Ultrasonic differential diagnosis analysis of female urethral diverticulum and vaginal wall cyst / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective:To explore the clinical and ultrasound image characteristics and differential diagnosis of female urethral diverticulum(UD) and vaginal wall cysts.Methods:A retrospective analysis of the clinical and ultrasound image features of 12 female patients with UD were collected as UD group and 30 patients with vaginal wall cysts confirmed by surgical pathology and clinical follow-up were collected as vaginal wall cysts group in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2017 to May 2021. Ultrasound image characteristics, and the main points of the differential diagnosis of the two were analyzed and summarized.Results:There were no significant differences in the age of the patients and the maximum diameter of the lesions between UD group and vaginal wall cysts group(all P>0.05). Eight cases (66.7%) of female patients with UD had urinary system symptoms, 5 cases (16.7%) of vaginal wall cysts had urinary system symptoms, the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05); In 10 cases (83.3%) the UD lesions were located in the upper middle and upper pelvic floor, and vaginal wall cyst lesions in 23 cases (76.7%) were located in the lower middle and lower pelvic floor, the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). In terms of ultrasound image characteristics, UD lesions were often irregular in shape, surrounding the urethra, with unclear borders, cyst wall thickness >0.1 cm, internal wall not smooth along with calcification, internal visible separation, partly visible to the urethra, and peripheral blood flow signals were abundant. Vaginal wall cysts were mostly round-shaped, not surrounding the urethra, clear borders, thin and smooth walls, less internal partitions, not communication with the urethra, and the peripheral blood flow signals were not abundant. The differences between the two group were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Whether the sound transmission inside the lesion was not statistically significant ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Combined with urinary system symptoms, lesion location, ultrasound characteristics (morphology, whether surrounding the urethra, boundary, cyst wall thickness, inner wall calcification, internal separation, whether it is connected to the urethra, blood flow distribution) can be used to distinguish between UD and vaginal wall cysts, whether the sound transmission inside the lesion cannot be used as the basis for the differential diagnosis of the two.

Report of two cases of urethral fistula caused by anterior urethral valve complicated with penile curvature / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Urethral fistula caused by anterior urethral valve combined with penile curvature is a rare clinical disease, which is rarely reported at home and abroad. We diagnosed 2 cases, treated with urethral diverticulum resection + urethral valve resection + dorsal albuginea of the penis + Duplay one-stage urethroplasty and urethral diverticulum resection + urethral valve resection + penis Dorsal albuginea fold + Duckett one-stage urethroplasty respectively. There were no surgical complications such as penile recurvation, urinary fistula, urethral stricture or urethral diverticulum, during the follow-up period of 10 and 15 months.

A clinical analysis of the female urethral diverticulum / 医学研究生学报

Objective Surgical treatment of the urethral diverticulum is difficult and may be followed by serious postoperative complications such as urethro-vaginal fistula. The purpose of this study is to investigate the treatment of female urethral diverticulum and its clinical effect.Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data on 20 cases of female urethral diverticulum confirmed and treated in our hospital from January 2010 to December 2017. We obtained the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) from the patients after admission, treated them by transvaginal urethral diverticulectomy under continuous epidural anesthesia, and compared the signs and symptoms before and after operation.Results All the patients showed significantly decreased incidences of perineal discomfort, frequent micturition, urgent urination, and dysuria after operation (P<0.05). The average OABSS was remarkably lower postoperatively than the baseline (4.9±1.8 vs 8.1±2.3, P<0.05). No such postoperative complications as hematuria, urinary fistula, urethral stricture and urinary incontinence were observed in any of the patients.Conclusion Transvaginal urethral diverticulectomy is safe and effective for the treatment of female urethral diverticulum.

Safety and efficacy of transurethral diverticulum section for treatment of adult female urethral diverticulum / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To discuss the feasibility and the curative effect of transurethral diverticulum section in the treatment of female urethral diverticulum.Method We retrospectively analyzed the transurethral diverticulum section surgeries of 11 adult female patients diagnosed as urethral diverticulum in our hospital from August 2012 to October 2016.The patients aged from 33 years old to 74 years old with an average age of 43.Their medical histories varied from 1 month to more than 40 years with an average histories of 80 months.Major symptoms included odynuria,frequent micturition,dyspareunia,perineum bearing-down feeling,repetitive urinary tract infection,dysuria,urinary stuttering,penis masses,etc.One patient underwent TVT-O.Two patients had urinary catheterization before the disease.During physical examination,cystic masses of different sizes could be touched on anterior vaginal walls with pain and secretion.Cystic lesions can be found by imaging examination.Transurethral diverticulum section was performed under general anesthesia.Using needle electrode by resectoscope,we made an annular incision in the direction of the vertical axis of the urethra,from the beginning of diverticulum ostium.The diverticulum completely communicated with the urethra.In 11 patients of transurethral endoscopic,the urethral sphincter and the diverticulum wall appeared morphological integrity and no damage.There was no liquid drained to de vagina.There was no urethral sphincter injury and no urethral vaginal leakage.We observed the operation time,bleeding volume,diverticulum position,the number of diverticulum,urethral sphincter intraoperative.We also observed the postoperative symptoms,short-term and long-term complications.Result All surgeries went on well,in which urethral diverticula were fully opened.The operation time was 30-45 minutes,average 35 minutes.The amount of bleeding within 5 ml.4 cases with multiple diverticulum,with 2 cases of diverticulum ostia were 2,2 cases of diverticulum ostia were 3.The other 7 cases with single diverticulum,diverticulum ostium was 1.The catheters were removed 2 weeks after the surgery,after that all patients can urinate normally.The follow-up time was 5-55 months (mean,24 months).All pre-surgical symptoms disappeared and no complication occurred,such as urethral stricture,urinary incontinence,urethro-vaginal fistula,etc.Conclusion Transurethral diverticulum section is a reliable treatment for female urethral diverticulum with positive curative effect and no obvious complication.

Divertículo uretral en la mujer: diagnóstico y resección quirúrgica temprana / Female urethral diverticulum: early diagnosis and surgical resection

Resumen ANTECEDENTES El divertículo uretral es la formación de un saco entre la uretra y la vagina. El tratamiento, dependiente de los síntomas, puede ser conservador o quirúrgico. El primero consiste en la descompresión por aspiración, antibióticos profilácticos y dilatadores uretrales. Para el tratamiento quirúrgico existen diversas técnicas, su elección dependerá de la ubicación del divertículo. OBJETIVO Reportar el caso clínico de un padecimiento infrecuente y describir cómo se trató. CASO CLÍNICO Paciente de 59 años que acudió a consulta debido a una disuria severa de varios meses de evolución, asociada con aumento del volumen de la uretra distal, goteo postmiccional y dolor severo en la región vaginal. Se estableció el diagnóstico de divertículo uretral, se efectuó la escisión de la lesión y la evolución fue favorable. CONCLUSIONES El divertículo uretral es un diagnóstico poco frecuente y sospechado, por lo que debe haber un alto grado de sospecha en los cirujanos que intervienen esta área para evitar diagnósticos erróneos, reoperaciones innecesarias y complicaciones. Los tratamientos son variados según el tipo, lugar anatómico y síntomas de la lesión.

Abstract BACKGROUND The urethral diverticulum is the formation of a sac between the urethra and the vagina. The treatment, dependent on the symptoms, can be conservative or surgical. The first consists of aspiration decompression, prophylactic antibiotics and urethral dilators. For surgical treatment there are several techniques, their choice will depend on the location of the diverticulum. OBJECTIVE To report the clinical case of an infrequent condition that generates ignorance of the health professional to detect, treat and refer this type of patients. DESCRIBE The management of an uncommon case, reporting a favorable mediate and long-term postoperative evolution. CLINICAL CASE A 59-year-old patient attended the clinic due to a severe dysuria lasting several months, associated with an increase in the volume of the distal urethra, post-voiding drip, and severe pain in the vaginal region. Diagnosis of urethral diverticulum was made, and excision of the lesion was performed with favorable evolution. CONCLUSIONS The urethral diverticulum is a rare and suspected diagnosis, so there should be a high degree of suspicion in surgeons who address this area to avoid poor diagnosis, unnecessary reoperations and complications. The treatments are varied according to the type, anatomical location and symptomatology of the lesion.

The diagnosis and surgical treatments of female urethral diverticulum / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To investigate the presentation,diagnosis and surgical treatment of female urethral diverticulum.Methods From June 2005 to June 2016,56 female patients with urethral diverticulum were treated in our department.The presenting symptoms,clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes were reviewed.Mean age was 43.6 years (range 34 to 63).Patients were classified as simple and complex diverticulum (extend partially around the urethra ＞ 50％,U-shaped or circumferential) according to MRI features.Thirty-two patients hadsimple diverticulum locating in distal urethra with a mean age of 42.1 years,and 24 patients had complex diverticulum locating in proximal (8 cases) or distal urethra (16 cases) with a mean age of 45.7 years.The average diameter of the diverticulum was 2.5cm and 3.1cm respectively.There were 23 cases (71.8％) with recurrent urinary tract infection,22(68.7％) with pelvic pain,19(59.4％) with postvoid dribbling in simple diverticulum and 22 (91.7％),23 (95.8％),21 (84.5％) in complex diverticulum respectively.Patients with complex diverticulum were more likely to present with these symptoms than simple diverticulum(P ＜ 0.05).The statistical differences in preoperative frequency and urgency(68.7％ vs.75.0％),urinary incontinence(56.2％ vs.66.7％),dyspareunia(15.6％ vs.16.6％) and dysuria(9.4％ vs.4.2％) were not found between simple and complex groups.Transvaginal diverticulectomy and multiple layers closures were performed in 49 patients.A Martius flap interposition was used in 7 complex cases with severe urethral damage and insufficient periurethral fascia.Presenting symptoms and surgical outcomes were assessed according to different types of diverticulum.Results Fifty-six operations were completed successfully.The mean follow-up was 14.2 months (range 6-48 months).Recurrent urinary tract infection,pelvic pain,postvoid dribbling,urinary incontinence,dyspareunia and dysuria improved after surgery in both groups.There were statistical differences in symptom improvement before and after surgery (P ＜ 0.05) except for frequency and urgency.Postoperative symptoms in patients with complex and simple diverticulum were recurrent urinary tract infection (16.6％ vs.21.8％),pelvic pain (12.5％ vs.9.4％),postvoid dribbling (25.0％ vs.15.6％),frequency and urgency(58.3％ vs.53.1％),urinary incontinence(12.5％ vs.9.4％),dyspareunia(8.3％ vs.6.2％).There were no statistically significant differences between the postoperative symptoms of complex and simple diverticulum (P ＞ 0.05).Three(12.5％) cases of complex diverticulum recuredand cured after a following surgery.Conclusions For female patients with recurrent urinary tract infection,pelvic pain,postvoid dribbling and vaginal mass,the possibility of urethral diverticulum should be considered.MRI is an excellent imaging method for urethral diverticulum dignosis and classification.Transvaginal complete diverticulectomy,multiple layers closures are feasible and effective treatments.

The diagnosis and surgical treatments of female urethral diverticulum / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To investigate the presentation,diagnosis and surgical treatment of female urethral diverticulum.Methods From June 2005 to June 2016,56 female patients with urethral diverticulum were treated in our department.The presenting symptoms,clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes were reviewed.Mean age was 43.6 years (range 34 to 63).Patients were classified as simple and complex diverticulum (extend partially around the urethra ＞ 50％,U-shaped or circumferential) according to MRI features.Thirty-two patients hadsimple diverticulum locating in distal urethra with a mean age of 42.1 years,and 24 patients had complex diverticulum locating in proximal (8 cases) or distal urethra (16 cases) with a mean age of 45.7 years.The average diameter of the diverticulum was 2.5cm and 3.1cm respectively.There were 23 cases (71.8％) with recurrent urinary tract infection,22(68.7％) with pelvic pain,19(59.4％) with postvoid dribbling in simple diverticulum and 22 (91.7％),23 (95.8％),21 (84.5％) in complex diverticulum respectively.Patients with complex diverticulum were more likely to present with these symptoms than simple diverticulum(P ＜ 0.05).The statistical differences in preoperative frequency and urgency(68.7％ vs.75.0％),urinary incontinence(56.2％ vs.66.7％),dyspareunia(15.6％ vs.16.6％) and dysuria(9.4％ vs.4.2％) were not found between simple and complex groups.Transvaginal diverticulectomy and multiple layers closures were performed in 49 patients.A Martius flap interposition was used in 7 complex cases with severe urethral damage and insufficient periurethral fascia.Presenting symptoms and surgical outcomes were assessed according to different types of diverticulum.Results Fifty-six operations were completed successfully.The mean follow-up was 14.2 months (range 6-48 months).Recurrent urinary tract infection,pelvic pain,postvoid dribbling,urinary incontinence,dyspareunia and dysuria improved after surgery in both groups.There were statistical differences in symptom improvement before and after surgery (P ＜ 0.05) except for frequency and urgency.Postoperative symptoms in patients with complex and simple diverticulum were recurrent urinary tract infection (16.6％ vs.21.8％),pelvic pain (12.5％ vs.9.4％),postvoid dribbling (25.0％ vs.15.6％),frequency and urgency(58.3％ vs.53.1％),urinary incontinence(12.5％ vs.9.4％),dyspareunia(8.3％ vs.6.2％).There were no statistically significant differences between the postoperative symptoms of complex and simple diverticulum (P ＞ 0.05).Three(12.5％) cases of complex diverticulum recuredand cured after a following surgery.Conclusions For female patients with recurrent urinary tract infection,pelvic pain,postvoid dribbling and vaginal mass,the possibility of urethral diverticulum should be considered.MRI is an excellent imaging method for urethral diverticulum dignosis and classification.Transvaginal complete diverticulectomy,multiple layers closures are feasible and effective treatments.

Urothroplasty by using the mucosa of diverticulum secondary to recurrence of urethral stricture / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To assess the efficacy of urethroplasty by using the mucosa of diverticulum as the distal urethral for the recurrence of urethral stricture.Methods We reviewed our experience about 6 cases from Jan.2007 to Oct.2012,including 5 hypospadias and 1 epispadias.The mean age of the patients was 28 ± 16 (12-45)month,range 12 to 45 months.The patients presenting urethral diverticulum should last for 6 months after urethroplasty,which should last for 6 months.The preoperative mean urinary flow rate was 5.1 ± 1.4 (range 3.1 to 7.3) ml/s.All the patients took the retrograde urethrography and cystoscopy to confirm the position and length of urethrostenosis.The positions of urethrostenosis were at the penis coronary in 5 cases and glans penis in 1 case.The mean length of stricture was 13.3 ±4.2(range 8.8 to 20.5) mm.The mean length of diverticulum was 37.5 ± 15.3 (range 21.8 to 55.2) mm.All patients received the urethral reconstruction by using the pedicel diverticulum mucosa.After resecting the stenosis urethra and exposed the whole diverticulum,we opened the diverticulum laterally and halved it.One was used for tabularized urethroplasty in situ,the other was flipped to the distal urethral as pedicel flap to remedy the defect of the urethral.Results Totally 6 cases received the procedure.The mean operating time was 133 ± 48 (range 84 to 192) min.Postoperatively,urethral catheter was remained 2 weeks.All the patients can urinate smoothly after removing the catheter.The postoperative mean urinary flow rate was 10o 9 ± 3.3 (range 6.3 to 15.9) ml/s.The mean follow-up time was 2.2 yrs(range 1 to 4 years).At the end point of follow-up,all patients had not experienced a recurrent diverticulum or stricture at the anastomotic site.Urethrocutaneous fistula in the coronary glan was reported in 2 patients,which were finally cured after 2nd repair.No complication was found in other 4 patients.Conclusions Urethroplasty by flipping the mucosa of diverticulum takes full advantage of urinary mucosa that already existing,which can be very useful in those patients who are lack of foreskin.This approach can also reduce the patient's pain by completing the urethroplasty in situ and avoiding staging operation.But up till now,it can only be applied to the urethral diverticulum secondary to urethrostenosis.It also demands flip flap skilled.And the long-term effects and complications still remain to be seen.

Litiasis en divertículo de uretra de localización intraescrotal / Lithiasis in urethral diverticulum of intraescrotal localization

Los divertículos uretrales en el varón son una patología rara que aparece, en su mayoría, después de realizar manipulaciones uretrales. Desde el punto de vista clínico, pueden ser sintomáticos o no sintomáticos. Las complicaciones ocurren en un 10% de los casos, siendo la más frecuente la litiasis. Cuando el divertículo está ocupado por cálculos, suele presentar una sintomatología mucho más evidente. La cistouretrografía es la técnica de elección en estos casos, ya que permite diferenciar los divertículos uretrales del resto de las lesiones quísticas parauretrales. El tratamiento de elección es la exéresis del divertículo y la uretroplastia. La abstención quirúrgica puede estar indicada solo en los divertículos asintomáticos de muy pequeño volumen. Presentamos un paciente de 44 años de edad que acudió al servicio de Urgencias por el desarrollo de una masa escrotal de gran tamaño con signos inflamatorios locales. Se confirmó quirúrgicamente el diagnóstico presuntivo de divertículo uretral gigante con litiasis en su interior, efectuado tras la evaluación imagenológica con radiografía simple, ecografía, tomografía computada y uretrografía retrógrada.

The male urethral diverticula are a rare condition, most of them being acquired after urethral manipulations. From the clinical point of view they may be symptomatic and asymptomatic; complications may occur in 10% of cases, being the lithiasis the most common. When the diverticulum is occupied by stones, it usually has a much more apparent symptomatology. Cystourethrography is the imaging technique of choice in these cases, allowing us to differentiate urethral diverticula from other paraurethral cystic lesions. The elective treatment is surgical excision of the diverticulum and urethroplasty. The surgical abstention may be indicated only in very small and asymptomatic diverticula. We present a case of a 44 year-old male who came to the emergency room for large scrotal mass with local inflammatory signs; the presumptive diagnosis of large urethral diverticulum occupied by stone done after performing several imaging techniques (plain radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography and retrograde urethrography) was surgically confirmed.

Calculi in a Female Urethral Diverticulum / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

Urinary stones are rarely seen in the urethra and are usually encountered in men with urethral stricture or diverticulum. The case of a 52-year-old woman presented, who consulted for weak stream associated with repeated urinary infections. The diverticulum was approached via vaginal route and the extraction was successful. The patient has been well, with no dysuria, dyspareunia, incontinence for 3-month follow-ups.

Female Acute Urinary Retention Caused by Urethral Diverticulum

We report two cases of acute urinary retention in women with urethral diverticulum. Cystoscopy were performed all patients. But diverticular opening was not found. All patients failed voiding by a bladder outlet obstruction. In one case, bladder outlet obstructive symptom resolved completely after the surgical removal of the diverticulum. In another case, patient refused operation.

The Effects of a Pubovaginal Sling Procedure, with Martius Labial Fat Pad Interposition, after a Female Urethral Diverticulectomy / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: We evaluated the effects of a pubovaginal sling (PVS), with a Martius labial fat pad interposition (MLFI), on patients with a female urethral diverticulum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 23 consecutive cases with a female urethral diverticulum were retrospectively reviewed. The pre-operative evaluations included the history, physical examination, voiding cystourethrogram, cystoscopy, transperineal ultrasound and urodynamic studies to investigate the urethral function and the concomitant stress urinary incontinence. The treatment consisted of a transvaginal diverticulectomy alone, or with a PVS only, or combined with a MLFI. RESULTS: A transvaginal diverticulectomy only was performed, using a 3-layer closure, in nine patients (39.1%) and a concomitant PVS with a diverticulectomy in eight (34.8%) with stress urinary incontinence. A MLFI, combined with the above procedure, was performed in six patients (26.1%) with large defects of the urethra following the resection of diverticulum. No women having undergone a diverticulectomy with, or without, a PVS and MLFI had an urethrovaginal fistula, recurrent diverticulum or postoperative incontinence. CONCLUSIONS: In complicated cases, a simultaneous transvaginal diverticulectomy, pubovaginal sling and Martius labial fat pad interposition can be performed safely and effectively.

Male Urethral Diverticulum Combined with Stone and Urethrocutaneous Fistula / 대한비뇨기과학회지

A male urethral diverticulum is a relatively uncommon abnormality. It usually occurs at the penoscrotal junction and most of these lesions develop as secondary disorder after a urethral trauma, obstruction or infection. Here we report a case of a male urethral diverticulum combined with a stone and a urethrocutaneous fistula.

Male Urethral Diverticulum Combined with Stone and Urethrocutaneous Fistula / 대한비뇨기과학회지

A male urethral diverticulum is a relatively uncommon abnormality. It usually occurs at the penoscrotal junction and most of these lesions develop as secondary disorder after a urethral trauma, obstruction or infection. Here we report a case of a male urethral diverticulum combined with a stone and a urethrocutaneous fistula.

Clinical Observation on the Mangement of Female Urethral Diverticulum

PURPOSE: Urethral diverticulum in female can be easily detected by physical examination but sometimes the diagnosis can be difficult. Difficulty in prompt diagnosis and treatment arises from the constellation of nonspecific urinary symptoms. Furthermore, treatment may be unsuccessful and result in persistent or recurrent troublesome symptoms. We reviewed our experience with managing symptomatic diverticula for the prompt diagnosis and the definite cure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 33 cases of urethral diverticulectomy performed at our institution for the last 10 years. At presentation patient age ranged from 24 to 57 years (mean 39 years). Two women (6.0%) were nulliparious and average parity was 1.9 births (0-5). Investigations included voiding cystourethrogram, excretory urogram, cystourethroscopy, urodynamic studies and recently transvaginal ultrasound. Transvaginal diverticulectomy was performed using a 3-layer closure (urethral wall, periurethral fascia, vaginal wall) in all women. Concomitant bladder neck suspension was performed in 1 woman. RESULTS: Voiding cystourethrography adquately demonstrated the diverticulum in 11 of the 14 women (78.6%). Transvaginal ultrasound was performed in 21 women and identified the diverticulum in 19 women (90.5%). Of 33 women 32 were cured (97.0%) and secondary transvaginal diverticulectomy was performed for incomplete excision of diverticulumin in 1 woman. According to McGuire's classification 13 cases were classified as pseudodiverticulum which is a mucosal herniation through a periurethral fascial defect, and the rest 20 cases as true diverticulum. This classification had no influence on the surgical success rate. Complications of diverticulectomy included 2 cases of de novo stress urinary incontinence and 1 urethrovaginal fistula. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative radiographic imaging helps to delineate diverticular anatomy and transvaginal ultrasound is useful test because of absence of ionizing radiation, reduced risk of infection, less invasiveness and higher detection rate than voiding cystourethrogram. With meticulous excision and 3-layer repair, definitive cure can be achieved with a single operation.

A Case of Male Urethral Diverticulum with Giant Calculi / 대한비뇨기과학회지

We present one case report of anterior urethral diverticulum in a male with giant calculi. The patient was a 56-year-old male with the complaints of base-ball sized palpable scrotal mass and post-void dribbling for 15-16 years. The diverticulum was filled with multiple whitish-yellow stones. The largest one was 8X7X6cm in size.

A Case of Female Urethral Bilobed Diverticulum, which is diagnosed by using positive pressure urethrogram

No abstract available.

2 cases of male urethral diverticulum combined with stone / 영남의대학술지

Male urethral diverticulum is uncommon lesion, furthermore calculus formation within the male urethral diverticulum is very rare. Generally, urethral diverticula are classified as congenital and acquired. The majority of male urethral diverticula are acquired and approximately 10 to 20 per cent are congenital. Acquired urethral diverticula in the male may arise from many sources, including infection (prostatic abscess, infection of periurethral glands, hematoma or schistosomiasis), obstruction (stricture, impacted stone, Cunningham clamp or condom catheter) and trauma (instrumentation, external injury and pelvic fracture). Calculi formation is more common in the acquired diverticulum owing to stagnation of urine and infection. These calculi in the diverticulum usually are solitary and may attain considerable size with predisposing factors, 1) a ureteral or bladder calculus that is lodged in the urethra 2) urethral trauma or stricture, 3) calcification around a foreign body or hair. The treatment of urethral diverticulum combined with stone is excision of the diverticula with removal of stone. We treated two cases of urethral diverticulum combined with stone in the male, and report with review of literature.

Two Cases of Female Urethral Diverticula / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Female urethral diverticulum is uncommon entity, but being diagnosed with increasing frequency according to improvement of diagnostic maneuver and increment of general awareness of the condition. Recently. we experienced 2 cases of female urethral diverticula and one of them had urethrovaginal fistula. These patients were treated with transvaginal diverticulectomy and pedicled labial fat interpositioning technique was added for prevention of female urethral diverticula with the review of literature.