Bienestar espiritual y su influencia en el perdón, la gratitud y la resiliencia en estudiantes universitarios de Lima (Perú)

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la influencia del bienestar espiritual en la gratitud, el perdón y la resiliencia en estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Lima. Se utilizó un diseño explicativo con variables latentes. La muestra estuvo conformada por 957 estudiantes universitarios (29.5 % varones y 70.5 % mujeres, de 13 universidades (públicas 22.36 % y privadas 77.64 %) de Lima Metropolitana. Se utilizaron la Escala de Bienestar Espiritual (SWBS), la Escala de Disposición al Perdón (TFS), la Escala de Gratitud (EG) y la Escala Breve de Resiliencia (EBR). Entre los hallazgos se encontró que el modelo estimado con el método DWLS permite señalar que el bienestar espiritual tiene efectos directos sobre el perdón, la gratitud y la resiliencia. A su vez, la covarianza entre perdón y gratitud fue .090 (p > .05), entre perdón y resiliencia de .236 (p < .01), y entre gratitud y resiliencia fue igual a .122 (p < .01). Se discuten las implicancias de los resultados.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a influência do bem-estar espiritual na gratidão, perdão e resiliência em estudantes universitários da cidade de Lima. Foi utilizado um desenho explicativo com variáveis latentes. A amostra foi composta por 957 estudantes universitários (29,5 % homens e 70,5 % mulheres) de 13 universidades (22,36 % públicas e 77,64 % privadas) de Lima Metropolitana. Foram utilizadas a Escala de Bem-Estar Espiritual (SWBS), a Escala de Disposição ao Perdão (TFS), a Escala de Gratidão (EG) e a Escala Breve de Resiliência (EBR). Entre os achados, encontrou-se que o modelo estimado com o método DWLS permite indicar que o bem-estar espiritual tem efeitos diretos sobre o perdão, gratidão e resiliência. Por sua vez, a covariância entre perdão e gratidão foi de .090 (p > .05), entre perdão e resiliência de .236 (p < .01) e entre gratidão e resiliência foi igual a .122 (p < .01). As implicações dos resultados foram discutidas.

This study aimed to determine the influence of spiritual well-being on gratitude, forgiveness, and resilience in university students in the city of Lima. An explanatory design with latent variables was used. The sample consisted of 957 university students (29.5 % men and 70.5 % women from 13 universities (22.36% public and 77.64 % private)), from Metropolitan Lima. The Spiritual Wellbeing Scale (SWBS), the Trait Forgivingness Scale (TFS), the Gratitude Scale (GS), and the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) were used. Among the findings, it was found that the model estimated with the DWLS method allows us to point out that spiritual well-being directly affects forgiveness, gratitude, and resilience. In turn, the covariance between forgiveness and gratitude was .090 (p > .05), the covariance between forgiveness and resilience was .236 (p < .01), and the covariance between gratitude and resilience was equal to .122 (p < .01). The implications of the results have been discussed.

Representation and practices of Electronic Nicotine Delivery System consumption in the university population of Bogotá(Colombia) / Representación social y prácticas de consumo de sistemas electrónicos de administración de nicotina en población universitaria de bogotá (colombia)

RESUMEN Objetivo: Colombia cuenta con una legislación de control del tabaco desde 2009 sin embargo, no existe una regulación específica sobre los Sistemas Electrónicos de Administración de Nicotina (SEAN), por lo tanto, es vital caracterizar las dimensiones cualitativas de consumo. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las prácticas y representaciones de los consumidores de SEAN con el fin de obtener elementos para orientar las acciones necesarias para prevenir su consumo. Materiales y métodos: Este artículo presenta los resultados identificados en el componente cualitativo de una investigación macro sobre la prevalencia del uso de SEAN entre estudiantes universitarios. Se realizaron 14 entrevistas individuales y 1 grupo focal, analizados con el software NVivo10®. Resultados: Se presentan como resultados principales la identificación de las prácticas de consumo, de las cuales se derivó que el núcleo central de la representación social sobre SEAN es no autónomo, lo que posibilita un cambio que desincentive su consumo; el sistema periférico de la representación está conformado por tres elementos: la dimensión social, el consumo de SEAN como estilo de vida y la dimensión corporal y emocional. Conclusiones: Se concluye que las acciones de prevención de consumo de SEAN deben partir de la identificación de características particulares y exclusivas del consumo de SEAN y la incorporación de los elementos del sistema periférico que permitan abordar un consumo que no se basa en la toma de decisiones informadas.

ABSTRACT Objective: Colombia has had a tobacco control legislation since 2009, however there is no specific regulation on Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS). Therefore, it is crucial to characterize the qualitative dimensions of consumption. The study aimed to answer the question: What are the representations and practices of the university population regarding the consumption of SEAN? The objective of the study is to identify the practices and representations of ENDS consumers in order to obtain elements to guide the necessary actions to prevent their consumption. Methods: This paper presents the results identified in the qualitative component of a main study on the prevalence of ENDS use among university students. 14 individual interviews and 1 focus group were conducted and analyzed with the NVivo10® software. The corpus consisted of the transcripts of the 14 interviews and 1 focus group, which constitutes a total of 116 pages of raw data. The techniques used were semi-structured interviews and focus groups, using the Microsoft Teams platform. Taking into account ethical aspects, in each interview and in the focus group the informed consent was read and authorization was requested for the interview to be recorded. The average duration of each interview was one hour and forty-five minutes and the focus group lasted a total of 120 minutes. The capture of practices and representation related to the use/non-use of SEAN was achieved by incorporating two phases of analysis: a)Inductivephase: it was developed with an ordered matrix on the theoretical categories of the project, b)Phase of deductive analysis was carried out based on processes typical of the founded theory that allowed expanding the analytical framework having as its axis the identification of consumption practices and the elements that make up the central core and the peripheral system of representation. Results: The main results are the identification of consumption practices, from which it was derived that the central nucleus of the social representation of SEAN is non-autonomous, which enables a change that discourages its consumption. The reasons and practices for consuming ENDS are closely related to conventional cigarette consumption, which corresponds to the fact that 11 of the 14 interviewees who identify themselves as consumers have consumed conventional cigarettes and only two have been exclusive ENDS consumers. The following practices were identified: a) The consumption motivations were grouped like social, economic and socio-emotional; b) Three types of consumption spaces: prohibited, exclusive and recovered spaces. These last ones are places where you couldn't smoke cigarettes and now they feel empowered to vape; c) There are forms of differential consumption and access to ENDS related to the quality, price, exclusivity and adherence; d) Habits and rituals are not related to moments of daily life, as with cigarettes, but to practices such as searching for and mixing "salts" to obtain flavors, cleaning and maintaining the device, smoking tricks; e) About information channels among the interviewees it was noted that the practice of informed consumption is not frequent and that there are few sources of information that offer low confidence. Finally, the peripheral system of representation is made up of three elements: social dimension, the consumption of SEAN as a lifestyle, bodied and emotional dimension. Conclusion : It is concluded that the actions to prevent the consumption of ENDS should start from the identification of particular and exclusive characteristics of the consumption of ENDS and the incorporation of the elements of the peripheral system that allow addressing a consumption not based on making informed decisions. The main finding is the identification of a non-autonomous representation that stems from the difficulty of establishing notable differentiations between conventional cigarette consumption and e-cigarettes. Therefore, the main vein of research that opens up is to delve into the particular and exclusive characteristics of this consumption. It is essential to incorporate bodily, emotional, and especially social (interpersonal) dimensions as important variables in understanding the practices and representations of e-cigarettes through complex approaches that can break the solid elements on which conventional cigarette consumption is anchored, as it continues to define dynamics of electronic device consumption. It is important at this point to recognize that emotions can be understood as the intermediary between the lived experience in the body and everything that happens in the environment. Thus, it is not possible to think of this representation without recognizing that consumption is an embodied exercise, and the absence of the body in discourses about e-cigarettes can be a revealing element of a disconnection between practices and meanings that are reinforced in the insistence on an action (smoking is smoking) despite the recognition of its negative effects on health (even though it should not be). The understanding of the social representation of e-cigarette consumption in relation to specific practices related to it provides some clues on which to work on processes of information, communication, prevention, and regulation to discourage this consumption that appears relatively new.

Influencia de la resiliencia y el afrontamiento en salud mental positiva en jóvenes mexicanos durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Influence of resilience and coping on positive mental health in young Mexicans during the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio consistió en explicar en qué medida la resiliencia y las estrategias de afrontamiento influyeron en la salud mental positiva de jóvenes mexicanos universitarios que vivieron la pandemia de COVID-19. La muestra se conformó por 1042 universitarios mexicanos de 18 a 24 años de edad (M = 20.5 DS = 1.9). El 78.4 % son mujeres (817). Se aplicaron en formato online los instrumentos: Mental Health Continuum-Short Form, Escala de Resiliencia, Escala de Afrontamiento y Escala de miedo al COVID-19. Se obtuvo un modelo con índices de bondad de ajuste satisfactorios (X 2 = 532.913, df = 114, X 2 /df = 4.6, SRMR = .053, RMSEA = .059, CFI = .927, p = .001), en el cual la resiliencia y el afrontamiento funcional son factores importantes que influyen en SMP, por lo que son variables que deben considerarse en los programas de intervención psicológica para la promoción de la salud de los jóvenes universitarios.

Abstract The objective of this study was to explain to what extent resilience and coping strategies influenced the positive mental health of young Mexican university students who have experienced the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample was made up of 1.042 Mexican university students between 18 and 24 years of age (M = 20.5 SD = 1.9). 78.4% are women (817). The instruments: Mental Health Continuum-Short Form, Resilience Scale, Coping Scale and Fear of COVID-19 Scale were applied in online format. A model was obtained with satisfactory goodness-of-fit indices (X2 = 532.913, df = 114), resilience and functional coping are important factors that influence SMP, so they are variables that should be considered in psychological intervention programs to promote the health of university students.

Relaciones entre apoyo social, salud autopercibida y satisfacción vital: una comparación entre estudiantes universitarios heterosexuales y LGB+ en Chile / Relationships between social support, self-perceived health, and life satisfaction: A comparison between heterosexual and LGB+ university students in Chile

Resumen Introducción: Existe un creciente interés en la relación entre la orientación sexual de una persona y su bienestar subjetivo, por el vínculo de dicha orientación con diversas esferas de la vida, como apoyo social, salud y satisfacción vital. Sin embargo, la investigación sobre la relación entre estas variables en función de la orientación sexual es escasa en población universitaria. Este estudio examina la asociación entre el apoyo de familia, amistades y otras personas con la satisfacción vital, de forma directa y mediada por la salud autopercibida; se comparan estas relaciones en estudiantes universitarios heterosexuales y lesbianas, gays, bisexuales y de otras orientaciones no heterosexuales (LGB+) en Chile. Método: La muestra (n = 525) respondió un cuestionario en línea con preguntas sociodemográficas, sobre apoyo social percibido, salud autopercibida y satisfacción vital. Los datos se analizaron utilizando un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales y análisis multigrupo. Resultados: El apoyo familiar se asoció positivamente con la satisfacción vital, directamente y mediado por la salud autopercibida, tanto en estudiantes heterosexuales como LGB+; el apoyo de amigos y de otras personas mostró asociaciones diferenciadas por orientación sexual. Sin embargo, este modelo fue estadísticamente similar para ambos grupos. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos destacan la relevancia de distintos tipos de apoyo social en la satisfacción vital de estudiantes universitarios según su orientación sexual.

Abstract Introduction: The literature shows an increasing interest in the relationship between individuals' sexual orientation and their subjective well-being, linking the former to various spheres of life, such as social support, health, and life satisfaction. However, research on the impact of sexual orientation in the relationship between subjective well-being variables is scarce in the university population. This study examined the associations between support from family, friends and other people with life satisfaction, directly and mediated by self-perceived health, comparing these relationships in heterosexual and lesbian, gay, bisexual and other non-heterosexual (LGB+) university students in Chile. Method: The sample (n = 525) answered an online questionnaire with sociodemographic questions about perceived social support, self-perceived health, and life satisfaction. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and multigroup analysis. Results: Family support was positively associated with life satisfaction, directly and mediated by self-perceived health, in both heterosexual and LGB+ students; support from friends and others showed differential associations by sexual orientation. However, the proposed model was statistically similar for both groups. Conclusion: These findings highlight the relevance of different types of support on the life satisfaction of university students according to their sexual orientation.

Prevalence of smartphone addiction and its association with depression, anxiety among university students, Baghdad 2023

Background: Smartphones have simplified our lives and become essential, yet excessive usage may lead to "smartphone addiction". Global youth smartphone addiction is a growing public health concern. Research examines smartphone addiction, depression, anxiety, and depression among university of Baghdad medical and non-medical students. Compare 2 student groups' smartphone addiction rates. Correlate smartphone addiction, anxiety, and depression. Methods: Comparative cross-sectional research included 383 university of Baghdad students from four colleges. The research included undergraduate university students for a random sampling. From March to June 2023, the smartphone addiction scale-short version (SAS-SV), Beck's depression inventory (BDI), Beck's anxiety inventory (BAI), and sociodemographic were self-reported. Results: This survey comprised 383 students, 188 (49.1%) from medical institutions and 195 (50.9%) from non-medical colleges. Their ages varied from 18-25, with a mean of 20.8�8 years. Most were 20-21 (37.9%) and 260 (67.9%) females. According to SAS-SV cutoffs, 45.17% of medical students and 39.5% of non-medical students were smartphone addicts. Depression affected 38.37% of individuals, ranging from mild (10.7%) to moderate (17.75%) to severe-very severe (9.92%). Survey revealed 50.65% had little anxiety, 31.07 moderate anxiety, and 18.28% severe anxiety. Smartphone addiction significantly correlated with anxiety (p=0.0001) and sadness (p=0.008). Smartphone addiction, anxiety (r=0.29), and depression (r=0.25), among research participants, were positively correlated. Conclusions: Smartphone addiction was common among study participants, with medical college students being more hooked than non-medical students. Smartphone addiction is correlated with anxiety and despair. Smartphone addiction predicted anxiety and despair.

Autopercepción de las competencias ciudadanas en estudiantes de educación física en Santiago de Chile / Self-perception of citizenship competencies in physical education students in Santiago, Chile / Autopercepção das competências de cidadania em estudantes de educação física em Santiago, Chile / Autopercepção das competências de cidadania em estudantes de educação física em Santiago, Chile

Las competencias ciudadanas se pueden describir como aquellas herramientas que orientan y forman a los ciudadanos de manera integral. En el contexto de la Educación Física, existen escasos estudios abordando esta temática, y tampoco se encontraron instrumentos validados en dicha población. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron: a) Conocer las propiedades Psicométricas del cuestionario de Competencias Ciudadanas en una muestra de estudiantes de Educación Física y b) determinar la autopercepción de los niveles de competencias ciudadanas en los estudiantes de Pedagogía Educación Física de una universidad de Santiago de Chile. Metodología: cuantitativa, no experimental de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 201 estudiantes de ambos sexos de primer a quinto año de la carrera de Pedagogía en Educación Física de una universidad de Santiago de Chile. Los principales resultados arrojan que el instrumento es válido (KMO=0.961 con dos factores que explican el 74,9% de la varianza total) y confiable (α=0.958) para ser utilizado en la muestra, constituida por un total de 16 ítems (14 para Responsabilidad Socio-afectiva y dos para Regulación de convivencia), en cuanto a las comparaciones, las participantes del sexo femenino obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas, así como también las diferencias por curso, siendo los estudiantes de cuarto año quienes presentaron resultados menos favorables. Se concluye que las competencias ciudadanas son relevantes en la formación del profesorado y se propone investigar metodologías experimentales para mejorar las habilidades a través de las clases de Educación Física.

Citizen competences can be described as those tools that guide and educate citizens in a comprehensive manner. In the context of physical education, there are few studies addressing this issue, and no validated instruments were found in this population. The objectives of this study were: a) To know the Psychometric properties of the Citizen Competencies questionnaire in a sample of Physical Education students and b) to determine the self-perception of the levels of citizen competencies in students of Physical Education Pedagogy of a university Santiago de Chile. Methodology: quantitative, not experimental cross-sectional. The sample consisted of 201 students of both sexes from the first to the fifth year of the degree of Pedagogy in Physical Education of a university in Santiago de Chile. The main results show that the instrument is valid (KMO=0.961 with two factors that explain 74.9% of the total variance) and reliable (α=0.958) to be used in the sample, consisting of a total of 16 items (14 for Socio-affective Responsibility and 2 for Coexistence Regulation), in terms of comparisons female participants obtained higher scores, as well as differences by course, fourth-year students presented less favourable results. It is concluded that citizen competencies are relevant in teacher training and proposes to investigate experimental methodologies to improve skills through physical education classes.

As competências dos cidadãos podem ser descritas como os instrumentos que orientam e formam os cidadãos de forma integral. No contexto da Educação Física, existem poucos estudos abordando esta temática, e tampouco se encontraram instrumentos validados nessa população. Os objectivos do presente estudo foram: a) Conhecer as propriedades psicométricas do questionário de Competências Cidadãs numa amostra de estudantes de Educação Física e b) determinar a autopercepção dos níveis de competências cidadãs nos estudantes de Pedagogia Educação Física de uma universidade de Santiago do Chile. Metodologia: quantitativa, não experimental de corte transversal. A mostra foi constituída por 201 estudantes de ambos os sexos do primeiro ao quinto ano da carreira de Pedagogia em Educação Física de uma universidade de Santiago do Chile. Os principais resultados revelam que o instrumento é válido (KMO=0.961 com dois fatores que explicam 74,9% da variância total) e confiável (α=0.958) para ser utilizado na amostra, constituída por um total de 16 itens (14 para Responsabilidade Socioafetiva e 2 para Regulação de convivência), quanto às comparações as participantes do sexo feminino obtiveram pontuações mais altas, assim como as diferenças por curso, Os estudantes do quarto ano apresentaram resultados menos favoráveis. Conclui-se que as competências cidadãs são relevantes na formação de professores e se propõe investigar metodologias experimentais para melhorar as habilidades através das aulas de Educação Física.

Dependencia al juego y apuestas en línea en estudiantes de la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana seccional Bucaramanga / Gambling dependence and online wagering in students of the Pontificia Bolivariana University, Bucaramanga sectional

Resumen El juego patológico constituye un grave problema que afecta a toda la población, principalmente a los más jóvenes, considerando la población universitaria la menos investigada. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo general caracterizar la dependencia al juego y las apuestas en línea en estudiantes de la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana seccional Bucaramanga, así como identificar las variables sociodemográficas y presencia de dependencia al juego en la población estudiada. La metodología utilizada en el estudio fue de enfoque cuantitativo de tipo no experimental, con un diseño de corte transversal y descriptivo y con un tipo de muestreo no probabilístico. Se obtuvo la participación de 366 estudiantes mayores de edad de pregrado y posgrado. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Cuestionario Breve del Juego Patológico (CBJP), la versión colombiana del Cuestionario del Juego Patológico de South Oaks (SOGS) y un cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos. El análisis de los datos se hizo a través del software SPSS versión 27. Entre los resultados, se destaca que, de los 366 participantes, 110 apuestan en línea, y de estos, aproximadamente, el 30 % tienen posibles problemas de adicción al juego, según el CBJP; con el SOGS se muestra que el 31,8 % son probables jugadores patológicos. Hay mayor prevalencia del juego y apuestas en línea en hombres, y se destaca que la mayoría de las mujeres tienen ausencia de problemas con el juego; por el contrario, en hombres hay una prevalencia en algún problema con el juego.

Abstract Pathological gambling is a serious problem affecting the entire population, especially the youngest, considering the university population the least studied. The general objective of this study was to characterize gambling dependence and online betting on students of the Pontificia Bolivariana University, Bucaramanga sectional, as well as identify the sociodemographic variables and presence of dependence on gambling in the population studied. The methodology used in this study was a quantitative approach of non-experimental type, a cross-sectional and descriptive design, with a non-probabilistic type of sampling. The participation of 366 adult undergraduate and graduate students was obtained. The instruments used were the Pathological Gambling Brief Questionnaire (CBJP), the Colombian version of the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) and a questionnaire of sociodemographic data. The data analysis was done through the SPSS version 27 software. Among the results, it is highlighted that, of the 366 participants, 110 of these bets online, and approximately 30% have possible pathological gambling according to CBJP, with the SOGS it is shown that 31,8% are probable pathological players; There is a higher prevalence of online gambling and betting in men, it's highlighted that most women have no problems with gambling, on the contrary, in men, there's a prevalence in some problems with gambling.

Evaluación del estrés académico y sus efectos sobre el rendimiento en estudiantes universitarios / Assessment of academic stress and its effects on performance in university students

Resumen Objetivo: Construir un modelo de relacionamiento entre variables de estrés, afrontamiento académico y ansiedad con el rendimiento académico y el posible impacto de variables de control sociodemográficas en estudiantes universitarios de la Universidad Tecnológica del Chocó "Diego Luis Córdoba". Metodología: La investigación fue de naturaleza cuantitativa, de corte analítico-transversal, que mediante un modelo de estructura de covarianza se evalúa un modelo causal sobre la influencia del estrés en el rendimiento académico. La muestra se seleccionó mediante muestreo por conveniencia, estuvo conformada por 292 estudiantes (57 % mujeres, 42,8 % hombres), con edades entre 16 a 48 años, matriculados en programas de pregrado en la Universidad Tecnológica del Chocó Diego Luis Córdoba. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que las variables de control, edad, semestre cursado y estrato tienen influencia en el rendimiento académico. En cuanto al neuroticismo y el psicoticismo se afirma que influyen negativamente en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes a un nivel de confianza del 99,9 % y son negativos por su coeficiente negativo (-0,217). Conclusiones: De acuerdo con los análisis realizados sobre la evaluación del estrés académico y sus efectos sobre el rendimiento en estudiantes universitarios, se evidenció que los estudiantes que dependen económicamente de sus padres presentan mejor rendimiento académico en comparación con los que subsisten con rentas propias. Por su parte, el análisis entre el sexo y el promedio académico, evidenció que estas variables se encuentran correlacionadas, por ello las mujeres de este estudio presentan mejores promedios académicos que los hombres con unas desviaciones estándar (0,44, 0,46) mostrando poca dispersión de los datos entre los promedios.

Abstract Objective: To construct a model of relationship between stress, academic coping and anxiety variables with academic performance and the possible impact of sociodemographic control variables in university students of the Universidad Tecnológica del Chocó "Diego Luis Córdoba". Methodology: The research was of a quantitative nature, analytical-transversal cut, which by means of a covariance structure model evaluates a causal model on the influence of stress on academic performance. The sample was selected by convenience sampling and consisted of 292 students (57 % female, 42,8 % male), aged between 16 and 48 years, enrolled in undergraduate programs at the Universidad Tecnológica del Chocó Diego Luis Córdoba. Results: The results obtained show that the variables of control, age, semester studied and stratum have an influence on academic performance. Regarding neuroticism and Psychoticism it is stated that they have a negative influence on the academic performance of students at a confidence level of 99,9 % and are negative because of their negative coefficient (-0,217). Conclusions: According to the analyses carried out on the evaluation of academic stress and its effects on performance in university students, it was evident that students who depend economically on their parents present better academic performance compared to those who subsist on their own income. On the other hand, the analysis between sex and academic average showed that these variables are correlated; therefore, the women in this study presented better academic averages than the men with standard deviations (0,44, 0,46) showing little dispersion of the data between the averages.

Profiles of childhood trauma: epidemiological survey results of an educated young community cohort

Background: Childhood trauma is a major threat to the welfare and prosperity of any society. Young adult population is vulnerable due to increasing adverse childhood experiences and the likelihood of serious implications in educational performance and mental health. This survey was aimed to observe the proportion of various types of childhood traumas and their association with different socio-demographic characteristics among young university students of Karachi, Pakistan. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 young university students, during August-December 2023. Initially, cluster sampling was done deemed to the epidemiological survey. Afterwards, from the selected clusters, students from different universities were approached using non-probability convenient sampling technique. Self-reported data were collected through a questionnaire comprising of socio-demographic characteristics along with the types of traumas experienced during their childhood. SPSS Version 26.0 was used to analyse data. Results: Of the 300 university students with a mean age of 22.14±2 years, 55.3% were females. Overall, 63.6% of the participants experienced trauma before 18 years age. The most common trauma types reported were physical/verbal abuse (81%), unlawful touch/sexual abuse (45%), parents separated/divorced (31%) abandoned by parents (20%), lived with an alcoholic/drug addict (18%) or with a mentally ill adult (14%). There were no statistically significant findings between childhood trauma experience and socio-demographic traits. Conclusions: Various profiles of childhood trauma were found prevalent in young university level individuals. Current research does suggest a way forward to prevent this public health issue that can have detrimental consequences on an individual’s mental and physical health and stress reactivity.

Ansiedade, qualidade do sono e sonolência diurna em estudantes de enfermagem de uma instituição privada / Ansiedad, calidad del sueño y somnolencia diurna en estudiantes de enfermería de un centro privado / Anxiety, sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in nursing students at a privateinstitution

Objetivo:Avaliar a correlação entre a ansiedade com qualidade do sono e sonolência diurna dos estudantes universitários em curso de graduação em enfermagem, assim como caracterizar o perfil sociodemográfico dos estudantes. Metodologia:Estudodescritivo transversalcom abordagem quantitativa envolvendo 255 acadêmicos do curso de Enfermagem de uma instituição privada. A coleta dos dados ocorreu em Outubro de 2022 em salas de aula. Os instrumentos utilizados na coleta dos dados foram o Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck,Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh, Escala de Sonolência de Epwort-th e um questionário sociodemográfico. Utilizou-se o software estatístico R versão 4.0.2 e foram feitas suas correlações. Resultados: Foram encontrados padrões de ansiedade grave, com níveis de sonolência diurna anormal. A correlação entre o Inventário de Ansiedade de Beckcom a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e o Índice de Qualidade de sono de Pittsburgh, que embora tenha sido considerada fraca a moderada, por sua vez mostrou-se significativa (r=0,29; p=0,01). Ademais, temos que, a relação entre oinventário de Becke o Índice de qualidade de sono de Pittsburgh mostrou-se também com valor de significância (r=0,35; p=0,01). Conclusões:Foi possível compreender que a ansiedade pode interferir na qualidade do sono e sonolência diurna do público de estudantes de Enfermagem (AU).

Objective: To evaluate the correlation between anxiety and sleep quality and daytime sleepiness among undergraduate nursing students, as well as to characterize the students' sociodemographic profile. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study with a quantitative approach involving 255 nursing students from a private institution. Data collection took place in October 2022 in classrooms. The instruments used to collect the data were the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Epwort-Th Sleepiness Scale and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Statistical software R version 4.0.2 was used and correlations were made. Results:Patterns of severe anxiety were found, with abnormal levels of daytime sleepiness. The correlation between the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, although considered weak to moderate, was significant (r=0.29; p=0.01). Furthermore, the relationship between the Beck Inventory and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was also found to be significant (r=0.35; p=0.01). Conclusions:It was possible to understand that anxiety can interfere with the quality of sleep and daytime sleepiness among nursing students (AU).

Objetivo:Evaluar la correlación entre la ansiedad y la calidad del sueño y la somnolencia diurna en estudiantes universitarios de enfermería, así como caracterizar el perfil sociodemográfico de los estudiantes. Metodología:Estudio descriptivo transversal con enfoque cuantitativo en el que participaron 255 estudiantes universitarios de enfermería de una institución privada. La recogida de datos tuvo lugar en octubre de 2022 en las aulas. Los instrumentos utilizados para la recogida de datos fueron el Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck, el Índice de Calidad del Sueño de Pittsburgh, la Escala de Somnolencia de Epwort-Th y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Se utilizó el software estadístico R versión 4.0.2 y se realizaron correlaciones. Resultados:Se encontraron patrones de ansiedad severa, con niveles anormales de somnolencia diurna. La correlación entre el Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck con la Escala de Somnolencia de Epworth y el Índice de Calidad del Sueño de Pittsburgh, aunque se consideró de débil a moderada, fue significativa (r=0,29; p=0,01). Además, la relación entre el Inventario de Beck y el Índice de Calidad del Sueño de Pittsburgh también resultó significativa (r=0,35; p=0,01). Conclusiones: Se pudo comprender que la ansiedad puede interferir en la calidad del sueño y en la somnolencia diurna de los estudiantes de enfermería (AU).

Salud Mental en estudiantes universitarios en aislamiento social durante la pandemia COVID-19. Arequipa, Perú

Introducción: La Pandemia COVID-19, ha tenido impactos negativos en la salud física y mental de las personas, así como las medidas adoptadas por los gobiernos, para prevenir el contagio masivo de la población como el confinamiento, el aislamiento social, el trabajo y educación virtual. Dentro de los afectados por estos cambios, se encontrarían los estudiantes universitarios del área de la salud, que además de estudiar en estas condiciones de pandemia, no han podido hacer sus prácticas de los servicios de salud. Esta situación de exposición al aislamiento, podría afectar la salud mental de los jóvenes estudiantes universitarios. Objetivo: determinar los niveles de depresión, ansiedad y estrés en estudiantes universitarios y su relación con variables sociodemográficas y las características del aislamiento social durante la Pandemia COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional, de corte transversal y cuantitativo, con una muestra de 818 estudiantes universitarios de facultades de ciencias de la salud, mediante el cuestionario autoadministrado DASS-21. Resultados: Los principales hallazgos fueron: una mayor prevalencia en niveles altos (severos y extremadamente severos) en la ansiedad, alcanzado casi a 4 de cada 10 de los evaluados; por otro lado, en depresión y el estrés, 2 de cada 10 de los evaluados, se encontraron en los niveles mencionados. En relación con las variables sociodemográficas, las relacionadas con el COVID-19 y aislamiento social, se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas con el género (mujeres > varones), el haber tenido COVID-19 (Sí > No) y vivir con familiares como antes de la pandemia (Sí > No) obtuvieron en promedio mayores puntajes en depresión, ansiedad y estrés. Conclusión: Los estudiantes que presentaron mayor depresión, ansiedad y estrés con una diferencia significativa fueron de género femenino, con antecedentes de haber tenido Covid-19, menor contacto con familiares y haber cumplido con aislamiento social total.

Introduction: The COVID-19 Pandemic has had negative impacts on the physical and mental health of people, as well as the measures adopted by governments to prevent the massive contagion of the population, such as confinement, social isolation, virtual work, and virtual education. Among those affected by these changes would be university students in the health area who, in addition to studying in these pandemic conditions, have been unable to do their health service practices. This situation of exposure to isolation could affect the mental health of young university students. Objective: To determine the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress in university students, their relationship with sociodemographic variables, and the characteristics of social isolation during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Methods: A descriptive, observational, cross-sectional, and quantitative study was carried out with a sample of 818 university students from health sciences faculties using the DASS-21 self-administered questionnaire. Results: The main findings were a higher prevalence of high levels (severe and highly severe) in anxiety, reaching almost 4 out of 10 of those evaluated; On the other hand, in depression and stress, 2 out of 10 of those evaluated were found at the mentioned levels. Concerning the sociodemographic variables, those related to COVID-19 and social isolation, statistically significant differences were found with gender (women > men), having had COVID-19 (Yes > No), and living with relatives as before. On average, the pandemic (Yes > No) obtained higher scores in depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusion: The students who presented greater depression, anxiety, and stress with a significant difference were female, with a history of having had Covid-19, less contact with family members, and having complied with total social isolation

Procrastinación y ansiedad rasgo en estudiantes universitarios / Procrastination and trait anxiety in college students / Procrastinação e ansiedade-traço em estudantes universitários

Muchos universitarios no logran completar sus tareas escolares en el tiempo designado y optan por aplazar su realización. Esta conducta puede producir ansiedad e influir en su desempeño y responsabilidad académica. Objetivo: Determinar si existe relación entre la procrastinación y la ansiedad rasgo en estudiantes de primer año de la carrera de psicología de la Universidad Privada Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, en Perú. Materiales y Métodos: La investigación se desarrolló bajo un enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo no experimental, transeccional y correlacional. La muestra estuvo conformada por los 47 educandos inscritos en este año académico de esta carrera. Se recolectó la información mediante el cuestionario sobre la escala de procrastinación académica de Solomon y Rothblum; así como el de Inventario de la Ansiedad Rasgo-Estado propuesto por Spielberger y Díaz. Resultados: El 63.8 % y el 48.9 % de los alumnos tienen nivel medio de procrastinación y ansiedad rasgo respectivamente. Además, se determinó una correlación positiva débil (r=,111) donde (p>0,05), lo cual no es estadísticamente significativa. Conclusiones: No existe relación entre la procrastinación y ansiedad rasgo en este grupo de alumnos.

Many university students are unable to complete their schoolwork in the designated time and choose to postpone doing it. This behavior can cause anxiety and influence their academic performance and responsibility. Objective: Determine if there is a relationship between procrastination and trait anxiety in first-year psychology students at the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega Private University, in Peru. Materials and Methods: The research was developed under a quantitative, non-experimental, transectional and correlational approach. The sample was made up of the 47 students enrolled in this academic year of this career. The information was collected using the Solomon and Rothblum academic procrastination scale questionnaire; as well as the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory proposed by Spielberger and Díaz. Results: 63.8% and 48.9% of the students have a medium level of procrastination and trait anxiety respectively. Furthermore, a weak positive correlation was determined (r=.111) where (p>0.05), which is not statistically significant. Conclusions: There is no relationship between procrastination and trait anxiety in this group of students.

Muitos estudantes universitários não conseguem concluir os trabalhos escolares no prazo designado e optam por adiá-los. Esse comportamento pode causar ansiedade e influenciar seu desempenho e responsabilidade acadêmica. Objetivo: Determinar se existe relação entre procrastinação e ansiedade-traço em estudantes do primeiro ano de psicologia da Universidade Privada Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, no Peru. Materiais e Métodos: A pesquisa foi desenvolvida sob abordagem quantitativa, não experimental, transecional e correlacional. A amostra foi constituída pelos 47 alunos matriculados neste ano letivo desta carreira. As informações foram coletadas por meio do questionário da escala de procrastinação acadêmica de Solomon e Rothblum; bem como o Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado proposto por Spielberger e Díaz. Resultados: 63,8% e 48,9% dos estudantes apresentam nível médio de procrastinação e ansiedade-traço respectivamente. Além disso, foi determinada uma correlação positiva fraca (r=0,111) onde (p>0,05), o que não é estatisticamente significativo. Conclusões: Não existe relação entre procrastinação e ansiedade-traço neste grupo de estudantes.

Estrés académico en estudiantes universitarios peruanos en el contexto del COVID-19: una revisión sistemática / Academic stress in Peruvian university students in the context of COVID-19: a systematic review / Estresse acadêmico em estudantes universitários peruanos no contexto da COVID-19: uma revisão sistemática

Asociado a la pandemia de COVID-19, los estudiantes universitarios peruanos se vieron obligados a adaptarse al cambio abrupto de la educación presencial a la virtual, como consecuencia pudieron padecer alguna afectación psicológica como estrés académico. Objetivo: Analizar el nivel de estrés académico que presentaron los estudiantes universitarios peruanos durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática cualitativa, donde se utilizó el método PRISMA, en el que se seleccionaron 29 artículos publicados entre el año 2021 y 2023. En el 75,86 % de los estudios recuperados predominó en los alumnos el nivel moderado de estrés académico; además, las mujeres, los que viven en ciudades grandes y los de menor edad mostraron mayores niveles. Los agentes estresores que más destacaron fue la sobrecarga de tareas, la forma de evaluación, el tipo de trabajo que le solicitan los profesores y el tiempo limitado para su realización. En el caso de los síntomas más comunes resultaron ser la falta de concentración, trastornos del sueño, fatiga crónica, ansiedad, depresión y dolores de cabeza. Las principales estrategias coincidentes para afrontarlo fueron escuchar música, ver televisión y navegar en internet. Conclusiones: El COVID-19 propició un estrés académico mayoritariamente moderado en los estudiantes universitarios peruanos.

Associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, Peruvian university students were forced to adapt to the abrupt change from in-person to virtual education, as a consequence they may have suffered some psychological effects such as academic stress. Objective: Analyze the level of academic stress that Peruvian university students presented during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: A qualitative systematic review was carried out, where the PRISMA method was used, in which 29 articles published between 2021 and 2023 were selected. In 75.86% of the recovered studies, the moderate level predominated in the students; In addition, women, those who live in large cities and those who are younger showed higher levels. The stressors that stood out the most were the overload of tasks, the form of evaluation, the type of work that teachers request and the limited time for its completion. In the case of the most common symptoms, they turned out to be lack of concentration, sleep disorders, chronic fatigue, anxiety, depression and headaches. The main coincident coping strategies were listening to music, watching television and surfing the Internet. Conclusions: COVID-19 caused mostly moderate academic stress in Peruvian university students.

Associada à pandemia da COVID-19, os estudantes universitários peruanos foram forçados a se adaptar à mudança abrupta da educação presencial para a virtual, e como consequência podem ter sofrido alguns efeitos psicológicos, como o estresse acadêmico. Objetivo: Analisar o nível de estresse acadêmico que os estudantes universitários peruanos apresentaram durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática qualitativa, onde foi utilizado o método PRISMA, no qual foram selecionados 29 artigos publicados entre 2021 e 2023. Em 75,86% dos estudos recuperados, predominou nos estudantes o nível moderado de estresse acadêmico; Além disso, as mulheres, as que vivem nas grandes cidades e as mais jovens apresentaram níveis mais elevados. Os estressores que mais se destacaram foram a sobrecarga de tarefas, a forma de avaliação, o tipo de trabalho que os professores solicitam e o tempo limitado para sua realização. No caso dos sintomas mais comuns, acabaram por ser falta de concentração, distúrbios do sono, fadiga crónica, ansiedade, depressão e dores de cabeça. As principais estratégias de coping coincidentes foram ouvir música, ver televisão e navegar na Internet. Conclusões: A COVID-19 causou principalmente estresse acadêmico moderado em estudantes universitários peruanos.

Predictive Factors for Suicidal Behaviors among University Students in the North-Central Region of Mexico / Factores predictores de conductas suicidas en estudiantes universitarios de la Región Norte-Centro de México

Abstract Introduction Suicide is a public health problem with multifactorial etiology affecting all age groups. In Mexico, the suicide rate was 6.5 suicides per 100,000 population in 2021. Objective To determine the predictive factors for suicidal behaviors (SB) in college students in the north-central region of Mexico. Method A descriptive, comparative, analytical study was conducted of 1,147 randomly selected college students. Sociodemographic data, alcohol consumption (AC), perceived stress (PS), social support (SS) and suicidal behavior (SB), suicidal ideation (SI), suicide attempt (SA) and suicide risk (SR) were measured. Data analysis in SPSS included descriptive and inferential statistics. Results The mean age of study participants was 20.2 years, with a female predominance (82.2%). Prevalence rates for SB were 62% for SI, 14.9% for SA, and 18.3% for SR. In regard to predictive factors for SB, risky, harmful, or dependent AC increased SR 1.7-fold [1.071-2.926]. At the same time, not having SS increased the risk of SI, SA, and SR by a factor of 2.4 [1.843-3.246], 2.7 [1.890-4.123], and 3.6 respectively. Higher PS increased the risk of SI, SA, and SR by a factor of 5.6 [4.209-7.538], 3.1[2.103-4.663] and 6.4 [4.184-9.826] respectively. PS and lack of SS predict SB in both sexes and across all states. Discussion and Conclusion The results show the importance of mental health care, in both epidemiologically risky situations and everyday life, together with the early identification, and timely, effective treatment of suicide risk factors in university students.

Resumen Introducción El suicidio, problema de salud pública de etiología multifactorial que afecta a todos grupos de edad. En México, la tasa en 2021 fue de 6.5 suicidios por cada 100,000 habitantes. Objetivo Determinar factores predictores de conductas suicidas (CS) en estudiantes universitarios de la Región Norte-Centro de México. Método Estudio descriptivo, comparativo y analítico, realizado en 1147 estudiantes universitarios, seleccionados aleatoriamente. Se midieron datos sociodemográficos, consumo de alcohol (CA), estrés percibido (EP), apoyo social (AS) y CS (ideación suicida [IS], intento suicida [SA] y riesgo suicida [RS]). Análisis de datos en SPSS, incluyó estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados Edad promedio 20.2 años, género femenino 82.2%. En la prevalencia de CS, el 62% mostró IdS, 14.9% con InS, y 18.3% con RS. Respecto a los factores predictores de CS, el CA de riesgo, perjudicial o dependiente aumentó 1.7 [1.071-2.926] veces el RS. Por otra parte, el no contar con AS aumentó 2.4 [1.843-3.246], 2.7 [1.890-4.123], y 3.6 veces el riesgo de IdS, InS y RS respectivamente; a mayor EP, aumentó 5.6 [4.209-7.538], 3.1 [2.103-4.663] y 6.4 [4.184-9.826] veces el riesgo de IdS, InS y RS respectivamente. El EP y la falta AS predicen las CS en ambos géneros y en todos los estados. Discusión y conclusión Los resultados evidencian la importancia del cuidado de la salud mental de manera cotidiana, así como la identificación temprana, tratamiento oportuno y efectivo de factores de riesgo de suicidio en universitarios.

Estigmatización por peso en estudiantes universitarios chilenos

Antecedentes: El aumento de la obesidad ha llevado a una mayor estigmatización, con impactos en la salud psicológica y social de las víctimas. La estigmatización por peso puede expresarse en las creencias respecto al control de la obesidad. Escasos estudios han explorado el rol de la victimización por peso corporal y las creencias hacia otras personas con obesidad. Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre la victimización por peso corporal y características de estudiantes universitarios, en relación con las creencias hacia personas con obesidad. Métodos: Estudio transversal con 281 estudiantes de Santiago, Chile. Los participantes completaron un cuestionario online con la escala Beliefs about Obese Persons Scale (BAOP), preguntas sobre discriminación por su peso corporal, y características personales. La escala BAOP fue validada mediante entrevistas cognitivas (N=8) y análisis de consistencia interna (α-Cronbach=0,814). Los resultados se analizaron con las pruebas U Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis y Chi-cuadrado. Resultados: La mayoría de los estudiantes creían que la obesidad es controlable por las personas que la padecen, pero aquellos que reportaron victimización por peso en lugares como el hogar y la universidad presentaron menores creencias sobre la controlabilidad de la obesidad (p<0,05). No se reportaron diferencias en las creencias hacia personas con obesidad según características personales, exceptuando entre los hombres de distinta cohorte de estudios. Conclusión: Este estudio indica que las víctimas de estigmatización de peso tienden a presentar menores creencias respecto a la controlabilidad de la obesidad. Futuras intervenciones debiesen incorporar estrategias para reducir los sesgos de peso entre estudiantes universitarios en formación.

Background: The rise in obesity prevalence has led to increased weight stigmatization, impacting the psychological and social health of those affected. Weight stigma can manifest in beliefs regarding individuals' control over their obesity. Few studies have explored the role of weight-based victimization and beliefs towards individuals with obesity. Objective: To analyze the association between weight-based victimization and university students' characteristics, with beliefs toward individuals with obesity. Methods: Cross-sectional study involving 281 students in Santiago, Chile. Participants completed an online questionnaire including the Beliefs about Obese Persons Scale (BAOP), questions about weight-based discrimination, and personal characteristics. The BAOP scale was validated through cognitive interviews (N=8) and internal consistency analysis (α-Cronbach=0,814). Results were analyzed using U Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Chi-square tests. Results: Most students believed that obesity is controllable by those affected, but those who reported weight-based victimization in places such as home and university exhibited lower beliefs about the controllability of obesity (p<0,05). No differences in beliefs towards individuals with obesity were reported based on personal characteristics, except among male students in different study cohorts. Conclusion: This study identifies that victims of weight bias tend to exhibit lower beliefs regarding the controllability of obesity. Future interventions should incorporate strategies to reduce weight biases among university students in training.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to oral health in First-Year university students of the Paraíso campus of the University of Costa Rica / Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas relacionadas con la salud bucal en estudiantes universitarios de primer año del Recinto de Paraíso de la Universidad de Costa Rica

Abstract People's knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to health are built throughout life, particularly during childhood and adolescence, and they reflect the practices of their family and social circle. The aim of this study was to identify the levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to oral health of first-year university students at the Paraíso Campus of the University of Costa Rica. This was done through a questionnaire of closed questions that would allow oral health educational strategies to be established in the future for this population group. For this purpose, a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted, where 70 first-year students of the Paraíso Campus participated in the first semester of the year 2019. For data collection, a survey of 22 closed questions on knowledge, attitudes, and practices about oral health was applied, and a score on oral health knowledge was subsequently performed, based on the answers to the questions. According to the results, the level of knowledge shown about oral health is low, since the average knowledge score (7.02 points) was less than half of the maximum score (17 points). The greatest deficiency in knowledge was evidenced in topics, such as, dental biofilm, gingivitis, use of fluorides, and the role of saliva. In addition, several practices that affect the condition of the oral cavity were identified, such as harmful habits, inadequate nutrition, and poor oral hygiene habits. In this study, a general lack of knowledge was identified regarding basic concepts of oral health in young university students, who are not clear about the role of some protective or risk factors related to the main oral diseases.

Resumen Los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas relacionados a la salud en las personas se construyen a través de la vida, particularmente durante la infancia y la adolescencia y reflejan las prácticas de su círculo familiar y social. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los niveles de conocimiento, las actitudes y las prácticas relacionadas a la salud bucodental en estudiantes universitarios de primer ingreso en el Recinto de Paraíso de la Universidad de Costa Rica, mediante un cuestionario de preguntas cerradas que permitirá a futuro establecer estrategias educativas en salud bucal para este grupo de población. Se trató de un estudio descriptivo transversal de tipo observacional en 70 estudiantes de primer ingreso del Recinto de Paraíso en el I semestre del año 2019. Para la recolección de datos se aplicó una encuesta de 22 preguntas cerradas sobre los conocimientos, las actitudes y las prácticas sobre la salud oral. A partir de las preguntas sobre conocimiento en salud bucal se creó un puntaje de conocimiento. Se pudo evidenciar que el nivel de conocimiento sobre la salud bucal es bajo, ya que el promedio del puntaje de conocimiento (7,02 puntos) es menos de la mitad del puntaje máximo (17 puntos). La mayor deficiencia en el conocimiento se evidenció en temas como el biofilm dental, gingivitis, uso de fluoruros y el rol de la saliva. Además, se identificaron varias prácticas que afectan la condición de la cavidad bucal, como los hábitos nocivos, una alimentación inadecuada y hábitos de higiene oral deficiente. En este estudio se identificó en general una falta de conocimiento respecto a conceptos básicos de salud bucal en personas jóvenes universitarias, quienes no tienen claro la función de algunos factores protectores o de riesgo relacionados con las principales enfermedades bucales.

Escala de Asuntos Inconclusos: Evidencias de validez y confiabilidad en universitarios peruanos

En la Psicoterapia Gestalt, los asuntos inconclusos son concebidos como un conjunto de experiencias del pasado que interrumpen el presente con el fin de lograr su cierre o culminación. Se buscó desarrollar la Escala de Asuntos Inconclusos y evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas. El instrumento fue administrado a 247 universitarios de Lima, de ambos sexos y de edades entre 18 a 30 años. Como evidencias de validez se reportan las de contenido, estructura interna y relación con otras variables. Los jueces opinaron que el instrumento mide asuntos inconclusos y contribuyeron a precisar los ítems. El análisis factorial confirmatorio halló excelentes valores de ajuste para un modelo unidimensional de siete ítems, el cual se relaciona de manera directa con conductas rumiativas (reproches y reflexión) e inversa con satisfacción con la vida. Asimismo, se encontró un nivel adecuado de confiablidad por consistencia interna. Se discute el valor teórico de los hallazgos, se reconocen las limitaciones y se recomienda el uso del instrumento en investigaciones y en la práctica profesional.

In Gestalt Psychotherapy, unfinished business is conceived as a set of past experiences that interrupt the present in order to achieve closure or completion. We sought to develop the Unfinished Business Scale and to evaluate its psychometric properties. The instrument was administered to 247 university students in Lima, of both sexes and ages between 18 to 30 years old. As evidence of validity, the content, internal structure and relationship with other variables are reported. The judges were of the opinion that the instrument measures unfinished situations and they contributed to specify the items. The confirmatory factor analysis found excellent adjustment values for a one-dimensional model of seven items, which is directly related to ruminative behaviors (reproaches and reflection) and inverse with life satisfaction. Likewise, an acceptable level of reliability was found for internal consistency. The theoretical value of the findings is discussed; limitations are recognized and the use of the test in research and professional practice is recommended.

Relación entre el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, alcohol y cigarrillo en estudiantes de Enfermería. Un estudio de corte transversal / Relationship Between Psychoactive Substance, Alcohol and Cigarette use in Nursing Students. A Cross-Sectional Study

RESUMEN Introducción: El incremento del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (SPA), alcohol y cigarrillo en población joven se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública. La identificación de los factores que aumentan o disminuyen el riesgo de la exposición a estas sustancias y la relación que puede haber entre ellas resulta fundamental para la planificación de estrategias con enfoque de riesgo, razón por la cual se planteó el presente estudio. El objetivo es establecer el perfil de consumo de SPA, alcohol y cigarrillo y los factores asociados con dicho consumo en estudiantes del programa de Enfermería de una institución de educación superior. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, observacional y analítico de tipo corte transversal. Resultados: Se incluyó a 310 estudiantes de los semestres I a IX de un programa de Enfermería de una institución privada de educación superior de Bogotá. La prevalencia de consumo de SPA en el último ario fue del 2,96% (IC95%, 1,36-5,54); la marihuana es la sustancia de mayor consumo (55,55%). Las prevalencias de consumo de alcohol y cigarrillo durante los últimos 12 meses se estimaron en el 86,64% (IC95%, 83,24-91,0) y el 12,16% (IC95%, 8,4315,88) respectivamente. Se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre los consumos: tomar alcohol se asoció con el consumo de cigarrillo (OR = 3,22; p = 0,006) y fumar se asoció con el consumo de SPA (OR = 15,4; p <0,001). Conclusiones: En esta población universitaria, el consumo de alcohol aumenta la posibilidad de consumo de cigarrillo, y este a su vez aumenta la posibilidad del consumo de SPA.

ABSTRACT Background: The increase in the use of psychoactive substances, alcohol and cigarettes in young people has become a public health problem. The identification of factors that increase or reduce the risk of exposure to these substances and the possible relationship between them is essential for planning strategies with a risk approach, hence the reason for this study. The objective was to establish the profile of use of psychoactive substances, alcohol and cigarettes and the factors associated with such use in nursing students of a higher education institution. Methods: Quantitative, observational, analytical cross-sectional study. Results: We included 310 students from 1st to 9th semester of a Nursing programme from a prívate higher education institution in Bogotá. The prevalence of psychoactive substance use in the last year was 2.96% (95%CI, 1.36-5.54), with marijuana being the substance most used (55.55%). The prevalence of alcohol and cigarette use during the last 12 months was estimated at 86.64% (95%CI, 83.24-91.0) and 12.16% (95%CI, 8.43-15.88) respectively. A statistically significant association was found between the use of these substances: alcohol use was associated with cigarette use (OR = 3.22; P = 0.006) and smoking was associated with psychoactive substance use (OR = 15.4; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Alcohol use increases the likelihood of smoking cigarettes, and this in turn increases the likelihood of psychoactive substance use, in this university population.

Efectos de un programa de ejercicio físico con enfoque sanológico en universitarios / Effects of a physical exercise program with a sanological approach in university students / Efeitos de um programa de exercícios físicos com abordagem saudável em estudantes universitários

Objetivo: identificar el efecto del programa de ejercicio físico del proyecto institucionalUSCO saludable con enfoque sanológico en 40 jóvenes universitarios con sobrepeso. Metodología: se plantea un estudio mixto el cual utiliza metodología cuantitativa y cualitativa. En específico, se desarrolló un estudio cuasiexperimental de un solo grupo con valoración antes y después, los datos se tomaron de la revisión de historias clínicosanológicas del programa de ejercicio físico, de la dimensión actividad física. Del proyecto USCO Saludable, se seleccionaron 40 estudiantes con un índice de masa muscular (IMC) entre los rangos de 25 a 30 kg/m2. Se utilizó un instrumento denominado historia clínico-sanológica, esta fue diseñada, ajustada y estandarizada por los investigadores Pedro Reyes Gaspar y Dolly Arias Torres. Los datos se trabajaron a través de entrevista semiestructurada, mediante la creación de códigos y categorías con el programa ATLAS. ti 6.0. Para la comparación del IMC se empleó la prueba de Wilcoxon y el tamaño del efecto por medio de la g de Hedges en el programa SPSS versión 24. Resultados: después de la intervención, en el grupo de estudiantes universitarios con sobrepeso se observaron cambios importantes en la comprensión del concepto de salud, salud actual y del ejercicio físico como herramienta de cuidado de la salud y la vejez. Además, se identificó un cambio significativo en el IMC de la población. Conclusiones: la estrategia de ejercicio físico desde un enfoque sanológico es factible y eficaz, debido a los cambios significativos en el pensamiento y comportamiento en la salud de estudiantes universitarios con sobrepeso.

Objective: to identify the effect of the physical exercise program, of the healthy USCO institutional project with a sanological approach, on 40 overweight university students. Methodolgy: a mixed study is proposed using quantitative and qualitative methodology. Specifically, a quasiexperimental study of a single group was developed with evaluation before and after, the data was taken from the review of clinical-sanological histories of the physical exercise program, of the physical activity dimension, of the Healthy USCO project, 40 students with BMI (body mass index) between the ranges of 25 to 30 kg/ m2 were selected. An instrument called clinical-sanological history was used, it was designed, adjusted, and standardized by researchers Pedro Reyes Gaspar and Dolly Arias Torres. The data was processed through a semi-structured interview through the creation of codes, and categories with the ATLAS.ti 6.0 software, for the comparison of the BMI the Wilcoxon test was used and the effect size through Hedges' G in the SPSS program version 24. Results: after the intervention, important changes were observed in the understanding of the concept of health, current health, and physical exercise as a tool for health care and old age in a group of overweight university students. Furthermore, a significant change in the BMI of the population was identified. Conclusions: the strategy of physical exercise from a sanological approach is feasible and effective due to the significant changes in the thinking and behavior in the health of overweight university students.

Objetivo: identificar o efeito do programa de exercícios físicos do projeto institucional USCO saudável com enfoque saudável em 40 universitários com excesso de peso. Metodologia: propõe-se um estudo misto que utiliza metodologia quantitativa e qualitativa. Especificamente, foi desenvolvido um estudo quase-experimental de grupo único com avaliação antes e depois, os dados foram retirados da revisão dos registros clínico-saúde do programa de exercício físico, da dimensão atividade física. Do projeto USCO Healthy, foram selecionados 40 alunos com índice de massa muscular (IMC) entre 25 e 30 kg/m2. Foi utilizado um instrumento denominado histórico clínico-saúde, desenhado, ajustado e padronizado pelos pesquisadores Pedro Reyes Gaspar e Dolly Arias Torres. Os dados foram trabalhados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, mediante criação de códigos e categorias com o programa ATLAS.ti 6.0. Para a comparação do IMC foi utilizado o teste de Wilcoxon e o tamanho do efeito por meio do g de Hedges no programa SPSS versão 24. Resultados: após a intervenção, no grupo de universitários com excesso de peso, foram observadas mudanças importantes na compreensão do conceito de saúde, saúde atual e exercício físico como ferramenta de cuidado à saúde e à velhice. Além disso, foi identificada uma alteração significativa no IMC da população. Conclusões: a estratégia de exercício físico sob uma abordagem de saúde é viável e eficaz, devido às mudanças significativas no pensamento e no comportamento de saúde de estudantes universitários com excesso de peso

Evidencias psicométricas de la Wong-Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS) en universitarios de Lambayeque-Perú / Psychometric evidence of the Wong-Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS) in university students from Lambayeque-Peru

RESUMEN Introducción: La inteligencia emocional (IE) es una habilidad clave para el desarrollo personal y académico de los estudiantes universitarios. Por ello, es conveniente disponer de instrumentos pertinentes para medir este constructo. Objetivo: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las evidencias de validez y confiabilidad de la Escala de Inteligencia Emocional de Wong-Law (WLEIS) en estudiantes universitarios de la región de Lambayeque, Perú. Método: Nuestro estudio tiene un diseño instrumental. Aplicamos un cuestionario virtual distribuido en redes sociales a 317 estudiantes universitarios (124 varones y 193 mujeres) de diferentes carreras profesionales, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 30 años (M=20,3; DE=2,7). Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio (estimador WLSMV) y se evaluó la consistencia interna. Resultados: Se encontraron cuatro factores correlacionados, de orden superior, y bifactoriales, siendo el primero el que presentó los índices de mejor ajuste: X2(98) = 262.63, p < .001, CFI = .97, TLI = .96, RMSEA = .07 (IC 90%; .06 - .08), SRMR = .04 y WRMR = .91. Los resultados de consistencia interna utilizando el coeficiente omega son ωSEA = .81, ωOEA= .79, ωUOE= .84 y ωROE = .85. Conclusión: La WLEIS en estudiantes universitarios de la región Lambayeque del Perú tiene suficientes evidencias de validez y confiabilidad para garantizar la pertinencia de su aplicación.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Emotional intelligence (EI) is a key skill for the personal and academic development of university students. Therefore, it is appropriate to have relevant instruments to measure this construct. Objective: This study aims to analyze the evidence of validity and reliability of the Wong-Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS) in university students in the region of Lambayeque, Peru. Method: Our study has an instrumental design. We applied a virtual questionnaire distributed in social networks to 317 university students (124 males and 193 females) from different professional careers, aged between 18 and 30 years (M=20.3; SD=2.7). Confirmatory factor analysis was performed (WLSMV estimator), and internal consistency was assessed. Result: We found four correlated factors, higher order, and bifactor, the first being the one with the best-fit indices: X2(98) = 262.63, p < .001, CFI = .97, TLI = .96, RMSEA = .07 (CI 90%; .06 - .08), SRMR = .04 and WRMR = .91. Internal consistency results using the omega coefficient are ωSEA = .81, ωOEA= .79, ωUOE= .84 and ωROE = .85. Conclusion: The WLEIS in university students in the Lambayeque region of Peru has sufficient evidence of validity and reliability to guarantee the relevance of its application.