Comparison of head and face measurement traits in Chinese Han, Li, Uygur and Tibetan population / 解剖学报

Objective To investigate the relationship between the head and face traits of Han, Li, Uygur and Tibetan population. Methods From 2008 to 2011, sixteen head and face measurement traits were measured in Chinese young individuals from Jiangsu, Hainan, Xinjiang and Tibet, with sample size of 1034 (348 Han, 165 Li, 305 Uygur, 216 Tibetan). The gender difference analysis, commonalities and differences between populations and principal component analysis were earned out. Results Most of the sixteen head and face measurement traits showed significant gender differences, the mean measurements of most features of males were bigger than those of females in four populations. Samples of the four populations usually had brachycephaly and hyperbrachycephaly. Most Han, Li and Uygur belonged to euryprosopy. Han, Li and Tibetan were typically mesorrhiny. The homogenous features of head and face of the four populations were shown. However, the head and face of the four populations also had some heterogeneous features. For instance, Han had the broadest face and Li had the broadest nose among all four populations. Furthermore, Uygur had the narrowest nose and Tibetan had the narrowest face. The result in population relationships presented that the head and face measurement traits of Han and Li were relatively similar, while those of Uygur and Tibetan were narrower. Conclusion There are commonalities and differences in the head and face measurement traits among the four populations. The group relationship between Han and Li is relatively similar, and that between Uygur and Tibetan is relatively close. The homogeneity and heterogeneity between populations can provide data and theoretical support for genetics, forensic science and other fields.

Relationship between the circular RNA_0005414 expression level and the islet cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective:To investigate the relationship between the expression level of circular RNA_0005414 and islet cell function in type 2 diabetes patients.Methods:A total of 110 patients with type 2 diabetes and 106 cases of normal glucose tolerance (control group) in Uygur populations, 64 cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus and 63 cases of normal glucose tolerance (control group) in Han populations were enrolled in the study. All subjects underwent oral glucose tolerance test chemistry panel. Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β cell function (HOMA-β) were evaluated by homeostasis model as islet cell function indexes. The differentially expressed circular RNAs were screened using RNA sequencing from the peripheral blood monocytes of 5 Uygur patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and matched controls. The expression level of a significantly up-regulated circular RNA_0005414 was detected and verified, and the relationship between the expression level of circular RNA_0005414 and islet cell function was analyzed.Results:Differential expression profiles of circular RNAs were found in Uygur type 2 diabetic patients . The expression level of circular RNA_0005414 in Uygur type 2 diabetic group was higher than that in Uygur control group ( P<0.01), the expression level of circular RNA_0005414 in Han type 2 diabetic group was higher than that in Han control group ( P<0.01), the expression level of circular RNA_0005414 in Uygur type 2 diabetes group was higher than that in Han type 2 diabetes group, but the difference was not statistically significant ( P>0.05). In the Uyghur and Han groups, Spearman correlation analysis showed that the expression level of circular RNA_0005414 was positively correlated with fasting blood glucose, 2 h plasma glucose after glucose loading, HbA 1C, total cholesterol, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR ( P<0.05) and negatively correlated with HOMA-β ( P<0.01). Partial correlation analysis showed that circular RNA_0005414 expression level was positively correlated with fasting blood glucose, HbA 1C, and HOMA-IR ( P<0.01). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that circular RNA_0005414 was the only factor affecting HOMA-β in Uygur patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion:The expression level of circular RNA_0005414 was closely related to islet cell function in Uygur type 2 diabetes patients, the up-regulation of circular RNA_0005414 may be involved in the occurrence and development of type 2 diabetes in Uygur.

Genetic Polymorphism of 16 X-STR Loci in Xinjiang Uygur Population / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the genetic polymorphism and population genetic parameters of 16 X-STR loci in Xinjiang Uygur population.@*METHODS@#The Goldeneye® DNA identification system 17X was used to amplify 16 X-STR loci in 502 unrelated individuals (251 females and 251 males). The amplified products were detected by 3130xl genetic analyzer. Allele frequencies and population genetic parameters were analyzed statistically. The genetic distances between Uygur and other 8 populations were calculated. Multidimensional scaling and phylogenetic tree were constructed based on genetic distance.@*RESULTS@#In the 16 X-STR loci, a total of 67 alleles were detected in 502 Xinjiang Uygur unrelated individuals. The allele frequencies ranged from 0.001 3 to 0.572 4. PIC ranged from 0.568 8 to 0.855 3. The cumulative discrimination power in females and males were 0.999 999 999 999 999 and 0.999 999 999 743 071, respectively. The cumulative mean paternity exclusion chance in trios and in duos were 0.999 999 997 791 859 and 0.999 998 989 000 730, respectively. The genetic distance between Uygur population and Kazakh population was closer, and the genetic distance between Uygur and Han population was farther.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The 16 X-STR loci are highly polymorphic and suitable for identification in Uygur population, which can provide a powerful supplement for the study of individual identification, paternity identification and population genetics.

Health literacy levels and influencing factors among Uyghur residents in Moyu County, Xinjiang: a comparison between 2018 and 2020 / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To analyze the health literacy level and influencing factors of Uyghur residents in Moyu County, Xinjiang between 2018 and 2020.Methods:A total of 5 211 and 5 207 Uyghur residents in Moyu County, Xinjiang were sampled using the multi-stage cluster method in 2018 and 2020, respectively. The health culture questionnaire for ethnic minority in Xinjiang was used. The survey included general demographic characteristics, overall health literacy levels, and the three aspects of health literacy levels (health knowledge and concepts, healthy lifestyles and behaviors, and health skills) and six dimensions (scientific health concept, health information literacy, infectious disease prevention and control literacy, chronic disease prevention literacy, safety and first aid literacy, and basic medical literacy). The influencing factors of residents′ health literacy in 2020 were analyzed using χ2 test and multivariate logistic regression. Results:In 2020, overall health literacy and its three aspects among Uyghur residents in Moyu County, Xinjiang were higher than in 2018 (overall 8.10% vs 5.07%, health knowledge and concepts 9.99% vs 7.60%, healthy lifestyle and behavior 6.88% vs 5.33%, health skills 40.12% vs 30.22%) (all P<0.05). In 2018, results for the six dimensions of health literacy were, from high to low, as follows: safety and first aid literacy (26.42%), basic medical literacy (14.14%), health information literacy (13.38%), scientific health concept (10.17%), infectious disease prevention and control literacy (8.96%), chronic disease prevention and treatment literacy (5.57%); In 2020, the results, from high to low, were: safety and first aid literacy (36.09%), basic medical literacy (24.08%), health information literacy (20.47%), infectious disease prevention and treatment literacy(15.19%), scientific health concept (13.85%), and chronic disease prevention and treatment literacy (10.10%). All values were higher than in 2018 (all P<0.05). Gender, age, education level, marital status, occupation, per capita monthly household income level, and area of residence influenced health literacy levels of local residents. Conclusions:The health literacy of Uyghur residents in Moyu County, Xinjiang improved from 2018 to 2020; however, the overall level remains low. Elderly people, people with low education levels, people with low incomes, business people & staff are the key groups requiring health education. Healthy lifestyle and behavior, chronic disease prevention and treatment literacy, scientific health concept, infectious disease prevention and control literacy are identified as areas necessitating health education and health promotion intervention.

Study on Gene Polymorphism Distribution of Clopidogrel Absorption and Metabolism Related Gene CYP2C19， ABCB1 and PON1 in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To study the relationship of polymorphism of clopidogrel absorption and metabolism related genes CYP2C19（* 2，* 3，* 17），ABCB1 C3435T and PON1 Q192R in patients with coronary heart disease in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region ，and to explore the characteristics of population and combined diseases. METHODS ：A total of 1 126 patients with coronary heart disease who underwent clopidogrel absorption and metabolism related gene testing during hospitalization in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2016 to June 2020 were included as the study subjects. The gender，age，body mass index （BMI），nationality and the proportion of combined with hypertension and diabetes were compared among different CYP2C19 metabolic phenotypes and ABCB1 C3435T and PON1 Q192R genotypes. RESULTS ：Among 1 126 patients，1 126 had CYP2C19 * 2，* 3 and * 17 genotypes，1 109 had ABCB1 C3435T genotype and 1 123 had PON1 Q192R genotype. The distribution of each genotype was in line with Hardy-Weinberg balance （P＞0.05）. There were 66（5.86％）， com 459（40.76％），476（42.27％） and 125（11.10％）patients with CYP2C19 ultra-rapid metabolizer （UM）， extensive metabolizer（EM），intermediate metabolizer （IM）and poor metabolizer（PM），respectively. The proportion of patients with UM metabolism phenotype with BMI ＞24 was significantly higher than those of patients with IM and PM metabolism phenotypes （P＜0.05）. The proportion of Han nationality patients with UM metabolic phenotype was significantly lower than those of patients with EM ，IM and PM metabolic phenotypes （P＜0.05）；the proportion of Uygur nationality was significantly higher than that of patients with EM ，IM and PM metabolic phenotypes （P＜ 0.05）. There were 355，538 and 216 patients with ABCB1 C3435T wild-type（CC），heterozygous（CT）and mutant homozygous （TT）genotypes，respectively；the proportion of Han nationality in TT genotype patients was significantly lower than that in CC and CT genotype patients （P＜0.05），and the proportion of Uygur nationality was significantly higher than that in CC and CT genotype patients （P＜0.05）；the proportion of TT genotype patients with diabetes was significantly higher than that of patients with CT genotype （P＜0.05）. There were 365，519 and 239 patients with PON1 Q192R wild-type（GG），heterozygous（GA）and mutant homozygous （AA），respectively；the proportion of Han nationality in AA genotype patients was significantly lower than that in GG and GA genotype patients （P＜0.05），and the proportion of Uygur nationality was significantly higher than that of GG and GA genotype patients （P＜0.05）；the proportion of Han nationality and BMI ≤24 in patients with AA genotype were significantly lower than those with GA genotype （P＜0.05），and the proportion of Uygur nationality ，BMI＞24 and hypertension were significantly higher than those in GA genotype patients （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS ：There are significant nationality differences among patients with different CYP2C19 metabolic phenotypes and ABCB1 C3435T and PON1 Q192R genotypes. In addition，patients with BMI ＞24 account for high proportion among CYP2C19 UM metabolism genotype ；patients with diabetes account for high proportion among ABCB1 C3435T TT genotype ；patients with BMI ＞24 and hypertension account for high proportion among PON1 Q192R AA genotype.

Investigation of ametropia in primary school students from first to third grade in Kashgar city / 中华实验眼科杂志

Objective:To investigate the differences in ametropia among school-age children and between Han and Uygur ethnic groups in the main urban area of Kashgar, and to understand the epidemiological characteristics of myopia among children in Kashgar.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted.Random stratified sampling method was used to select the first to third grade students from 6 primary schools in the main urban areas of Kashgar, Xinjiang, from April to June 2018.Visual acuity was examined by the international standard visual acuity chart and refraction was detected by the automatic computer refractometer without cycloplegia.The subjects were classified into low vision (uncorrected visual acuity<0.8 in either eye), hyperopia≥2.00 D, myopia≥-1.00 D, astigmatism≥1.00 D and anisometropia≥1.00 D according to examination results.The percentage of different refraction states and percentage of different ethnic groups among myopic students in the three grades were analyzed.The study protocol was approved by an Ethics Committee of The First People's Hospital in Kashgar ([2021] QSY No.81).Results:A total of 6 108 students were enrolled, among which, there were 3 119 males and 2 989 females, 3 395 Uygur and 2 713 Han people, 2 016 first grade, 2 155 second grade and 1 937 third grade students.The detection rate of low vision was 13.5% (825/6 108) in the whole, 21.5% (584/2 713) in the Han people and 7.1% (241/3 395) in the Uygur people, 8.8% (176/2 016) in the first grade, 11.8% (254/2 155) in the second grade and 20.4% (395/1 937) in the third grade.The detection rate of myopia was 9.9% (606/6 108) in the whole, 17.6% (477/2 713) in the Han people and 3.8% (129/3 395) in the Uygur people, 4.4% (89/2 016) in the first grade, 8.1% (174/2 155) in the second grade and 17.7% (343/1 937) in the third grade.There were significant differences in percentage of low vision, myopia, astigmatism and anisometropia among different grades and between the two nationalities (all at P<0.001), and no significant difference in the percentage of hyperopia was found (P>0.05).Conclusions:The percentage of visual abnormalities and myopia in the first to third grade children in Kashgar is lower than the national average, but the percentage is gradually increasing with age.The percentage of visual abnormalities and myopia among Han pupils is close to the national average, and far higher than that of Uygur pupils.

Medicinal and Edible Resources in Xinjiang： Current Status and Prospects / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The homology of medicine and food has long been recognized in China， and the medicinal and edible resources are often employed to prevent and treat diseases or maintain health in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. Due to the unique geographical and climatic conditions， the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region （hereinafter referred to as Xinjiang） is blessed with abundant medicinal and edible resources， like Rosae Rugosae Flos， Punica granatum， and Amygdalus communis， which have been widely used by local ethnic communities as medicine in light of the remarkable pharmacological activities， guaranteeing their health condition to some extent. This paper collected the relevant articles from China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI） database through the keyword and full-text search with the medicinal and edible resource Rosae Rugosae Flos as the search term， and the subsequent analysis revealed that the medicinal and edible resources in Xinjiang has a wide range of applications in food， medicine， and ecological protection. This paper further explored their research value， status， and prospects， so as to provide some references for the rational， effective， and sustainable development and utilization of these medicinal and edible resources in Xinjiang， thus better achieving "poverty alleviation" and "rural revitalization"， popularizing TCM culture， and building a healthy China.

Comparative analysis of serum biochemical indexes of Uygur and Kazak adults of different ages and genders in Xinjiang / 解剖学报

Objective To analyze the changes of serum biochemical indexes with age and gender in Xinjiang Uygur and Kazak populations, and to compare the differences of serum biochemical indexes between Xinjiang Uygur and Kazak populations in gender and age. Methods Totally 511 Xinjiang Uygur and Kazak healthy adults were randomly selected from a hospital in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region for normal physical examination, including 252 and 259 Xinjiang Uygur and Kazak healthy adults. Serum biochemical indexes were detected by CX-7 automatic biochemical analyzer produced by Beckman, USA, and statistical analysis was conducted by variance analysis, t test, correlation analysis and chi-square test. Results Xinjiang Uygur nationality and Kazak serum biochemical indexes for the male and the female, including glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), direct bilirubin (DBil), uric acid (UA), creatinine (Cre) and urea (Ure), glucose (Glu), total bilirubin(TBil), cystatin C(Cys-C) increased with the growth of the age, and sex between different age groups were statistically significant (P 0. 05). There were statistically significant differences in Glu, TG, TC, LDL and HDL between Xinjiang Uygur and Kazak people of the same gender and age group (P < 0. 05). Conclusion The serum biochemical indexes of Uygur and Kazak in Xinjiang are different in different ages and genders. The Glu and lipid levels of Uygur nationality in Xinjiang are different from those of Kazak nationality.

Industry Status and Development Strategies of Chinese Ethnic Medicine / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Ethnic medicine is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine, which has encountered many problems in the development process, such as the lack of effective inheritance of valuable experience and practice, weak basic research and lack of talents, serious destruction of ethnic medicine resources, uneven quality of medicinal materials, weak intellectual property protection, etc. To sum up, these seriously restrict the development of ethnic medicine. Here, the authors propose some corresponding suggestions according to these problems. Firstly, we should try our best to protect and mine relevant professional books for promoting national medicine culture, establish complete system of national and local standards, strengthen the construction of standardized planting bases and germplasm resource banks, build a well-known brand of ethnic medicine and give full play to the leading role of the brand. Secondly, we should strengthen basic research on ethnic medicine and build an integrated system of production-study-research. By integrating the strength of culture, scientific research, talents and industry, this paper hopes to promote the vigorous development of ethnic medicine.

Sex Characteristics and Distribution of External Ear in Uygur Population of Xinjiang / 法医学杂志

Objective To analyze the characteristics of the bilateral external ears of Uygur adults by directly observing the morphological characteristics of the external ears of Uygur adults and classifying each feature. The frequency distribution of the characteristics was calculated to provide reference for forensic identification. Methods The 210 cases （75 males and 135 females） of bilateral external ear photos of Uygur adults in Xinjiang that met the inclusion criteria were collected. The frequencies of the features of the external ear were recorded and distinguished between the two sexes and the different sides. The data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 21.0 statistical software. Results The shapes of the external ears of males and females were commonly oblique or rectangular （34.67% of the left external ear of males and 41.33% of the right were oblique; 30.37% of the left and right external ear of females were rectangular）, while triangular ears were the rare variants and the least common. Sex and bilateral differences were observed as regards the form of the helix in the subjects. Normally rolled helix was the most common （58.67% males and 61.48% females for the left ear; 60.00% males and 72.59% females for the right ear）. Wide covering scapha helix was the most rare for the male left ear and flat helix was the most rare for the female right ear. Square and free earlobes were the most common （49.33% males and 62.96% females for the left ear; 40.00% males and 54.81% females for the right ear）, whereas triangular earlobes were rarely seen. Single knob tragus （40.00% males and 37.78% females for the left ear; 37.33% males and 33.33% females for the right ear） and projection type of Darwin's tubercle （50.67% males and 40.00% females for the left ear; 48.00% males and 39.26% females for the right ear） were found to be common. Conclusion The characteristics of the bilateral external ears of male and female Uygur adults have differences, which can be used for forensic identification.

Association analysis of ORMDL3 gene polymorphism with bronchial asthma of Uygur people in Urumqi region / 临床检验杂志

Objective@#To investigate the association of ORMDL3 gene polymorphism with the risk of bronchial asthma of Uygur people in Urumqi region. @*Methods@#Ten single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci of ORMDL3 gene in 93 Uygur patients with bronchial asthma and 100 healthy controls were genotyped by the multiplex SNP (SNaPshot) technique, and the association of different genotypes and alleles with the risk of asthma of Uygur people was analyzed. @*Results@#There were significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies of rs7216389 and rs12603332 loci of ORMDL3 gene between asthma patients and healthy controls (P＜0.05). The detection data of SNP loci of ORMDL3 gene were all in accordance with Hardy-Weiberg law (P＞0.05). @*Conclusion@#The polymorphism of ORMDL3 gene is directly associated with the risk of asthma in Uygur people, and the rs7216389 and rs12603332 loci of ORMDL3 gene may be the susceptible sites of bronchial asthma in Uygur people.

Sex Recognition of Skulls in Chinese Uygur / 法医学杂志

Objective Logistic regression method was used to establish a multiple regression sex discriminant function to discriminate the complete skull model and the incomplete skull model without frontal bone, occipital bone and mandible of Uygur adults in Turpan, Xinjiang. Methods A total of 117 （60 male and 57 female） three-dimensional skull models were collected by CT. Sixteen cranial measurement indexes were measured and calculated by computer software. The multivariate regression sex discriminant function was established with Logistic regression method and retrospectively tested. Results Among the 16 measurement indexes, except for nose width （x7） and maximum frontal breadth （x13）, the remaining 14 indexes had statistical significance of differences between male and female （P<0.05）. For the discriminant function of complete skull established by eyebrow arch convexity （x4）, mastoid width （x6）, maximum cranial length （x12）, cranial base length （x15）, cranial circumference （x16）, the male and female discrimination accuracy was 90.0% and 94.7%, respectively. For the sex discriminant function of incomplete skull without frontal bone established by mandibular angle width （x10）, mandibular height （x11） and cranial circumference （x16）, the discrimination accuracy of male and female was 85.0% and 84.2%, respectively. For the sex discriminant function of incomplete skull without occipital bone established by the index of eyebrow arch convexity （x4）, the discrimination accuracy of male and female was 80.0% and 73.7%, respectively. For the sex discriminant function of incomplete skull without mandible established by frontal chord （x5） and occipital protrusion angle （x9）, the discrimination accuracy of male and female was 85.0% and 78.9%, respectively. Conclusion The computer software and system developed in our study can achieve sex discrimination of complete skulls and incomplete skulls without frontal bone, occipital bone or mandible.

Regression Algorithm of Bone Age Estimation of Knee-joint Based on Principal Component Analysis and Support Vector Machine / 法医学杂志

Objective To establish a regression algorithm model that applies to bone age estimation of Xinjiang Uygur adolescents with machine learning methods such as histogram of oriented gradient （HOG）, local binary patterns （LBP）, support vector machine （SVM）, principal component analysis （PCA）. Methods DR images of knee-joints from 275 male and 225 female subjects aged 12.0-<19.0 years old were collected, PCA method was used to reduce the dimensionality of the HOG and LBP features, and support vector regression （SVR） was used to establish a knee-joint bone age estimation algorithm model. Stratified random sampling method was used to select 215 male samples, 180 female samples for the model training set. K-fold cross validation method was used to optimize parameters of the model. The remaining samples as the independent test set was used to compare the sample's true age and model estimated age, and had an accuracy rate in the statistical error range of ±0.8 and ±1.0 years, respectively. Then the mean absolute error （MAE） and root mean square error （RMSE） were calculated. Results The accuracy rate of male in the statistical error range of ±0.8 and ±1.0 year was 80.67%, 89.33%, respectively. The MAE and RMSE were 0.486 and 0.606 years, respectively. The accuracy rate of female in the statistical error range of ±0.8 and ±1.0 years was 80.19%, 90.45%, respectively. The MAE and RMSE were 0.485 and 0.590 years, respectively. Conclusion Establishment of prediction model for bone age estimation by feature dimension reduction of HOG and LBP in DR images of knee-joint based on PCA and SVM has relatively high accuracy.

Genetic Polymorphism of 17 STR Loci in Uygur Population of Akesu in Xinjiang / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the genetic polymorphisms of 17 STR loci in Uygur population of Akesu in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.@*METHODS@#Blood samples from 10 094 unrelated individuals of Uygur population of Akesu in Xinjiang were amplified by using the 17+1 PCR amplification kit, and 17 STR loci typing were detected. Allele distribution and population genetic parameters of each locus were calculated, and compared with those of Chinese Han population, and Uygur population of Yili, Hotan and Turpan regions.@*RESULTS@#In the 10 094 unrelated Uygur individuals, 252 alleles were detected. All loci meet the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium using a chi-square goodness-of-fit test expectation except vWA loci. Fourteen out of the 17 STR loci, including D13S317, showed high power of discrimination. A significant difference on the allele distribution of all the 17 STR loci was observed between Uygur population of Akesu and Chinese Han population, and the difference of some loci existed between Uygur population of Akesu and the other three Uygur populations.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The 17 STR loci are highly polymorphic genetic markers, and the polymorphic information could serve as reference data for forensic individual identification and paternity identification in Akesu.

Anatomical morphology of the root and root canal system of the second permanent molar in the Uygur people / 口腔疾病防治

Objective @#To study the anatomical characteristics of the root and root canal system of the mandibular second permanent molar in the Uygur people and provide a reference for clinical practice.@*Methods @#A total of 125 mandibular second permanent molars were extracted from Uygur patients in hospitals in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Three-dimensional reconstruction was performed after micro-CT scanning. The number of root canals, the root canal type (Weine classification and Fan′s C-shaped canal classification) and the occurrence of lateral accessory canals were observed.@*Results @#A sex difference was not detected in the root number or root form (χ2 = 1.277, P = 0.259). The incidence of 2-rooted molars was 70.4% (n = 88); type 2-1 canals were most common in the mesial root, with an incidence of 29.5%, followed by type 1-1 and 2-2 canals (each with an incidence of 26.1%), and the distal root mostly had a type 1-1 canal (96.6%). The incidence of single-rooted molars was 28.8%, and the frequency of C-shaped (n = 28) and non-C-shaped (n = 8) single-rooted molars was 22.4% and 6.4%, respectively. A three-rooted molar was detected in one case. The incidence of accessory canals was 65.2%.@*Conclusion @# Uygur mandibular second molars are mainly composed of two roots, and the incidence of a single root and root canal fusion is low (including C-shaped canals). Two-rooted molars frequently have two mesial canals and one distal canal.

Establishment of reference range for specific thyroid function during pregnancy and analysis of influencing factors of hypothyroxinemia / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To establish a reference range for specific thyroid function during pregnancy and to explore the influencing factors of hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy.Methods A retrospective analysis of 2 996 cases of thyroid function in the pregnant women who were with single pregnancy and without thyroid diseases and family history of those diseases.Results (1) Establish a unified reference range for specific thyroid function during pregnancy;the early,middle,and late trimesters thyrotropin (TSH) ranges were 0.02-6.39,0.16-6.23,0.64-6.59 mU/L,respectively,while free thyroxine (FT4) ranges were 11.32-23.00,9.39-18.92,8.54-16.73 pmol/L respectively.The specific reference ranges of Han and Uygur pregnant women were established separately.There was no difference in the detection rates of various thyroid diseases when using their respective reference ranges and the unified reference range of the hospital (P ＞ 0.05).(2) The detection rate of various thyroid diseases (except subclinical hyperthyroidism) of our subjects with China guideline reference range was significantly higher than the reference range with the hospital (P＜0.05).(3) The detection rates of hypothyroxinemia in all pregnant women with FT4 cut points of P2.5 and P5 were 4.3％ and 7.4％,respectively,of which the Han population was 4.3％ and 7.1％,respectively,and the Uygur population was 4.3％ and 7.9％,respectively.(4) Comparing the mean age,gestational age,median urine iodine,and thyroid antibody positive rate between the hypothyroxinemia group and the control group,only the mean age and gestational age were different (P＜0.05);Logistic binary regression analysis showed that age was the risk factor for hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy (OR =1.035,95％ CI 1.006-1.066,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The Han and Uygur pregnant women in this area both can use the thyroid reference range of our hospital during pregnancy.The establishment of thyroid reference range may avoid over-diagnosis of thyroid disease during pregnancy.Age is a possible influencing factor of hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy.

Methylation in the promoter regions of WT1, NKX6-1 and DBC1 genes in cervical cancer tissues of Uygur women in Xinjiang

Abstract This study aimed to explore: 1) DNA methylation in the promoter regions of Wilms tumor gene 1 (WT1), NK6 transcription factor related locus 1 gene (NKX6-1) and Deleted in bladder cancer 1 (DBC1) gene in cervical cancer tissues of Uygur women in Xinjiang, and 2) the correlation of gene methylation with the infection of HPV16/18 viruses. We detected HPV16/18 infection in 43 normal cervical tissues, 30 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia lesions (CIN) and 48 cervical cancer tissues with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Methylation in the promoter regions of the WT1, NKX6-1 and DBC1 genes in the above-mentioned tissues was measured by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and cloning sequencing. The expression level of these three genes was measured by real-time PCR (qPCR) in 10 methylation-positive cervical cancer tissues and 10 methylation-negative normal cervical tissues. We found that the infection of HPV16 in normal cervical tissues, CIN and cervical cancer tissues was 14.0, 36.7 and 66.7%, respectively. The infection of HPV18 was 0, 6.7 and 10.4%, respectively. The methylation rates of WT1, NKX6-1 and DBC1 genes were 7.0, 11.6 and 23.3% in normal cervical tissues, 36.7, 46.7 and 30.0% in CIN tissues, and 89.6, 77.1 and 85.4% in cervical cancer tissues. Furthermore, WT1, NKX6-1 and DBC1 genes were hypermethylated in the high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (CIN2, CIN3) and in the cervical cancer tissues with infection of HPV16/18 (both P< 0.05). The expression of WT1, NKX6-1 and DBC1 was significantly lower in the methylation-positive cervical cancer tissues than in methylation-negative normal cervical tissues. Our findings indicated that methylation in the promoter regions of WT1, NKX6-1 and DBC1 is correlated with cervical cancer tumorigenesis in Uygur women. The infection of HPV16/18 might be correlated with methylation in these genes. Gene inactivation caused by methylation might be related to the incidence and development of cervical cancer.

Investigation of anterior teeth color of Uygur youth aged15-20years in the Kashi area of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region / 口腔疾病防治

Objective @# To study the distribution range of the color values of the upper anterior teeth of Uygur youth in the Kashi area of XinJiang as a reference for clinical applications.@*Methods@#Based on the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) L*a*b* color system, the colorimetric values of the anterior teeth of 212 Uygur youths in Xinjiang, Kashi, were analyzed by digital camera colorimetry. There were 105 males and 107 females. The length of the neck to the cutting end of the tooth was measured, and the tooth was evenly divided into thirds. To determine the chromaticity values of the incisors, lateral incisors, cuspids, and middle teeth, 1/3 of the cervical, middle and incisal regions and 9 test areas were measured. @*Results @#The color of the cervical, middle and incisal regions of the same tooth position in Uygur youth in the Kashi area showed the following trends: L* value: middle regions > cervical regions > incisal regions; a* value: cervical regions > incisal regions > middle regions; b* value: cervical regions > middle regions > incisal regions, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The value of L* gradually decreased, and the value of a* gradually increased (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the a* value of male and female maxillary anterior teeth (P > 0.05). However, there was a significant difference in the b* value between the middle teeth and the incisors, the middle and the incisal regions of the upper maxillary incisors, and the cutting end of the upper maxillary incisors (P < 0.05). @*Conclusions @# There was a significant difference in the color of the cervical, middle and incisal of the same tooth. The upper jaw gradually reduced from the incisors to the sharp teeth, and the color gradually became reddish. The maxillary central incisor was brighter in males than in females, and the middle and incisal regions of the maxillary front teeth were more yellow than in males than in females.

Age Estimation and Age-related Facial Reconstruction of Xinjiang Uygur Males by Three-dimensional Human Facial Images / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To search age-correlated facial features and construct an age estimation model based on the three-dimensional （3D） facial images of Xinjiang Uygur males, and to structure individual face images of old age and young age.@*METHODS@#Pretreatment was performed to collect 105 3D facial images of Xingjiang Uygur males aged between 17-57 years by Artec Studio software. The facial images were transferred to high-density 3D dot matrix data by FaceAnalysis software, and each image could be represented with 32 251 vertexes. Central correction of the facial images was done and all the data were aligned to a standard coordinate frame by generalized Procrustes analysis （GPA）. The age estimation model was established by partial least square regression （PLSR）. Furthermore, the changes of age-correlated facial features were presented on the heat map of average face, and the reconstruction of facial images at different ages was performed based on this model.@*RESULTS@#With age, the average faces showed a series of changes including the nasolabial sulcus deepening, cheek sinking, cheekbone protruding and eye corner drooping. The Pearson correlation coefficient （r） between estimated age and chronological age was 0.71. The mean absolute deviation （MAD） of age estimation was 6.37 years. The results of age estimation in >30-40 years group showed a best accuracy （MAD=4.27 years）, and the deviations increased with age after 40 years. The composite facial images represented a significant result with age on facial morphological features and aging.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The results of this study reveal the age-correlated facial features and aging markers in Uygur population, which help to construct a reliable age estimation model.

Clinical effect of combined fascial sheath suspension with upper blepharoplasty to treat congenital ptosis in Uygur population / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of combined fascial sheath suspension with upper blepharoplasty to treat congenital ptosis in Uygur population.Methods 42 patients with congenital ptosis (63 eyes) were selected during December 2015 to September 2017 in the People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.Combined fascia sheath suspension with levator leva tor shortening was used for the treatment.The postoperative correction effect was observed and the patients were followed up for the complications and satisfaction.Results The moderate and severe ptosis was improved and the effective rate was 95.0％,and so the surgical treatment was effective.The incidence of adverse reactions and the recurrence rate of the disease were significantly lower than those of other procedures.Conclusions CFS plus LM treatment for severe ptosis has obvious surgical results in Uygur population,and the satisfactory rate is higher than moderate patients.In addition,the incidence of orbital regurgitation in moderate patients is lower than that in severe patients.