Estruturação do plano de imunização no combate a covid-19: (des)ordem nos acordos entre os poderes / Structuring the immunization plan to fight covid-19: (dis)order in agreements between the powers / Estructura del plan de inmunización para combatir el covid-19: (des)orden en acuerdos entre potencias

Objetivo: Fomentar o debate acerca da ordenação do plano de vacinação nacional, considerando os aspectos organizacionais entre união, estados e municípios. Métodos: Revisão de literatura, tendo como base os periódicos Cientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS), usando como descritores: Pandemia, Vacina e Plano de Imunização. Com essa busca foram encontradas, inicialmente, 48 publicações. Após a realização da análise, foram incluídos 11 artigos científicos na revisão. Os textos foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo semântica. Resultados: Foram levantadas duas categorias: estratégias de combate a pandemia do covid-19 no Brasil, e a manipulação da sociedade civil e a desordem da cobertura vacinal. Conclusão: as reflexões aqui apresentadas podem contribuir para que os profissionais de enfermagem desenvolvam uma postura reflexiva frente a demanda vacinal, processo de planejamento e percepções da sociedade civil, podendo desencadear uma melhora na preparação para a educação em saúde. (AU)

Objective: To encourage the debate about the ordering of the national vaccination plan, considering the organizational aspects between the union, states and municipalities. Methods: Literature review, based on scientific journals Electronic Library Online (SCIELO), Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and Virtual Health Library (VHL), using as descriptors: Pandemia, Vaccine and Immunization Plan. With this search, 48 publications were initially found. After the analysis, 11 scientific articles were included in the review. The texts were subjected to semantic content analysis. Results: Two categories were raised: strategies to combat the covid-19 pandemic in Brazil, and the manipulation of civil society and the disorder of vaccination coverage. Conclusion: The reflections presented here can contribute for nursing professionals to develop a reflexive posture in face of the vaccine demand, planning process and civil society perceptions, which can trigger an improvement in the preparation for health education. (AU)

Objetivo: Fomentar el debate sobre la ordenación del plan nacional de vacunación, considerando los aspectos organizativos entre sindicato, estados y municipios. Métodos: Revisión de la literatura, con base en revistas científicas Biblioteca Electrónica en Línea (SCIELO), Coordinación para el Perfeccionamiento del Personal de Educación Superior (CAPES) y Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS), utilizando como descriptores: Pandemia, Vacuna y Plan de Inmunización. Con esta búsqueda se encontraron inicialmente 48 publicaciones. Después del análisis, se incluyeron 11 artículos científicos en la revisión. Los textos fueron sometidos a análisis de contenido semántico. Resultados: Se plantearon dos categorías: estrategias para combatir la pandemia de covid-19 en Brasil y la manipulación de la sociedad civil y el desorden de la cobertura de vacunación. Conclusión: Las reflexiones aquí presentadas pueden contribuir para que los profesionales de enfermería desarrollen una postura reflexiva ante la demanda de vacunas, el proceso de planificación y las percepciones de la sociedad civil, lo que puede desencadenar una mejora en la preparación para la educación en salud. (AU)

Adherencia de adultos de la compañía Chauria para la vacunación contra la COVID-19

Introducción: La pandemia del COVID-19 ha provocado cambios que afectan a los sistemas sanitarios y al enfoque de las enfermedades infecciosas en todo el mundo. La demanda de vacunas contra el COVID-19 se encuadra en un espectro que va desde el rechazo hasta la demanda, con una aceptación pasiva en el medio. Objetivo: Determinar la adherencia de los adultos a la vacunación contra la COVID-19. Chauria-Caballero, Paraguay 2022. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, con enfoque cuantitativo. El muestreo fue no probabilístico por conveniencia. La muestra estuvo conformada por un total de 225 adultos; los datos fueron recabados por medio de una encuesta elaborada por la investigadora, los datos fueron procesados con el software EPI INFO. Resultados: La mayoría de los sujetos de estudio se vacunaron, y hubo adherencia de la población a la vacuna contra la COVID-19 en un 93 %; diversos factores influyeron en las decisiones de estos; el porcentaje de adultos no vacunados mencionan como motivos su desconfianza (69 %) y el miedo/temor a la vacunación (31 %). Discusión: El estudio encontró una alta adherencia en general, la gran mayoría de los participantes vacunados contra COVID-19, porcentajes significativos se reportaron en Chile, China y Catar, cifras muy altas con relación a la aceptación de la vacuna a nivel país, teniendo una cobertura con un porcentaje mayor a la mitad con al menos una dosis.

Introduction: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused changes that affect health systems and the approach to infectious diseases worldwide. The demand for COVID-19 vaccines falls on a spectrum from rejection to demand, with passive acceptance in between. Objective: To determine the adherence of adults to vaccination against COVID-19. Chauria-Caballero, Paraguay 2022. Methods: This was an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study using a quantitative approach. For convenience, the sampling was non-probabilistic. The sample comprised of 225 adults. The data were collected through a survey elaborated by the researcher, and the data were processed using EPI INFO software. Results: The majority of the study subjects were vaccinated, and there was 93% adherence of the population to the COVID-19 vaccine. Various factors influenced their decisions; the percentage of unvaccinated adults mentioned their distrust (69%) and fear of vaccination (31%). Discussion: The study found high adherence in general, the vast majority of participants were vaccinated against COVID-19, with significant percentages reported in Chile, China, and Qatar, very high figures in relation to the acceptance of the vaccine at the country level, with coverage of more than half with at least one dose.

Dengue en paciente de 32 días de vida. Reporte de un caso poco habitual / Dengue fever in a 32-day-old patient. A rare case report

El dengue es una enfermedad viral transmitida por la picadura del mosquito Aedes aegypti. El comportamiento del dengue en Argentina es epidémico; la mayoría de los casos se observan en los meses de mayor temperatura. Hasta la semana epidemiológica (SE) 20/2023, se registraron en Argentina 106 672 casos; se vieron afectadas 18 de las 24 provincias que conforman el país. Dentro de los principales grupos de riesgo, se incluyen los menores de 2 años. Reconocer los signos, síntomas e identificar los factores de riesgo es fundamental para el manejo de casos con mayor riesgo de gravedad. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 32 días de vida que se internó por síndrome febril sin foco, con diagnósticos diferenciales de meningitis viral y sepsis, evolucionó con leucocitosis, plaquetopenia, hipoalbuminemia, asociado a exantema y edemas. Se llegó al diagnóstico de dengue por la clínica, epidemiologia e IgM positiva.

Dengue fever is a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. In Argentina, dengue fever is an epidemic disease; most cases are reported during the hot months.Until epidemiological week (EW) 20/2023, 106 672 cases were reported across 18 of the 24 provinces of Argentina. Children younger than 2 years are among the main groups at risk. Recognizing signs and symptoms and identifying risk factors is fundamental for the management of cases at a higher risk of severity. Here we describe the case of a 32-day-old female patient who was hospitalized due to febrile syndrome without a source, who had a differential diagnosis of viral meningitis and sepsis and progressed to leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia in association with rash and edema. The diagnosis of dengue fever was established based on clinical, epidemiological, and positive IgM data.

Safety of the yellow fever vaccine in people living with HIV: a longitudinal study exploring post-vaccination viremia and hematological and liver kinetics

ABSTRACT Background: Safety data on the yellow fever vaccine 17DD in People Living with HIV (PLWH) are limited. This study explored the occurrence of post-vaccination 17DD viremia and the kinetics of hematological and liver laboratorial parameters in PLWH and HIV-uninfected participants [HIV(-) controls]. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of a longitudinal interventional trial (NCT03132311) study that enrolled PLWH and HIV(-) controls to receive a single 17DD dose and were followed at 5, 30 and 365 days after vaccination in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 17DD viremia (obtained throughreal-time PCR and plaque forming units' assays), hematological (neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets counts) and liver enzymes (ALT and AST) results were assessed at baseline and Days 5 and 30 post-vaccination. Logistic regression models explored factors associated with the odds of having positive 17DD viremia. Linear regression models explored variables associated with hematological and liver enzymes results at Day 5. Results: A total of 202 PLWH with CD4 > 200 cells/μL and 68 HIV(-) controls were included in the analyses. 17DD viremia was found in 20.0 % of the participants and was twice more frequent in PLWH than in HIV(-) controls (22.8% vs. 11.8 %, p-value < 0.001). Neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets counts dropped at Day 5 and returned to baseline values at Day 30. 17DD viremia was associated with lower nadir of lymphocytes and platelets at Day 5. ALT levels did not increase post-vaccination and were not associated with 17DD viremia. Conclusions: 17DD was safe and well-tolerated in PLWH with CD4 > 200 cells/μL. Post-vaccination viremia was more frequent in PLWH than in controls. Transient and self-limited decreases in lymphocytes and neutrophils occurred early after vaccination. 17DD viremia was associated with lower lymphocytes and platelets nadir after vaccination. We did not observe elevations in ALT after 17DD vaccination.

Progress in research on novel BC adjuvant system / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Vaccines with novel adjuvants have been listed abroad,while in China,except for aluminum adjuvants widely used in vaccine research and production,few other novel adjuvants have been successfully listed. This paper briefly summarized the source,development history,research progress on biological activity and immune mechanism as well as safety evaluation of the novel BC adjuvant system with independent intellectual property right which has been applied to the vaccine in clinical research stage,so as to provide theoretical support for selection of the adjuvant in the development of novel vaccine.

Development and verification of a high performance liquid chromatography method for determination of aluminium adjuvant content in vaccine / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To develop a high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)method for determination of aluminium adjuvant content in vaccine,and verify and preliminarily apply the method.Methods The 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatization method was used for determination. The chromatographic column was phenyl-hexyl column[Luna 5u PhenylHexyl(250 mm × 4. 6 mm)],and the mobile phase was composed of ammonium acetate solution-acetonitrile(with 8-hydroxyquinoline)(60 ∶ 40)containing 20 mg/L ascorbic acid,while eluted at a flow rate of 1. 0 mL/min with the isocratic eluent. The excitation wavelength and the emission wavelength of the fluorescence detector were 380 nm and 520 nm respectively. The column temperature was 40 ℃,and the sample injection was 50 μL. The developed method was verified for the specificity,linear range,accuracy,repeatability,stability and durability,and used to determine the aluminum content in 12 batches of vaccines. The results were compared with those determined by titration in general principle 3106of Chinese Pharmacopoeia(VolumeⅢ,2020 edition).Results No interference peaks appeared in the sample chromatogram,and the non-aluminum adjuvant vaccine components and phosphate buffer had no interference with the determination. The linearity of aluminum standard was good in the concentration range of 6. 25 ～ 100 μg/mL,r = 0. 999 6. The average results of spike recoveries of aluminum content in inactivated hepatitis A vaccine,recombinant hepatitis B vaccine,adsorbed acellular DTP vaccine and inactivated enterovirus 71 vaccine were 98. 32%,100. 85%,101. 09% and 99. 31%,respectively in the verification for accuracy. The relative standard deviations(RSDs) of the determination results of aluminum content in the solution of six samples of the four vaccines in the same batch were 1. 09%,1. 42%,0. 97% and1. 30%,respectively. The RSDs of aluminum content of four vaccine samples stored at room tempe-rature for 0,2,4,6 and8 h were 0. 82%,0. 73%,0. 40% and 0. 48%,respectively. When the ratio of ammonium acetate solution to 8-hydroxyquinoline acetonitrile solution in mobile phase changed within 5%,the fluctuation range of aluminum content of four vaccines was less than 2%. There was no significant difference between the developed HPLC method and the titration method of Chinese Pharmacopoeia(VolumeⅢ,2020 edition)for determination of aluminum content in the 12 batches of vaccine samples.Conclusion A HPLC method for determination of aluminum adjuvant content in vaccines has been successfully established with good specificity,linearity,accuracy,repeatability,stability and durability,simple operation,high degree of automation and less interference of manual factors. It can realize the determination of aluminium content in single dose,which provides an effective means for the rapid and large-scale determination of aluminum content in vaccine products and monitoring the dispensing of semi-final products in the production process.

Trend analysis of hemagglutinin and ovalbumin content for influenza virus split vaccines in 2021 / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To analyze the trend of the hemagglutinin(HA) and ovalbumin contents in the lot release of influenza virus split vaccines in 2021,and evaluate the quality and quality control level of the vaccines.Methods The HA and ovalbumin content data of influenza virus split vaccines from two domestic enterprises in 2021 were collected and collated. The mean value and standard deviation were calculated according to the first 40 batches of data of the enterprise in the year,and the warning limit and action limit were established. The trend analysis of the above indexes was carried out to evaluate the stability and consistency of the product quality of the enterprise. Statistical data comparison and consistency analysis were made between the test results of the batch inspected by the lot release institution and the results of the enterprise.Results Through the retrospective data analysis of quadrivalent influenza virus split vaccines from two vaccine enterprises A and B,it was found that the content of H1N1 subtype HA and ovalbumin in the two enterprises and the content of Bv HA in the B enterprise had out of trend(OOT)situations,while the trend of other items was stable. The results of paired student's t test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test of the samples inspected by the lot release institution showed that except Bv subtype HA(t = 1. 094 and 0. 742 respectively)and ovalbumin(w =-64 and 36 respectively)contents showed no statistically significant difference(P > 0. 05),the HA contents of H1N1(t = 3. 862,w = 232),H3N2(t = 8. 225 and3. 473 respectively)and By(t = 5. 616 and 4. 934 respectively)of the two enterprises had significant differences(P <0. 05). The results of enterprises were generally higher than the lot release institution. Bland-Altman test analysis found that the consistency between the test data of enterprise A's HA content and the data of the lot release institution was better than that of enterprise B.Conclusion The stability and consistency of data trends of active ingredients and main impurity ingredients of quadrivalent influenza virus split vaccine batches in 2021 were generally good. The trend analysis can identify potential problems in vaccine production,and enterprises should carefully implement trend analysis and effectively monitor the product quality of vaccines.

Research progress on diabetes and human papilloma virus infection and vaccination / 公共卫生与预防医学

Diabetes is a common chronic non-infectious disease. Diabetic patients not only suffer from metabolic disorders, but are also prone to immune deficiencies and are at a higher risk of being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV). Many studies at home and abroad have shown that the HPV infection rate of patients with diabetes is higher than that of non-diabetic patients. Patients with diabetes can benefit from HPV vaccination, and the tolerance is good. HPV vaccination is recommended for diabetic patients. This article reviews the research on diabetes, HPV infection, and HPV vaccine, which will provide references for HPV vaccination in diabetic patients.

Compatibility Theory of Yiqi Zengmian Prescription as Vaccine Adjuvant / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveThis study explored the application of Yiqi Zengmian prescription as a vaccine adjuvant， aiming to provide a new scheme for the prevention and control of corona virus disease 2019（COVID-19） with traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. By analyzing the compatibility and efficacy， this paper examines the compatibility effect of Yiqi Zengmian prescription， which is modified from the classic tonifying agent Si Junzitang， as a vaccine adjuvant. MethodUsing the Database of Ancient Classical Prescriptions， this paper analyzed the composition of Yiqi Zengmian prescription and probed into the theoretical basis for the compatibility of this prescription from the properties， medicine combination， and efficacy. Furthermore， the compatibility effect of this prescription with vaccines was analyzed. ResultAs a TCM prescription， Yiqi Zengmian prescription focuses on the lung and spleen and enhances the Qi in the two organs. The lung governs Qi movement. The body breathes fresh air through the lungs and exchanges the turbid gas in the lungs， and the gas circulates alternately in the lungs to ensure the normal breathing of the human body. The spleen governing transportation and transformation is the hub for Qi movement， and Qi is the embodiment of metabolic function. By regulating qi movement and enhancing the functions of Qi and blood， Yiqi Zengmian prescription can enhance the immunogenicity of the vaccine， which provides a theoretical basis for enhancing the immune effects of vaccines. ConclusionYiqi Zengmian prescription has the effects of replenishing Qi and invigorating spleen， regulating Qi and drying dampness， and enhancing immunity. The in-depth analysis of the TCM theory of Yiqi Zengmian prescription as a vaccine adjuvant and the results of clinical and laboratory studies suggest that Yiqi Zengmian prescription may enhance the induction of immune response after vaccination and maintain the immune memory. However， the mechanism of Yiqi Zengmian prescription in regulating the complex immune network remains to be elucidated.

Research progress of chitosan and quaternized chitosan as vaccine adjuvant / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Adjuvant is the key factor for many new vaccines to play a protective role. The addition of adjuvant can not only reduce the amount of antigen,but also increase the immunogenicity of its antigen,and stimulate the strong immune response of body. Chitosan,as the product of natural polysaccharide chitin removing part of acetyl group,has the characteristics of adhesion,permeability,biocompatibility and so on,and has been widely studied and applied as a vaccine adjuvant. As a novel adjuvant,it can not only help to induce cellular and humoral immunity,but also activate mucosal immunity. This review discussed the recent progress of chitosan and quaternized chitosan as vaccine adjuvants and the related mechanism.

Analysis of HPV vaccine-related KAP and its influencing factors among resident women aged 16-45 years in Pudong New Area / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To analyze the related knowledge-attitude-practice(KAP)and the influencing factors of human papilloma virus(HPV)vaccine among 16 — 45 year old resident women in Pudong New Area.Methods Six of the 36streets(towns)in Pudong New Area were randomly selected as the survey site,the resident women aged 16 — 45 years were randomly selected excluding those with reading or comprehension disabilities and those with mental disorders,and a total of 1 022 valid questionnaires were collected through self-filling questionnaires to understand the KAP status of the HPV vaccine among the resident women in Pudong New Area. The relationship among KAP of HPV vaccine and its influencing factors were analyzed by univariate analysis and structural equation model.Results The overall awareness rate of HPV vaccine among 16-45 year old resident women in Pudong area was higher. Univariate analysis showed that marital status,educational level,employment status and household annual income were related to the awareness level of HPV vaccine（χ~2=12. 832,17. 636,16. 770 and 20. 030,respectively,each P < 0. 05）;Age,marital status,employment status and children′s status were correlated with HPV vaccination level（χ~2= 12. 382,25. 777,8. 830 and 20. 138,respectively,each P <0. 05）;HPV vaccine health education,HPV and HPV vaccine knowledge scores affected HPV vaccination status（χ~2=97. 561 and 68. 969,respectively,P < 0. 001）;Subjects' knowledge of cervical cancer was positively affected by knowledge of HPV infection(γ_(11)= 0. 756,P < 0. 001). Knowledge of cervical cancer not only positively affected subjects′ attitudes towards the efficacy of HPV vaccine(β_(21)= 0. 557,P < 0. 001),also had a direct effect on the HPV vaccination behavior of the subjects,showing a promoting effect(β_(31)= 0. 274,P = 0. 004). Subjects′ approval of the efficacy of HPV vaccine had a positive effect on their actual vaccination behavior(β_(32)= 0. 175,P = 0. 016).Conclusion The willingness of the 16 — 45 year old resident women in Pudong New Area to inoculate HPV vaccine was positive,but the actual vaccination rate was low. It is suggested to strengthen the HPV vaccine publicity while strengthening the education of cervical cancer and HPV infection,and consider the necessity of including the suitable age males in the scope of human vaccination.

Expression and identification of recombinant adenovirus type 5-Norovirus GⅡ.4-VP1 virus-like particles / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To express and identify recombinant adenovirus type 5-Norovirus(NoV)GⅡ.4-VP1 virus-like particles(VLPs)in 293T cells. Methods The recombinant adenovirus plasmids pAd5-eGFP and pAd5-NoV-GⅡ.4-VP1 were transfected into 293T cells respectively,and the recombinant adenovirus rAd5-eGFP and rAd5-NoV-GⅡ.4-VP1 were rescued. The rAd5-eGFP was subcultured in 293T cells to verify the function of the vector. The rAd5-NoV-GⅡ.4-VP1 was subcultured in293T cells,expressed and purified,and then NoV-GⅡ.4-VLP was formed by self-assembly,which was detected by Western blot,ELISA and observed by transmission electron microscope. Results The green fluorescence of the recombinant adenovirus rAd5-eGFP of various generations was observed under microscope,and the brightness increased with the increase of generations. NoV-GⅡ.4-VP1 protein was expressed in the harvested solution of recombinant adenovirus rAd5-NoV-GⅡ.4-VP1 of various generations,with a relative molecular mass of about 58 900. NoV-GⅡ.4-VLP showed specific binding to the rabbit anti-NoV-GⅡ.4-VP1 serum;it had similar conformation to natural NoV virus particles and can effectively identify NoV receptors in volunteer saliva samples;microscopic observation showed that the morphology was complete and spherical,with a diameter of 43. 5 — 58. 3 nm,while there were a few protrusions on the surface of the particles,which might be the P domain exposedon the particle surface during self-assembly of VP1. Conclusion The expressed recombinant adenovirus NoV-GⅡ. 4-VLP has complete VLP structure and good specificity,and is expected to be used in the related research of NoV adenovirus vector vaccine.

Comparison of Congenital Rubella Syndrome Cases at a Philippine Tertiary Hospital from 2009-2012 to 2019-2022

Background and Objective@#The Philippines does not have a national congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) surveillance or registry. Regular monitoring of CRS cases in hospitals, including in a Philippine tertiary hospital, helped in the past to provide clinico-epidemiologic data on CRS. This study aimed to continue providing clinico-epidemiologic data on CRS cases seen in the Philippine tertiary hospital from 2009-2012 and 2019-2022 and compare the cases seen from said timelines.@*Methods@#A cross-sectional study was used, employing chart review of patients newly diagnosed with CRS from 2009-2012 and 2019-2022 in the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences at the Philippine tertiary hospital.@*Results@#Forty-two patients newly diagnosed with CRS from 2009-2012 and 2019-2022 were included. Only 14 (33%) were serologically-confirmed cases (albeit qualitatively). Median age (first and third interquartile ranges) at consult was 1 year (0.4, 2.5). Twenty-four (57%) patients had maternal history of rashes and/or fever. Trimester of pregnancy when mother became symptomatic was not significantly correlated with chief complaint (p=0.20) and numbers of ophthalmic (p=0.68) and systemic manifestations (p=0.32). Cataract was the most common ophthalmic manifestation present in 40 (95%) patients. Twenty-six (62%) patients had other associated systemic findings of which hearing loss was the most common. Only 29 of 40 patients with cataract underwent lensectomy, with 23 patients having poor visual prognosis prior to surgery (5 with nystagmus alone, 10 with nystagmus and strabismus, and 8 with strabismus alone). @*Discussion@#Using ophthalmic manifestations as primary indicator, this study provided an update on the CRS cases in the country. Laboratory confirmation remains a challenge in diagnosing CRS as the tests are costly and not widely available. There was increase from 2009-2012 compared to 2019-2022 in number of patients who underwent surgical treatment for cataract but visual outcomes were suboptimal due to delay in consultation. Although there was a decrease in number of CRS cases seen in the Philippine tertiary hospital, this cannot be attributed to increased rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) coverage alone. @*Conclusion@#Provision of data from individual hospital-based studies similar to this highlights the need for a national CRS surveillance system or registry. This can better gauge the burden of CRS and identify the gap in RCV coverage.

Research progress of needle-free injection technology / 药学学报

Needle-free injection technology (NFIT) refers to the drug delivery systems in which drugs are propelled as high-speed jet streams using any of the pressure source to penetrate the skin to the required depth. NFIT is a promising drug delivery system as it enables the injection of liquids, powders, and depot/projectiles, and has the advantages of preventing needle stick accidents, improving drug bioavailability, eliminating needle-phobia, increasing vaccine immunity, simplifying operations and is convenient for patients to use. NFIT and its research background, the structure and classification of needle-free jet injectors (NFJI), drugs that can be delivered using NFJI and the factors affecting the injection effect are comprehensively reviewed in this paper. The limitations and potential development directions are summarized to provide a theoretical basis for the application and development of NFIT.

Analysis of cases of reinfection of past SARS-CoV-2 patients in Pudong New Area of Shanghai / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo identify the rate， population characteristics， and vaccination history of repeat infections among previously infected people in the current epidemic based on the rate of repeat infection and population characteristics of different mutant strains at different times in Pudong New Area of Shanghai， and to provide reference for the prevention and control strategies of novel coronavirus repeat infections. MethodsA total of 9 250 investigated subjects were randomly selected from the new cases of asymptomatic infection and confirmed cases reported by Pudong New Area from March to May 2022. The investigation mainly focused on demographic characteristics， nucleic acid or antigen test results， and symptoms after infection. The repeat infection rates among different populations were compared， and logistic regression was used to analyze the impact of gender， age， and vaccination status on repeat infections. ResultsThe survey sample of 9 250 people had a response rate of 81.85%. There were 4 043 males （53.40%） and 3 528 females （46.60%）， with a median age of 34 years old （P25， P75： 7， 61）. The overall vaccine uptake rate was 59.44% （4 500/7 571）. In December of 2022， there were 563 cases of repeat infection， with an infection rate of 7.44%. The lowest rate of repeat infection was seen in the 3‒ year-old group （2.86%） and the highest rate in the 30‒ year-old group （12.42%）， with significant differences between different age groups. The repeated infection rate for those who had completed their vaccinations was significantly lower （6.57%） compared to those who had not （7.11%）. The age groups of 3‒ years， 70‒79 years， as well as individuals who completed full vaccination and received booster shots were protective factors against repeat infections. ConclusionThe overall rate of reinfection among the infected in Shanghai during the spring of 2022 was low in the outbreak of the Omicron variant， and the rate of reinfection in the 3‒ year-old group was significantly lower than in other age groups. Completing the full course of vaccination significantly reduces the risk of reinfection. Although the reinfection rate is high in individuals who received booster shots， it remains a mitigating factor compared to those who do not receive the vaccine. It is recommended to continue monitoring reinfections in key populations and further strengthen immunization efforts.

Epidemiological characteristics of pertussis in Hubei Province in 2016 - 2021 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics and current situation of pertussis in Hubei Province from 2016 to 2021. Methods Data on the incidence of pertussis and immunization history of cases in Hubei Province from 2016 to 2021 were collected and descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted. Results From 2016 to 2021, a total of 1 236 pertussis cases were reported in Hubei Province, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 0.35/100 000. The average annual reported incidence of pertussis in the age group ≤ 5 years old was 6.22/100 000, and the age group <1 year old reported the highest annual incidence rate (21.51/100 000). The proportion of pertussis among preschool children and students had increased significantly since 2020. Among the 1 111 cases with a known immunization history, 17.55% were under the age of vaccination , 41.85% were not vaccinated, and 17.46% had completed the whole course of vaccination. Conclusion Since 2016, the incidence of pertussis in Hubei Province has been on the rise. The risk of pertussis is higher in infants and young children who have not reached the age of vaccination and who have not been vaccinated in time according to the immunization program after reaching the age of vaccination. The timeliness and vaccination rate of DTP vaccine should be improved to reduce the risk of pertussis in infants and young children. In addition, more attention should be paid to the prevalence of pertussis among preschool children and students.

Advances in meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine research / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine is basically produced by chemical combination,and the most commonly used method is amide condensation reaction.Because of the covalent bonds between polysaccharide and protein,the prepared conjugate vaccine has high stability and good technical advantages,which plays an important role in the prevention of meningococcal related diseases.The vaccine can be applied to the immunization of young children under 2years old,and has more lasting protective effect.In this paper,the factors influencing the preparation of meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine,the binding mode of polysaccharide and carrier protein,the present situation at home and abroad and the existing problems in the preparation process were reviewed.

Establishment and validation of a universal test method in vitro for SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine potency / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To establish and verify a universal and stable potency test method in vitro for SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine,so as to use it for the quality control of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine.Methods ELISA kits that could bind well to S protein of SARS-CoV-2 variants,as well as transfected cells,cell plating concentrations and doses for transfection were screened,and then a potency test method for SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in vitro was established and verified.Results An ELISA kit was found with good binding ability to S protein of each variant,and HEK293T cells were determined as the transfection cells,with the plating concentration of 2.5 × 10~5 cells/mL and the transfection dose of 4 μg/well in the 6-well plate.An universal and stable potency test method for SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in vitro was established.The verification results showed that the method met the quality control needs.Conclusion The established potency test method in vitro for SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine has good relative accuracy,linearity,intermediate precision and range,and can be applied to the quality control of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines.

Immunogenicity evaluation of prototype and variant inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in rats / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To evaluate the immunogenicity of prototype strain,Beta strain,Gamma strain and Delta strain of SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccines in rats.Methods Five female Wistar rats were immunized with SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccines of prototype,Beta,Gamma and Delta strains through thigh muscle twice at an interval of 14 d,with an immunization dose of 3 μg virus protein/(0.5 mL per rat).Serum samples were collected and isolated by vein 14,28 and 42 d after the first immunization.The serum IgG antibody levels were detected by indirect ELISA,the titers of serum neutralizing antibody were measured by microneutralization,and the antigenic ratios of the serum neutralizing antibody titers were calculated to evaluate the antigenicity difference between different strains.Results at 14 d after the first immunization,IgG antibodies against four strains of virus were detected in all immunized serum samples.The levels of IgG antibodies increased by more than 10 times at 28 d compared with those at 14 d,and decreased slightly at 42 d.At 14 d after the first immunization,all the neutralizing antibodies against the four strains were positive in the serum of rats immunized with prototype strain or Delta strain vaccine;In the serum samples of rats immunized with Beta and Gamma strains,all the neutralizing antibodies against Beta and Gamma strains were positive,while some neutralizing antibodies against prototype or Delta strains were positive.At 28 d after the first immunization,the neutralizing antibodies in the immune serum of the four strains were positive,and the titers of neutralizing antibodies were significantly higher than those at 14 d;The neutralizing antibody titers were slightly lower at 42 d after the first immunization than 28 d.There was small difference in the antigenicity between Beta and Gamma,prototype and Gamma,but significant difference in the antigenicity between prototype and Beta strains.Conclusion The prototype strain,Beta strain,Gamma strain and Delta strain of SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccines can stimulate rats to produce neutralizing antibodies with high titer,while the immunogenicity has difference.

Preparation and immunization effect evaluation of recombinant F protein vaccine of respiratory syncytial virus / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To prepare recombinant F protein vaccine of respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) and evaluate its immunization effect.Methods Two RSV vaccines based on RSV F protein were prepared:one was a mucosal vaccine with bacterial like particle(BLP)as adjuvant and the other was an injectable vaccine with aluminium hydroxide as adjuvant.Forty female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups:BLP-F,BLP control,AL-F and AL control group,with 10mice in each group.BLP-F and BLP control group were inoculated intranasally,and AL-F and AL control group were inoculated subcutaneously.The mice were immunized once each at day 0,14 and 28,respectively.Two weeks after the last immunization,the titers of serum IgG antibody and IgA antibody in nasal lotion were detected by ELISA,and the titers of neutralizing antibody were detected by plaque test.Results Both vaccines induced high levels of serum binding antibodies and neutralizing antibodies,and the induction capacity of injected vaccine was stronger than that of mucosal vaccine.The injected vaccine induced the increase of IgG in serum,which was about 10 times higher than the mucosal immune response,but could not induce the increase of IgA.However,the mucosal vaccine induced the high level of mucosal IgA,but the serum IgG antibody was relatively low.Conclusion Both vaccines based on RSV F protein are promising candidates,and each vaccine has its own advantages.Follow-up studies will evaluate the feasibility of these two vaccines as immunogens using a combination immunization approach to simultaneously enhance systemic and mucosal immune responses against RSV.