das Precauções-Padrão. A intervenção educativa foi baseada em 05 momentos, onde se intensificou a abordagem em questões com menos de 70% de acerto. Resultados: Houve diferença significativa entre os escores dos profissionais de saúde antes (16,20 ± 1,51) e após (16,90 ± 1,31) a intervenção educativa (W=3,336; p < 0,05). Em relação ao conhecimento sobre a higiene das mãos após uso de luvas, obteve-se um aumento no conhecimento de 83% para 93%. Conclusões: registrou-se efeito positivo no conhecimento dos profissionais, demonstrando avanços no que diz respeito ao fortalecimento dos conhecimentos já adquiridos e à compreensão de novos saberes.

Conhecimento e adesão de estudantes de enfermagem às medidas de precaução-padrão / Conocimientos y adhesión de estudiantes de enfermería a las medidas de precaución estándar / Nursing students' knowledge and compliance with standard precautions

Resumo Objetivo Descrever o conhecimento e a adesão dos estudantes de graduação em enfermagem às medidas de precaução-padrão. Métodos Estudo descritivo e quantitativo com 161 acadêmicos de enfermagem. Os dados foram coletados entre setembro e outubro de 2020, mediante formulário eletrônico e processados no programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, por meio de análises descritivas. Resultados Os escores médios de conhecimento e adesão às medidas de precaução-padrão demonstraram níveis satisfatórios, ou seja, superiores à metade do escore possível. Os estudantes reconheceram que essas medidas se estendem além dos cuidados para com pacientes com diagnósticos de infecção ou que se encontram no período de incubação do processo infeccioso. Contudo, limitam seu objetivo à proteção da equipe de saúde, preterindo a proteção do paciente. A higienização das mãos, assim como a utilização de luvas em procedimentos que envolviam contato com material biológico potencialmente contaminado, foram as medidas mais adotadas pelos estudantes. Observou-se que a adesão às medidas protetivas é maior nos períodos finais da graduação. Conclusão Evidenciaram-se fragilidades no conhecimento dos estudantes no que tange às noções básicas que norteiam e embasam a adoção das medidas de segurança; revela-se ser fundamental um currículo de enfermagem que, de forma contínua, ao longo dos ciclos acadêmicos incorpore no seu escopo de discussões a prevenção e o controle das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde. Tal cuidado se refletirá não só na qualidade da assistência prestada, como também na manutenção da saúde desse estudante - futuro trabalhador da área.

Resumen Objetivo Describir los conocimientos y la adhesión de estudiantes de la carrera de enfermería a las medidas de precaución estándar. Métodos Estudio descriptivo y cuantitativo con 161 académicos de enfermería. Los datos fueron recopilados entre septiembre y octubre de 2020, mediante formulario electrónico, y fueron procesados en el programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, por medio de análisis descriptivos. Resultados La puntuación promedio de conocimiento y adhesión a las medidas de precaución estándar demostraron niveles satisfactorios, es decir, superiores a la mitad de la puntuación posible. Los estudiantes admitieron que estas medidas se extienden más allá de los cuidados a pacientes con diagnóstico de infección o que se encuentran en el período de incubación del proceso infeccioso. No obstante, limitan su objetivo a la protección del equipo de salud, descuidando la protección del paciente. La higienización de las manos, así como el uso de guantes en procedimientos que implicaban contacto con material biológico potencialmente contaminado, fueron las medidas más adoptadas por los estudiantes. Se observó que la adhesión a las medidas de protección es mayor en los períodos finales de la carrera. Conclusión Se evidenciaron debilidades en los conocimientos de los estudiantes en lo que atañe a las nociones básicas que orientan y respaldan la adopción de las medidas de seguridad. Resulta fundamental un diseño curricular de enfermería que, de forma continua y a lo largo de los ciclos académicos, incorpore en sus temas de discusión la prevención y el control de las infecciones asociadas a la atención de salud. Este cuidado se verá reflejado no solo en la calidad de la atención brindada, sino también en la conservación de la salud de ese estudiante, futuro trabajador del área.

Abstract Objective To describe nursing students' knowledge and compliance with standard precautions. Methods This is a descriptive and quantitative study with 161 nursing students. Data were collected between September and October 2020, through an electronic form and processed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program, through descriptive analyses. Results The mean scores of knowledge and compliance with standard precautions showed satisfactory levels, i.e., higher than half of the possible score. Students recognized that these measures extend beyond care for patients diagnosed with infection or who are in the incubation period of the infectious process. However, they limit their objective to the health team protection, neglecting patient protection. Hand hygiene, as well as the use of gloves in procedures involving contact with potentially contaminated biological material, was the most adopted measure by students. It was observed that compliance with protective measures is higher in the final periods of graduation. Conclusion We identified weaknesses in students' knowledge regarding the basic notions that guide and support the adoption of security measures. It is essential to have a nursing curriculum that, throughout the academic cycles, continuously incorporates the prevention and control of infections related to health care in its scope of discussions. This care will be reflected not only in the quality of the care provided, but also in the maintenance of students' health - future workers in the area.

The best evidence summary for the prevention of postural nerve injury in adult patients undergoing operation with general anesthesia / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To comprehensively retrieve and summarize the best evidence on the prevention of position-related nerve injury in adult patients undergoing general anesthesia, in order to provide evidence-based guidance for standardized position management during general anesthesia surgery in adults.Methods:Clinical decision-making, guidelines, evidence summaries, best practice, practice advisories, systematic reviews, expert consensuses were systematically search in UpToDate, BMJ Best Practice, Guidelines International Network (GIN), Canadian Medical Association: Clinical Practice Guideline(CMA Infobase), National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC), National Institute for Health and Care Excellence(NICE), Cochrane Library, PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang, and related websites. The literature retrieval period was from the database construction to September 30,2022. The guidelines were independently assessed by 4 researchers, and the remaining literature was independently evaluated by 2 researchers. The literature that met the criteria was extracted. Finally, the expert meeting integrated the evidence and summarized the evidence topics.Results:A total of 17 articles were included, including 6 clinical decision-making, 3 guidelines, 2 practice advisories,5 systematic reviews, and 1 expert consensus. A total of 32 pieces of best evidence and 5 evidence topics were formed: personnel placement, perioperative evaluation, points of surgical position, key points in special surgery or situation, other general principles.Conclusion:This study summarized the best evidence for the prevention and management of surgical position related nerve injuries, and provides a scientific theoretical reference for postural management of adult patients undergoing operation with general anesthesia, to reduce the incidence of nerve injuries related position.

Surveillance and control of infectious disease in primary and middle schools in Hebei Province from 2019 to 2021 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the infectious disease prevention and control among primary and secondary schools in Hebei Province from 2019 to 2021 and to provide a scientific basis for promoting epidemic prevention and control in schools.@*Methods@#Relevant indicators of infectious disease prevention and control in primary and secondary schools were collected and screened from the on site supervision and inspection data uploaded from various places, and analyzed with SPSS 22.0 software.@*Results@#The qualified rates of infectious disease prevention and control in primary and secondary schools in Hebei Province from 2019 to 2021 were 77.11%, 89.74% and 96.24%, respectively, the difference was statistically significant( χ 2=455.45, P <0.01). The qualified rates of infectious disease prevention and control in primary schools, middle schools and high schools from 2019 to 2021 increased by year, the difference was statistically significant( χ 2=319.49, 118.74, 25.73, P <0.05). The qualified rates of six infectious disease prevention and control indicators such as morning inspection record, special person responsible for epidemic report, registration record of absence due to illness increased by year, the difference was statistically significant( χ 2=140.34, 9.10, 113.55 , 163.71 , 286.74, 329.18, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Steady improvement in school infectious disease prevention and control has been observed, while qualification rate in primary school and rural area still need to be improved, with missing or late report. Government support and talent policy, hardware and sofeware construction, as management level should be strengthened.

Multi subject collaborative prevention and control of adolescent myopia in China / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Improving the system of adolescent myopia prevention and control and promoting adolescent healthy development is one of the main directions of healthy China construction in the new era. The paper reviewed national myopia policies and local practices, and proposed reflections on the high burden and complex etiology of myopia among adolescents, as well as unclear role and lack of coordination mandate during the COVID 19 epidemic. Based on the synergy theory, through the analysis of the functional positioning of multiple subjects in the prevention and control of myopia, the paper highlighted the multi party linkage of government, schools, medical institutions, communities, families and markets, profiling the resources and advantages of each subject, as well as dynamic management of adolescent myopia, as well as a multi subject collaborative prevention and control system with national unity, clear rights and responsibilities, and long term cooperation.

Efetividade de intervenção educativa no conhecimento e habilidade técnica sobre paramentação e desparamentação dos equipamentos de proteção individual: um estudo misto em tempos de COVID-19 / Effectiveness of educational intervention on knowledge and technical skill on personal protective equipment donning and doffing: a mixed study in times of COVID-19

A pandemia da COVID-19 impôs desafios importantes para a formação dos futuros enfermeiros no que tange aos conhecimentos e habilidades necessárias sobre as medidas de biossegurança dos equipamentos de proteção individual. Diante disto, neste estudo objetivou-se avaliar a efetividade da intervenção educativa no conhecimento e habilidade técnica de estudantes de enfermagem sobre paramentação e desparamentação e medidas preventivas no contexto da COVID-19 antes e após intervenção educativa. Trata-se de um estudo misto, composto de duas etapas. Na primeira etapa, foi conduzido um estudo metodológico de junho a setembro de 2021 com a construção e validação Exame Clínico Objetivo Estruturado (OSCE) por 22 juízes, foram convidados via e-mail através do Google Forms para validar os instrumentos. E a segunda etapa, consistiu em um estudo quase-experimental tipo antes e depois, de junho a agosto de 2022, constituído por 80 estudantes de enfermagem regularmente matriculados em uma instituição de ensino superior do interior de São Paulo, do segundo ao quarto ano, aplicando teste de conhecimento (pré e pós teste), intervenção educativa, OSCE sobre paramentação e desparamentação, uso de escalas acerca de precauções padrão e medo da COVID-19, dados analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e inferencial. Para verificar se houve diferença entre pré e pós-teste das escalas CSPS, SPQ-PB e escala de Medo, além de verificar se houve associação entre as variáveis sociodemográficas e o conhecimento, foi realizado o Teste de Wilcoxon. Para comparar possíveis diferenças nos acertos no teste de conhecimento entre pré e pós, foi utilizado o Teste de Mcnemar, em todos adotou-se um nível de significância de α ≤0,05. Na etapa I, obteve-se a validação do OSCE por juízes/especialistas, onde o IVC relativo à objetividade e conteúdo foi de 0,95 e 1; IVC de 0,82 e 0,95 referente à clareza e avaliação geral. A intervenção educativa mostrou-se efetiva sobre o aumento do conhecimento dos estudantes, as variáveis com associações significantes foram: sexo feminino, pertencer ao Curso de Bacharelado em Enfermagem. Houve aumento nos acertos em 14 questões, onde em sete identificou-se diferença estatisticamente significante. Quanto ao desempenho dos estudantes observou-se que os estudantes tiveram maiores acertos nas etapas da paramentação comparado a desparamentação, em nenhuma das etapas da desparamentação foi alcançado 100% de acertos. Observou-se que 78 (97,5%) se autocontaminaram durante a realização da desparamentação dos EPI e apenas 2 (2,5%) não se autocontaminaram. Quanto a avaliação do cumprimento às PP por meio da escala CSPS tanto no pré-teste como no pós-teste, encontrou-se que oito itens obtiveram taxas de cumprimento acima de 80%. Entre os fatores que facilitam a adesão às PP, 77 (96,3%) dos estudantes afirmaram ser totalmente eficaz estar capacitado no que se refere às precauções-padrão tanto no pré como no pós-teste e redução do medo de morrer de COVID-19 para 17,5%. Assim, foi percebida a melhora conhecimento e habilidades acerca da paramentação e desparamentação de EPI, das medidas preventivas sobre COVID-19 pelos estudantes de enfermagem, além de esmiuçar as áreas com maiores presenças de autocontaminação simulada após a desparamentação

The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed significant challenges for the education of future nurses regarding the necessary knowledge and skills regarding biosafety measures and personal protective equipment. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention on the knowledge and technical skills of nursing students on donning and doffing, as well as preventive measures in the context of COVID-19, before and after the intervention. This mixed-methods study consisted of two stages. In the first stage, a methodological study was conducted from June to September 2021, involving the construction and validation of the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) by 22 judges. The judges were invited via email using Google Forms to validate the instruments. The second stage consisted of a quasi-experimental pre- and post-test study conducted from June to August 2022, involving 80 nursing students regularly enrolled in a higher education institution in the interior of São Paulo, Brazil. The students were in their second to fourth year of study. The study included a knowledge test (pre- and post-test), an educational intervention, OSCE donning and doffing, the use of scales regarding standard precautions and fear of COVID-19. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The Wilcoxon test was used to verify if there was a difference between the pre- and post-test scores of the scales CSPS (Compliance with Standard Precautions Scale), SPQ-PB (Standard Precautions Questionnaire-Perceived Barrier Scale), and Fear Scale. The association between sociodemographic variables and knowledge was also examined. The McNemar test was used to compare possible differences in knowledge test scores between the pre-and post-tests. A significance level of α ≤0.05 was adopted for all analyses. In Stage I, the OSCE was validated by judges/experts. The Content Validity Index (CVI) for objectivity and content was 0.95 and 1, respectively. The CVI for clarity and overall evaluation was 0.82 and 0.95, respectively. The educational intervention was effective in increasing students' knowledge. The variables with significant associations were female gender and enrollment in the Bachelor of Nursing program. There was an increase in correct answers for 14 questions, with statistically significant differences observed in seven questions. Regarding student performance, it was observed that students had higher scores in the donning stages compared to the doffing stages. None of the doffing stages achieved 100% accuracy. It was observed that 78 (97.5%) students self-contaminated during the doffing, while only 2 (2.5%) did not self-contaminate. Regarding compliance with standard precautions, as evaluated by the CSPS scale in both the pre- and post-tests, eight items achieved compliance rates above 80%. Among the factors that facilitate adherence to standard precautions, 77 (96.3%) students reported that being trained in standard precautions was fully effective, both in the pre- and post-tests. The fear of dying from COVID-19 decreased by 17.5%. Thus, an improvement in knowledge and skills on donning and doffing, as well as preventive measures for COVID-19, was observed among nursing students. The areas with the highest presence of simulated self-contamination after doffing were also identified

Factores asociados a bajo conocimiento de bioseguridad en internos de medicina en una universidad del Perú en el contexto de la pandemia COVID-19

Introducción: El derecho a prácticas pre-profesionales amparado bajo la Ley Peruana permite que el estudiante de último año de la carrera de medicina humana comience a participar en procedimientos e intervenciones asistenciales de salud bajo la guía de un médico tutor. Objetivo: determinar los factores asociados a bajo conocimiento en bioseguridad en internos de medicina de una universidad del Perú en el contexto de la pandemia covid-19. Metodología: se realizó un diseño observacional, prolectivo y transversal. La muestra estuvo comprendida por 336 internos de medicina humana, los cuales se seleccionaron por muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple. Se empleó un instrumento válido y confiable para determinar el nivel de conocimiento en bioseguridad. Se trabajó con un modelo de regresión de binario logarítmico bivariado y múltiple para el cálculo de la razón de prevalencia cruda y ajustada con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95% para los factores asociados al nivel de conocimiento en bioseguridad. Resultados: se encontraron niveles de conocimiento alto, medio y bajo del 44,6%, 26,8% y 28 ,6% respectivamente. El estado civil casado (RPA 0.418, IC95% 0.181 - 0.968), convivir con personas con riesgo para síntomas graves por covid-19 (RPA 0.472, IC95% 0.344-0.647), realizar el internado medico en un hospital y haber sido diagnosticado por covid-19 en los últimos 12 meses (RPA 0.586, IC95% 0.387-0.887) se asociaron a un nivel de conocimiento bajo bioseguridad por modelo de regresión binaria logarítmica múltiple. Discusión: el estado civil casado, el convivir con personas con riesgo para síntomas graves de covid-19, el realizar el internado medico en un centro hospitalario y el haber sido diagnosticado con covid-19 tienen una relación inversamente proporcional con el conocimiento bajo en bioseguridad en internos de medicina en el contexto de la pandemia covid-19.

Introduction: The right to pre-professional practices protected under Peruvian Law allows the student in the last year of the human medicine career to begin to participate in health care procedures and interventions under the guidance of a tutor. Objective: to determine the factors associated with low knowledge of biosafety in medical interns at a university in Peru in the context of the covid-19 pandemic. Methods: an observational, prolective and cross-sectional design was carried out. The sample consisted of 336 human medicine interns, who were selected by simple random probabilistic sampling. A valid and reliable instrument was used to determine the level of knowledge in biosafety. A bivariate and multiple logarithmic binary regression model was used to calculate the crude and adjusted prevalence ratio with their respective 95% confidence intervals for the factors associated with the level of knowledge in biosafety. Results: high, medium and low levels of knowledge of 44.6%, 26.8% and 28.6% respectively were found. Married marital status (RPA 0.418, 95% CI 0.181 - 0.968), living with people at risk for severe symptoms from covid-19 (RPA 0.472, 95% CI 0.344-0.647), undergoing medical internship in a hospital, and having been diagnosed by covid-19 in the last 12 months (RPA 0.586, 95% CI 0.387-0.887) were associated with a level of knowledge under biosafety by multiple logarithmic binary regression model. Discussion: married marital status, living with people at risk for severe symptoms of covid-19, undergoing medical internship in a hospital center and having been diagnosed with covid-19 have an inversely proportional relationship with low knowledge in biosafety. In medical interns in the context of the covid-19 pandemic.

Effectiveness of educational interventions in improving knowledge and practice regarding infection prevention and control among healthcare workers.

Introduction: Rise of major Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) can be mitigated by inculcating good infection control practices which can only be possible by proper and timely educational training of healthcare workers. Aim: To reinforce infection prevention and control knowledge and practices of nursing staff through proper training program- To conduct the training in multiple sessions, to assess the immediate outcome of training program by conducting Pre and Post test (in written format only) Materials and Methods: This study was done in a tertiary care hospital in Davangere, Karnataka over a period of 2 years. Healthcare workers including 144 nurses and 12 doctors underwent training in four sessions where knowledge on how to identify, audit and conduct surveillance of major healthcare associated infections, management of needlestick injuries were imparted through interactive lectures and video demonstrations followed by hands on hand hygiene, proper use and disposal of personal protective equipments. Pre and Post test were given to know their basal knowledge and effect of our training intervention. Data was collected, analyzed and tabulated. Results: Out of four sessions covering a total of 144 nurses, 84 were trained before the onset of COVID-19 and remaining 60 were trained in the latter half of 2021, when the lockdown was relaxed in our region. The mean total Knowledge score in pre test and post test was 5.93 � 1.336 and 7.95 � 1.040. The mean difference was -2.021 and it was statistically significant by paired test. (p - 0.001). The mean total practice pretest and post test score was 3.57 � 1.48 and 4.56 � 1.114. Paired t test showed significant mean difference between the pretest and post test score. (p - 0.001). Conclusion: Our training intervention was effective in increasing their awareness on proper infection prevention and control practices. Repeated training and retraining of healthcare care workers have to be carried out to prevent and control healthcare associated infections.

Occupational Exposure to Needle Stick Injuries among Health Care Workers in a Tertiary care hospital: A KAP study

Background: Needle stick injuries (NSIs) are serious occupational health problem related to accidental exposure of health care workers (HCWs) while involved in patient care services. The percutaneous exposure to potentially contaminated blood and body fluids with blood borne pathogens are responsible for significant prevalence of Hepatitis B, C & HIV infections amongst HCWs. Methods: This is a descriptive cross sectional study conducted in hospital settings over a period of one year. 178 HCWs were selected for study using systematic random sampling after proportional allocation for each professional category in the hospital. Collected data was processed on SPSS ver 24. The association between needle stick and associated factors were measured using the odds ratio at a 95% confidence interval. The statistical significance was made at a p-value of less than 0.05. Results Total of 62 incidences of sustaining a needle stick injury in a year was recorded amongst 178 HCWs. In this study, statistically significant results with p value less than 0.05 was obtained with association with variables like gender [AOR=1.36 (0.64 - 2.68)], experience in years as HCWs [AOR=1.23 (0.32 - 2.12)], profession [AOR=0.063 (0.001- 0.43)], observance of universal precautions as wearing gloves [AOR=0.33 (0.169 – 0.631)] or any training on PEP or universal precautions [AOR=2.29 (1.320 - 4.696)]. Conclusion: NSIs have the potential to affect the health system both directly and indirectly. To lessen the dangers and impacts of NSIs stringent training should coordinate the endeavors toward preparing of health care workers, utilization of wellbeing designed gadgets, and diminishing patient burden per health care workers.

Knowledge of and adherence to standard precautions in a hemodialysis unit: a cross-sectional study

Abstract BACKGROUND: Standard precautions (SPs) are recommended safety measures for healthcare professionals to follow, with a view to preventing healthcare-related infections (HCRIs) and for their own protection. Inadequate adherence to these measures can lead to occurrences of occupational accidents and HCRIs. OBJECTIVES: To ascertain the knowledge of and adherence to SP measures among the nursing staff of a hemodialysis service and the relationship of these variables to occurrences of work accidents with biological material. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive cross-sectional and correlational study with a quantitative approach developed in a hemodialysis clinic in Minas Gerais. METHODS: Data were collected through sociodemographic questionnaires and questionnaires on knowledge of and adherence to SPs. RESULTS: 29 professionals participated in the study. It is noteworthy that all of them had already participated in training related to SPs. However, no relationship was identified between knowledge of (15.17 points) and adherence to (71.86 points) SPs. In addition, inferential analysis showed that there was a relationship between suffering a work accident with biological material and the sociodemographic data and knowledge of and adherence to standard precautions. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the SPs that had been established did not mean mastery of the subject. Despite positive results regarding adherence, factors requiring improvement were observed. It was possible to infer the characteristics that gave rise to greater risk of occurrences of accidents at work. Thus, this study showed the importance of assessing knowledge of and adherence to SP, in order to optimize and direct continuing education towards resolving occupational exposure.

Adaptação cultural da Factors Influencing Adherence to Standard Precautions Scale para o português do Brasil / Adaptación cultural al portugués brasileño de la Escala de Factores que Influyen en la Adherencia a las Precauciones Estándar / Cultural adaptation of the Factors Influencing Adherence to Standard Precautions Scale into Brazilian Portuguese

Objetivo: adaptar a escala Factors Influencing Adherence to Standard Precautions Scale para o português do Brasil. Método: estudo metodológico, compreendendo a tradução, consenso das versões, comitê de juízes, retrotradução, obtenção da versão em português, análise semântica e pré-teste. Enfermeiros compuseram o comitê de juízes na etapa de validação de conteúdo; para a validade semântica do instrumento e pré-teste, a amostra foi composta por enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem. Realizado entre dezembro de 2020 e março de 2021. Para análise adotou-se o Índice de validade de conteúdo. Resultados: as pontuações do Índice de validade de conteúdo variaram de 0,77 a 1, enquanto a pontuação total foi de 0,95. Na análise semântica, nenhum profissional apresentou incerteza quanto a escala. Conclusão: os itens do instrumento foram considerados representativos e relevantes para a prática clínica, necessitando a continuidade da pesquisa com a realização das propriedades psicométricas.

Objective: to adapt the Factors Influencing Adherence to Standard Precautions Scale into Brazilian Portuguese. Method: methodological study, comprising the translation, consensus versions, committee of judges, back-translation, obtaining the Portuguese version, semantic analysis and pre-test. Nurses composed the committee of judges in the content validation stage; for the semantic validity of the instrument and pre-test, the sample consisted of nurses and nursing technicians. It was conducted between December 2020 and March 2021. For analysis, the Content Validity Index was adopted. Results: Content Validity Index scores ranged from 0.77 to 1, while the total score was 0.95. In the semantic analysis, no professional showed uncertainty about the scale. Conclusion: the items of the instrument were considered representative and relevant to clinical practice, requiring the continuity of the research with the achievement of psychometric properties.

Objetivo: adaptar la escala Factores que Influyen en la Adherencia a las Precauciones Estándar al portugués brasileño. Método: estudio metodológico, que comprende la traducción, el consenso de las versiones, el comité de jueces, la retranscripción, la obtención de la versión en portugués, el análisis semántico y el ensayo. Los enfermeros componen el comité de jueces en la etapa de validación del conteo; para la validación semántica del instrumento y la prueba previa, la muestra fue compuesta por enfermeros y técnicos de enfermería. Se llevó a cabo entre diciembre de 2020 y marzo de 2021. Para el análisis, se adoptó el Índice de Validez de Contenido. Resultados: las puntuaciones del índice de validez del contenido oscilaron entre 0,77 y 1, mientras que la puntuación total fue de 0,95. En el análisis semántico, ningún profesional presentó incertidumbre sobre la escala. Conclusión: Los ítems del instrumento fueron considerados representativos y relevantes para la práctica clínica, requiriendo la continuidad de la investigación con la realización de propiedades psicométricas.

Related factors of pulmonary embolism recurrence and research progress on its prevention / 中国基层医药

Pulmonary embolism is the cardiovascular disease caused by endogenous or exogenous emboli blocking the pulmonary artery system. Pulmonary embolism is clinically very common and has a high recurrence rate. Its etiology is complicated. Pulmonary embolism recurrence can be caused by many factors, which affect its prognosis. Complicated diseases, residual thrombosis, anticoagulation therapy and respiratory disorders are the main factors that lead to pulmonary embolism recurrence. Some blood test indicators can also reflect the recurrence of pulmonary embolism. This paper reviews the risk factors and prevention strategies of pulmonary embolism recurrence, with the purpose of reducing recurrence rate, improving prognosis and thereby providing objective evidence for clinical practice.

Commonalities and differences in myopia prevention and control beliefs among primary school teachers and students in Hangzhou / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the commonalities and differences between primary school students and teachers in beliefs of myopia prevention and control, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the education programs of myopia prevention and control.@*Methods@#Convenient sampling method was used to select 14 students and 16 teachers from grades 3 and 4 in two elementary schools in Hangzhou for one to one in depth interviews, and the results were coded and analyzed by using Nvivo 11.0 software.@*Results@#There were commonalities in the perceived severity, benefits and barriers of myopia prevention and control beliefs among students and teachers, and the common keywords had been mentioned for 114 times, the commonalities of perceived severity, benefits and barriers were more obvious among them; there were differences in the specific attributions of perceived susceptibility, severity and barriers among students and teachers，the difference keywords had been mentioned for 63 times, the differences of perceived susceptibility, severity and barriers were more obvious among them.@*Conclusion@#There were commonalities in the perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers of myopia prevention and control beliefs between students and teachers; there were differences in the aspects of perceived susceptibility, severity and barriers between students and teachers. Adverse health outcomes of myopia and associated prevention knowledge should be enhanced among students. schools should carry out health education activities to improve the ability of teachers and students to prevent and control myopia; the government should implement the "double reduction" policy and improve the safety insurance system for outdoor activities.

Progress in monkeypox: basic and clinical aspects / 中华皮肤科杂志

Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus infection. This disease primarily occurs in tropical rainforest regions of central and western Africa, and is occasionally exported to other regions. Since May 2022, multinational monkeypox outbreak has become the largest monkeypox outbreak in history outside Africa. This review summarizes progress in the etiology, epidemiology, laboratory detection, clinical diagnosis and treatment of monkeypox.

Cumprimento às precauções-padrão por profissionais de enfermagem e fatores associados / Observancia de precauciones estándar por parte de profesionales de enfermería y factores asociados / Compliance with standard precautions by nursing professionals and related factors

Resumo Objetivo Verificar o cumprimento às Precauções-Padrão por profissionais de enfermagem e fatores associados. Método Estudo descritivo, transversal, com 522 profissionais de enfermagem, realizado em dois hospitais brasileiros, entre janeiro de 2017 a março de 2018. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um formulário contendo variáveis demográficas e profissionais e a Compliance with Standard Precautions Scale (versão Português-Brasil); posteriormente, analisados por estatísticas descritivas e exploratórias e um modelo de regressão linear múltiplo. Resultados O escore médio global 12,9 (DP=2,5). Técnicos de enfermagem tiveram escores médios estatisticamente significativos maiores (p <0,01) do que enfermeiros. Houve diferença significativa quanto à categoria profissional (p <0,01) e escolaridade (p <0,01), e, marginalmente significativa em relação à idade (p = 0,06). Não houve diferenças quanto à experiência profissional (p = 077), participação em treinamentos (p = 0,79), tipo de hospital (p = 0,13), respectivamente. A escolaridade não contribuiu para um maior cumprimento às medidas (p <0,01), assim como o ensino superior (p ≤ 0,01). Conclusão e Implicações para a prática O aumento na escolaridade e experiência profissional não contribuiu para maior cumprimento às Precações. Por contemplar aspectos da prática de enfermagem, estratégias de prevenção de exposição ocupacional podem ser revistas e aperfeiçoadas.

Resumen Objetivo Verificar la observancia de las Precauciones Estándar por parte de profesionales de enfermería, y sus factores asociados. Método Estudio descriptivo, transversal, con 522 profesionales de enfermería, realizado en dos hospitales brasileños entre enero de 2017 y marzo de 2018. Datos recolectados mediante formulario incluyendo variables sociodemográficas y profesionales, y Compliance with Standard Precautions Scale (versión Portugués-Brasil); analizados por estadística descriptiva y exploratoria y un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados Puntaje medio global de 12,9 (DS=2,5). Los auxiliares de enfermería obtuvieron puntajes promedio mayores, estadísticamente significantes (p<0,01) respecto de los enfermeros. Existió diferencia significante respecto de la categoría profesional (p<0,01) y la escolarización (p<0,01); y marginalmente significante en relación a la edad (p=0,06). No hubo diferencias relativas a la experiencia profesional (p=0,77), participación en capacitaciones (p=0,79) y tipos de hospital (p=0,13). La escolarización no contribuyó a una mayor observancia de las medidas (p<0,01), al igual que los estudios superiores (p≤0,01). Conclusión e Implicaciones para la práctica Mayores grados de escolarización y experiencia profesional no contribuyeron a la observancia de las Precauciones. En razón de contemplar aspectos de la práctica de enfermería, las estrategias de prevención y exposición profesional merecen ser revisadas y perfeccionadas.

Abstract Objective To verify compliance with the Standard Precautions by nursing professionals and associated factors. Method A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out with 522 nursing professionals, in two Brazilian hospitals, between January 2017 and March 2018. Data were collected using a form containing demographic and professional variables and the Compliance with Standard Precautions Scale (Portuguese-Brazilian version); later, analyzed by descriptive and exploratory statistics and a multiple linear regression model. Results The global mean score was 12.9 (SD = 2.5). Nursing professionals had statistically significant higher scores (p <0.01) than nurses. There was a significant difference in terms of professional category (p < 0.01)) and education (p <0.01), and marginally significant in relation to age (p = 0.06). There were no differences regarding professional experience (p = 077), participation in training (p = 0.79), and type of hospital (p = 0.13), respectively. Education did not contribute to greater compliance with the measures (p <0.01), nor did higher education (p ≤ 0.01). Conclusion and implications for practice Increased education and professional experience did not contribute to greater compliance with the Standards Precautions. By considering aspects of nursing practice, occupational exposure prevention strategies can be reviewed and improved.

Standard precaution adherence by nursing workers: a mixed methods study / Cumplimiento de las precauciones estándar por parte de los trabajadores de enfermería: un estudio de métodos mixtos / Adesão às precauções padrão por trabalhadores de enfermagem: estudo de métodos mistos

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze standard precaution adherence and associated factors of nursing workers at a university hospital. Method: this is a study of mixed methods of convergent parallel strategy, carried out in Southern Brazil. The quantitative stage had 602 participants, using the instrument of sociodemographic and professional variables and the Instrument of Variables Related to Standard Precautions, analyzed using descriptive statistics. In the qualitative stage, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 24 workers, analyzed through content analysis. Results: the data showed an intermediate standard precaution adherence. In the Individual Factors dimension, the Prevention Effectiveness Scale showed high scores and the Risk Personality, Risk Perception and Knowledge about Occupational HIV Transmission scales, intermediate scores. In the dimension Work-related factors, both in the Obstacles to Following Standard Precautions Scale and in the Workload Scale, the scores were intermediate. In the Organizational Factors dimension, low scores were found for Climate of Safety and Training in Prevention of Exposure to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and intermediate for Personal Protective Equipment Availability. Qualitative data showed that workers often select patients who they think are at greatest risk for occupational transmission to use standard precautions. Conclusion: standard precaution adherence does not occur fully among participants. Data integration allowed to conclude that, among the main elements that influence this phenomenon, is the lack of clarity of participants as to the purpose, indication and principles of standard precautions.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el cumplimiento de las precauciones estándar y los factores asociados de los trabajadores de enfermería en un hospital universitario. Método: estudio de métodos mixtos de estrategia paralela convergente, realizado en la Región Sur de Brasil. La etapa cuantitativa contó con 602 participantes, utilizando el instrumento de variables sociodemográficas y profesionales y el Instrumento de Variables Relativas a Precauciones Estándar, analizados mediante estadística descriptiva. En la etapa cualitativa se realizó una entrevista semiestructurada a 24 trabajadores, analizada mediante análisis de contenido. Resultados: los datos mostraron una adherencia intermedia a las precauciones estándar. En la dimensión de Factores Individuales, la escala de Efectividad de la Prevención mostró puntajes altos y las escalas de Personalidad de Riesgo, Percepción de Riesgo y Conocimiento de Transmisión Ocupacional del Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana, puntajes intermedios. En la dimensión de factores relacionados con el trabajo, tanto en la escala de obstáculos para seguir las precauciones estándar como en la escala de carga de trabajo, los puntajes fueron intermedios. En la dimensión de Factores Organizacionales, hubo puntajes bajos para Clima de Seguridad y Capacitación en Prevención de Exposición al Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana y un intermediario para Disponibilidad de Equipo de Protección Personal. Los datos cualitativos mostraron que el trabajador a menudo selecciona al paciente que cree que tiene mayor riesgo de transmisión ocupacional para usar las precauciones estándar. Conclusión: la adherencia a las precauciones estándar no ocurre completamente entre los participantes. La integración de los datos permitió concluir que, entre los principales elementos que influyen en este fenómeno, se encuentra la falta de claridad de los participantes en cuanto al propósito, indicación y principios de las precauciones estándar.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a adesão às precauções padrão e os fatores a ela associados de trabalhadores de enfermagem de um hospital universitário. Método: estudo de métodos mistos de estratégia paralelo convergente, realizado na Região Sul do Brasil. A etapa quantitativa teve 602 participantes, sendo utilizados o instrumento de variáveis sociodemográficas e profissionais e o Instrumento de Variáveis Relativas às Precauções-Padrão, analisados mediante estatística descritiva. Na etapa qualitativa, realizou-se entrevista semiestruturada, com 24 trabalhadores, analisada mediante análise de conteúdo. Resultados: os dados evidenciaram uma adesão intermediária às precauções padrão. Na dimensão Fatores Individuais, a escala Eficácia da Prevenção mostrou escores elevados e as escalas Personalidade de Risco, Percepção de Risco e Conhecimento da Transmissão Ocupacional do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana, escores intermediários. Na dimensão Fatores Relativos ao Trabalho, tanto na Escala de Obstáculos para Seguir as Precauções Padrão como na Escala de Carga de Trabalho, os escores foram intermediários. E, na dimensão Fatores Organizacionais, verificaram-se escores baixos para Clima de Segurança e Treinamento em Prevenção da Exposição ao Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana e intermediário para Disponibilidade de Equipamento de Proteção Individual. Os dados qualitativos evidenciaram que o trabalhador muitas vezes seleciona o paciente que julga apresentar maior risco de transmissão ocupacional para utilizar as precauções padrão. Conclusão: a adesão às precauções padrão não ocorre de forma integral entre os participantes. A integração dos dados permitiu concluir que, entre os principais elementos que influenciam esse fenômeno, está a falta de clareza dos participantes quanto à finalidade, indicação e princípios das precauções padrão.

Opinión de estudiantes de kinesiología relacionado con precauciones estándar, vista de enfermería / Opinion of kinesiology students related to standard precautions, nursing view

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las precauciones estándar corresponden a un grupo de prácticas de prevención de infecciones que se aplican en la atención a todos los pacientes, tiene como objetivo prevenir la transmisión cruzada de microorganismos entre pacientes. OBJETIVO: Develar la opinión de las/os estudiantes de Kinesiología de la Universidad Mayor-Temuco con relación a las Precauciones Estándar. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio, estudio intrínseco de caso, la muestra no probabilística, intencionada: 12 sujetos estudiante de kinesiología 2018; criterio de inclusión: haber aprobado la asignatura de Cuidados Básicos del Enfermo; recogida de datos: entrevistas en profundidad, se utilizaron notas de campo y se manejó el método de comparación constante, además esquema de la reducción progresiva. RESULTADOS: Para la categoría de significado de precauciones estándar surge medida de protección y seguridad para usuario y tratante; para precauciones estándar utilizadas en prácticas clínicas emerge las subcategorías de elementos y técnicas de barrera en forma análoga nace como categoría aplicabilidad de precauciones estándar de ella se desprenden campos clínicos, eventos clínicos del usuario y técnicas y procedimientos; para la categoría factores facilitadores: docente y estudiantes; en tanto factores obstaculizadores: curriculum. CONCLUSIONES: En los estudiantes existe un conocimiento deficiente y conceptos aislados sobre PE, utilizan principalmente guantes y lavado de manos; menor grado uso de mascarilla y pechera. Destaca positivamente conocimiento docente; factores obstaculizadores: aspectos teóricos deficientes curriculares; considerar modificaciones curriculares en aspectos conceptuales y procedimentales.

BACKGROUND: the standard precautions correspond to a group of infection prevention practices that are applied in the care of all patients, it aims to prevent the cross-transmission of microoganisms between patiens. OBJETIVE: to reveal the opinion of Kinesiology students at the Universidad Mayor-Temuco regarding standard precautions. METHODOLOGY: Qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory study, intrinsic case study, non-probabilistic sample, intentional: 12 subjects, kinesiology student of the year 2018; For data collection, in-depth interviews were used, field notes and the constant comparison method were used, in addition to the progressive reduction scheme. RESULTS: 173 units of meaning emerge, for the category of meaning of standard precautions, protection and security measure for user and trafficker arises; For standard precautions used in clinical practices, the subcategories of barrier elements and techniques emerge, the most mentioned, in an analogous way, the applicability of standard precautions is born as a category of clinical fields, clinical events of the user and techniques and procedures; for the category facilitating factors: teacher and student are the least mentioned; as impeding factors: curriculum. CONCLUSIONS: There is a deficient knowledge and isolated concepts about SP, mainly use gloves and hand washing; less degree the use of masks and scrubs. It is positively highlighted teacher's knowledge, and some of the hindering factors are the lack of theoretical aspects of the curriculum and the consideration for curriculum modifications to compensate conceptual and procedural aspects.

Comprehensive prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents：progress in the past three years and future priorities / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Prevention and treatment of myopia in children and adolescents attaches great importance in China.More than three years after the issuance of the Implementation Plan for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Myopia in Children and Adolescents, the overall effectiveness of myopia prevention and control and continuous improvement have been shown, and the pattern of myopia prevention and control has been basically established under the leadership of government, departments, schools and medical institutions, as well as whole society participation. Comprehensive prevention and control of myopia will be continuously carried out among children and adolescents, focus on precision, highlight practical results and take a long term view, and jointly implement the Bright Action Plan for Myopia Prevention and Control among Children and Adolescents (2021-2025) to effectively improve the visual health of children and adolescents, to ensure that the 2030 targets and tasks of the Implementation Plan for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Myopia in Children and Adolescents are achieved as scheduled.

Epidemiological characteristics and intervention strategies of overweight and obesity among Chinese school age children / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children in China has entered a new phase of pandemic, with substantial regional differences. There are diverse and complex determinants for overweight and obesity in school age children, it is necessary to take targeted measures towards children of different ages and regions, comprehensively consider the effects of physiological, social, household and behavioral factors and simultaneously strengthen connections between schools, medical institutions and families, so as to actively respond to the severe situation of childhood obesity epidemic.