Application of Laparoscopic and Robotic Ileal Uureteral Replacement Feasibility and Clinical Efficacy / 昆明医科大学学报

Ileal ureter is a suitable treatment option for patients with long ureteric strictures. Minimally invasive techniques have been shown to be as safe as open techniques but superior in terms of lesser trauma, less bleeding and less postoperative recovery time. In order to evaluate the feasibility and clinical efficacy of laparoscopic ileal ureter replacement, review of related literatures, indications, contraindications, surgical method, postoperative results combined with experience of our center has been done. Total 20 cases of laparoscopic ileal ureteral operation have been reviewed, the mean operation time was 195480 and blood loss was 50 ～ 375 ml and 7 Robotic ileal ureter replacement were reviewed median surgery time was 320720 min and bleeding is less then 10 ml100 ml. The operation complications include urinary leakage, intestinal obstruction, anastomotic site leakage, transient azotemia, urinary tract infection and so on. Postoperative renal function of all patients was improved in different degrees. Laparoscopic and Robotic ileal ureter replacement is feasible and can be used as an effective treatment for long ureteral injuries, although the curative effect is same as that of traditional open surgery, but Comparatively laparoscopic and robotic postoperative morbidity is less and have advantages such as it reduces surgical trauma, intraoperative bleeding, postoperative complications, less surgical scar and recovery time.The cases in the reports are limited, more cases need to be studied, and long-term results need to be assessed to establish and standardize these technique.

Sustitución ureteral bilateral con asa ileal / Bilateral ileal ureteral replacement

Introduction: Ureteral replacement by a loop of defunctionalized ileum was described more than 2 centuries ago and continues to be a therapeutic option at present. This series describes the technique of bilateral ureteral replacement with ileum. Aim: To report 4 cases of bilateral ileal ureteral replacement performed at our institution, its indications, the surgical technique, complications, and a review of the literature. Material and Method: We report 4 cases of extensive bilateral ureteral injury of different etiologies, whose treatment with curative intent was to replace the damaged ureter with a isoperistaltic small bowel segment. Results: The surgical technique used was standard in all cases. There were no intraoperative complications and only one patient had hyperchloremic acidosis. No patient has shown loss of renal function in the long-term follow up. Conclusion: Is an effective therapeutic, safe and reproducible technique to replacement of major bilateral ureteral injuries, independent of the original cause.

Introducción: La sustitución ureteral por un asa de íleon desfuncionalizada fue descrita hace más de 2 siglos y continúa siendo una alternativa terapéutica en la actualidad. Esta serie describe la técnica de sustitución ureteral bilateral con íleon. Objetivo: Presentar 4 casos de sustitución ureteral ileal bilateral realizados en nuestro centro, indicaciones de la técnica quirúrgica, complicaciones y revisión de la literatura. Material y Método: Presentamos 4 casos de lesión ureteral bilateral extensa, de etiologías diferentes, cuyo tratamiento con intención curativa fue la sustitución de la lesión ureteral por un segmento intestinal isoperis-táltico. Resultados: La técnica quirúrgica empleada fue estándar en todos los casos. No hubo complicaciones intraoperatorias, y sólo una paciente presentó descompensación metabólica por acidosis hiperclorémica. En ningún paciente se ha demostrado pérdida en la función renal. Conclusión: El segmento intestinal de íleon desfuncionalizado es una alternativa terapéutica eficaz, segura y reproducible, para el reemplazo de importantes lesiones ureterales bilaterales, independiente de la causa original.

Percutaneous Management of Ureteral Injuries that are Diagnosed Late After Cesarean Section

OBJECTIVE: We wanted to present the results of percutaneous management of ureteral injuries that were diagnosed late after cesarean sections (CS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two cases with 24 ureteral injuries that were diagnosed late after CS underwent percutaneous nephrostomy (PN), antegrade double J (DJ) catheter placement and balloon dilatation or a combination of these. The time for making the diagnosis was 21 +/- 50.1 days. The injury site was the distal ureter in all cases (the left ureter: 13, the right ureter: 7 and bilateral: 2). Fifteen complete ureteral obstructions were detected in 13 cases. Ureteral leakage due to partial (n = 4) or complete (n = 3) rupture was noted in seven cases. Two cases had ureterovaginal fistula. All the cases were initially confirmed with antegrade pyelography and afterwards they underwent percutaneous nephrostomy. Balloon dilatation was needed in three cases. Antegrade DJ stents were placed in 10 cases, including the three cases with balloon dilatation. Repetititon of percutaneous nephrostomy with balloon dilatation and DJ stent placement was needed in one case with complete obstruction. All the cases were followed-up with US in their first week and then monthly thereafter for up to two years. RESULTS: Eighteen ureters (75%) were managed by percutaneous procedures alone. A total of six ureter injuries had to undergo surgery (25%). CONCLUSION: Percutaneous management is a good alternative for the treatment of post-CS ureteral injuries that are diagnosed late after CS. Percutaneous management is at least preparatory for a quarter of the cases where surgery is unavoidable.

Alça intestinal invertida como substituto do ureter: estudo experimental em cães

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the outcome of ureter replacement with inverted seromuscular tube in dogs. METHODS: 40 adult mongrel dogs were divided in 5 groups of 8 animals. Each group was divided in 2 subgroups: 1 - sacrifice on 12-15 postoperative days, and 2 - sacrifice on the 60th postoperative day). In group A ureter longitudinal incision 2cm long was sewed with an inverted ileal seromuscular patch 2cm long. In group B ureter incision and patch size were 4cm long. In the remaining groups a ureter segment was replaced by an inverted ileal seromuscular tube 2cm long (group C) or 6cm long (groups D and E). In all groups, except E, ileal mucosa was removed by a grasping maneuver with a scalpel. In group E the ileal mucosa was trimmed away by blunt dissection with a scissors. The ureter permeability was tested by an intravenous urogram, and after sacrifice by anatomic exploration with a catheter. All ureter segment removed through the necropsy were analyzed by histology after hematoxilin-eosin coloration. RESULTS: The number of animals with normal urogram after the followup was: A - 2, B - 2, C - 3, D - 2 and E - 2. Histology revealed that ileal serosa was covered by ureteral mucosa grown from the ureter buds. CONCLUSION: The inverted ileal seromuscular tube or patch does not work well for ureter replacement.

OBJETIVO: Pesquisar a viabilidade da alça ileal invertida como substituto ureteral. MÉTODOS: Quarenta cães foram divididos em 5 grandes grupos de 8 animais, cada um subdividido em 2 subgrupos de acordo com a data do sacrifício (I - sacrifício em 12-15 dias de pós-operatório, e II - 60 dias de pós-operatório). Nos grupos A e B fez-se a substituição ureteral parcial com selo de íleo invertido, após abertura lateral do ureter direito com 2 (Grupo A) ou 4 cm (Grupo B) de extensão. Nos demais grupos fez-se a substituição do segmento completo do ureter usando-se um tubo de íleo invertido de comprimento equivalente ao segmento do ureter ressecado com 2cm (Grupo C) e 6cm (Grupos D e E) de extensão. A mucosa ileal foi removida por raspagem ou diérese. A permeabilidade ureteral foi testada por urografia excretora e por exploração anatômica com cateter após o sacrifício. As peças foram estudas histologicamente após preparação e coloração com hematoxilina-eosina. RESULTADOS: O número de animais com urografia normal após o seguimento foi: A-2, B-2, C-3, D-2 e E- 2. A histologia revelou que a serosa ileal se reveste com urotélio, não como decorrência de metaplasia, mas do crescimento a partir da borda da mucosa ureteral. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que o íleo invertido não é um bom substituto ureteral.

Management of Iatrogenic Ureteral Injuries with Delayed Diagnosis / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: We intended to compare with the effectiveness of conservative and immediate surgical management of iatrogenic ureteral injuries according to the types of injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 32 cases with iatrogenic ureteral injuries resulting from obstetric and gynecologic procedures from June 1986 to October 1997. The age of these patients ranged from 24 to 76 years(mean age 50.7). RESULTS: The types of procedure resulting in iatrogenic ureteral injuries were radical hysterectomy in 16 cases(50.0%), abdominal hysterectomy in 8 cases(25.0%), cesarean section in 5 cases(15.6%), salpingoophorectomy in 1 case(3.1%) and radiation therapy in 2 cases(6.3%). The types of urethral injury were urethral obstruction in 18 cases(56.3%), ureterovaginal fistula in 9 cases(28.1%) and ureterocutaneous fistula in 5 cases(15.6%). As the initial treatment, conservative treatments were in 17 cases(56.7%) and surgical treatments were in 13 cases(43.3%). The result of surgical treatment as the initial treatment was good in all cases, but the failure rate of conservative treatment was 35.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Generally conservative treatment is the first recommendable method in iatrogenic urethral injuries with delayed diagnosis, but early definitive operative repair may be more feasible and preferable method in selected cases regardless of types of urethral injury.

Ureteroureterostomy for the Management of Iatrogenic Lower Ureter Injury / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Ten cases of lower ureteral injuries resulting from pelvic surgery, all females with an average age of 48.8 years. were treated by a end-to-end ureteroureterostomy at the Seoul National University Hospital between January 1987 and December 1993, Of the patients nine were from gynecologic surgery and one was from general surgery. Only one case was detected intraoperatively and the others were referred post-operatively. A watertight, tensionless, spatulated anastomosis with double J stenting was performed to all as soon as the diagnosis was made. In one patient renal mobilization was necessary because of the long ureteral defect. The mean length of the resected sections of the ureter and the distal ureteral stumps were 26 mm and 27 mm, respectively. The mean duration of followup was 3 years. Good results with no morbidity were achieved in all. Our results suggest that ureteroureterostomy is a good operative method having great success rate in the treatment of lower ureter injury. And it thought be a good alternative to Boari flap or psoas hitch technique when the distal ureteral stump is preserved.