Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de resiliencia de Wagnild y Young en personas adultas mayores costarricenses / Psychometric Properties of The Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale in Costa Rican Older Adults / Propriedades psicométricas da escala de resiliência wagnild e young em pessoas idosas da Costa Rica

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de resiliencia de Wagnild y Young, versión argentina, en un grupo de personas adultas mayores costarricenses. Materiales y métodos: Se contó con un grupo piloto (N = 40, X = 69.38) y otro para el análisis de las propiedades psicométricas (N = 100, X = 69.31). Se utilizó la escala de resiliencia de Wagnild y Young, versión argentina, de 25 ítems. Se efectuó un análisis por juicio de personas expertas y un estudio piloto, para establecer la escala por validar; posterior a esto, se realizó el estudio de validación completo. Se aplicaron análisis factoriales y alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: El análisis factorial extrajo dos factores denominados: a) "capacidad de autoeficacia" y b) "capacidad de propósito y sentido de vida". La consistencia interna en el nivel global fue 0.84 (21 ítems); para el primer factor, 0.81, y para el segundo factor, 0.74. Conclusiones: El instrumento es confiable y válido para valorar los niveles de resiliencia desde una óptica integral e interdisciplinaria, en una población de personas adultas mayores con las características similares a las de la muestra estudiada. A futuro, se recomienda realizar análisis cualitativos para delimitar mejor los constructos, con base en las características de la población.

Abstract Purpose: To analyze the psychometric characteristics of the Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale Argentine version in a Costa Rican elderly group. Materials and methods: The study had two groups, one for the pilot study (N = 40, X = 69.38), and another for the analysis of the psychometric properties (N = 100, X = 69.31). The 25-item Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale, Argentine version, was used. An analysis by expert judgment and a pilot study were carried out to establish the scale to be validated, after which, the complete validation study was carried out. Factor analyzes and Cronbach's alpha were applied. Results: They were obtained two factors named: a) "selfefficacy capacity", and b) "purpose in life capacity". The global internal consistency was 0.84, for the first factor was 0.81 and for the second factor was 0.74. Conclusions: The scale generated is reliable and valid to assess resilience in an elderly people with similar characteristics to the present study. In the future, it is recommended to carry out qualitative analyzes to better define the constructs based on the characteristics of the population.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Resiliência Wagnild e Young, versão argentina, em um grupo de pessoas idosas costarriquenhas. Materiais e métodos: Um grupo piloto (N = 40, X = 69,38) e outro grupo para a análise das propriedades psicométricas (N = 100, X = 69,31) foram utilizados. A Escala de Resiliência Wagnild e Young, versão argentina, com 25 itens, foi utilizada. Para estabelecer a escala a ser validada, foi realizada uma análise de julgamento por especialistas e um estudo piloto, após o qual foi realizado o estudo de validação completo. A análise fatorial e o alfa de Cronbach foram aplicados. Resultados: A análise fatorial extraiu dois fatores: a) "capacidade de autoeficácia" e b) "capacidade de propósito e significado na vida". A consistência interna ao nível global foi de 0,84 (21 itens); para o primeiro fator foi de 0,81 e para o segundo fator foi de 0,74. Conclusões: O instrumento é confiável e válido para avaliar níveis de resiliência a partir de uma perspectiva holística e interdisciplinar em uma população de idosos com características semelhantes às da amostra estudada. Recomendam-se futuras análises qualitativas para melhor delimitar as construções com base nas características da população.

Adaptación y validación de la Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (PHQ-4) en una muestra de quechua hablantes peruanos

Introducción: El Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (PHQ-4) es una medida de autoinforme ultrabreve de síntomas depresivos y ansiosos. El PHQ-4 no ha sido adaptado ni validado en la población quechua hablante. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo adaptar y validar el PHQ-4 en una muestra de población peruana quechua hablante en su variante Collao de Puno-Perú. Metodología: Participaron 221 personas hablantes de quechua variante collao (promedio de edad de 31,2 años, SD = 11,7, 47,1 % hombres y 52,9 % mujeres). Se evaluó la evidencia de validez basada en la estructura interna, mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio (CFA), la fiabilidad con el método de consistencia interna y las características de dificultad y discriminación de los ítems en base a la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (IRT). Resultados: Los resultados indicaron que todos los ítems del PHQ-4 son relevantes, coherentes y claros para representar adecuadamente los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión. El resultado del AFC apoyó un modelo unifactorial, donde los ítems de ansiedad y depresión conforman una sola variable latente con una fiabilidad alta. Todos los ítems del PHQ-4 presentas buenos parámetros de discriminación y los parámetros de dificultad indican que los ítems son comparativamente difíciles. Por lo tanto, se necesita una mayor presencia del rasgo latente (ansiedad y depresión) para responder las categorías de respuesta más altas. Discusión: En conclusión, la PHQ-4 presentó buenas propiedades psicométricas como una medida de detección primaria rápida, confiable y válida para personas quechuahablantes que necesitan una evaluación profunda, monitoreo de los síntomas para diagnóstico y tratamiento para la ansiedad o depresión.

Introduction: The Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (PHQ-4) is an ultra-brief self-report measure of depression and anxiety symptoms. The PHQ-4 has not been adapted or validated in the Quechua-speaking population. Objective: This study aimed to adapt and validate the PHQ-4 in a sample of the Peruvian Quechua-speaking population with its Collao variant from Puno-Peru. Methods: A total of 221 Quechua speakers of the Collao variant (mean age 31.2 years, SD = 11.7, 47.1% male and 52.9% female) participated. Evidence of validity based on internal structure was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), reliability using the internal consistency method, and item difficulty and discrimination characteristics based on Item Response Theory (IRT). Results: The results indicated that all items of the PHQ-4 were relevant, consistent, and clear enough to adequately represent anxiety and depressive symptoms. The CFA results supported a one-factorial model, in which anxiety and depression items form a single latent variable with high reliability. All items of the PHQ-4 had good discrimination parameters, and the difficulty parameters indicated that the items were comparatively difficult. Therefore, a higher presence of the latent trait (anxiety and depression) is needed to answer higher response categories. Discussion: In conclusion, the PHQ-4 presented good psychometric properties as a rapid, reliable, and valid primary screening measure for Quechua speakers in need of in-depth assessment and symptom monitoring for the diagnosis and treatment of anxiety and depression.

Evaluación de la consistencia interna y dimensionalidad de la Escala de Capital Social Cognitivo en adultos colombianos

Introducción: durante las últimas dos décadas, el concepto de capital social se ha utilizado con creciente frecuencia en las ciencias de la salud debido a las relaciones directas e indirectas entre el capital social y la salud física y mental de las poblaciones. Por tanto, es necesario construir un instrumento para cuantificar este concepto con seguridad y confiabilidad. Objetivo: analizar la consistencia interna y dimensionalidad de una escala de siete ítems para medir el capital social en adultos de la población general de Colombia. Metodología: se realizó un estudio de validación en línea, que incluyó una muestra de 700 adultos de entre 18 y 76 años, el 68 % eran mujeres. Los participantes completaron una escala de siete ítems llamada Escala de Capital Social Cognitivo (ECSC). El alfa de Cronbach y el omega de McDonald se calcularon para probar la consistencia interna. Se realizaron análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios para explorar la dimensionalidad de la ECSC. Resultados: la ECSC presentó una consistencia interna baja (alfa de Cronbach de 0,56 y omega de McDonald de 0,59) y pobre dimensionalidad. Seguidamente, se probó una versión de cinco ítems (ECSC-5). La ECSC-5 mostró una alta consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach de 0,79 y omega de McDonald de 0,80) y una estructura unidimensional con indicadores de bondad de ajuste aceptables. Discusión: la ECSC-5 presenta alta consistencia interna y una estructura unidimensional para medir el capital cognitivo social en adultos colombianos. Se recomienda la ECSC-5 para la medición del capital social en la población general colombiana. Futuras investigaciones deben corroborar estos hallazgos en aplicaciones de lápiz y papel y explorar otros indicadores de confiabilidad y validez.

Introduction: During the last two decades, the concept of social capital has been used increasingly frequently in health sciences due to the direct and indirect relationships between social capital and populations' physical and mental health. Therefore, it is necessary to build an instrument to quantify this concept confidently and reliably. Objective: The study aimed to internal consistency and dimensionality of a seven-item scale to measure social capital in Colombia's general population of adults. Methods: An online validation study included a sample of 700 adults aged between 18 and 76 years; 68% were females. Participants completed a seven-item scale called the Cognitive Social Capital Scale (CSCS). Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega were computed to test internal consistency. The authors explore the internal consistency and dimensionality of the CSCS. Results: The CSCS presented a low internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.56 and McDonald's omega of 0.59) and poor dimensionality. Then, the researchers tested a five-item version (CSCS-5). The CSCS-5 showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.79 and McDonald's omega of 0.80) and a one-dimension structure with acceptable goodness-of-fit indicators. Discussion: The CSCS-5 presents high internal consistency and a one-dimensional structure to measure cognitive capital social in the Colombian sample. Authors can recommend measuring social capital in the general Colombian population. Further research should corroborate this pencil and paper application findings and explore other reliability and validity indicators.

Extensión del empleo del criterio de expertos. Validez, consistencia y fiabilidad de los resultados científicos

El criterio (juicio o consulta) de expertos, en las últimas décadas, ha sido ampliamente utilizado en las investigaciones cualitativas, puede decirse que para muchos investigadores constituye la "regla de oro" para validar sus hallazgos. El propósito del artículo consistió en proponer un procedimiento para el procesamiento estadístico de los datos cuando se emplea una extensión del método convencional del criterio de expertos, para establecer la validez, consistencia y fiabilidad en los hallazgos científicos. El mismo fue aplicado en la toma de decisiones de una de las tres dimensiones de la variable de los componentes del ejercicio problémico interdisciplinario del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. En el proceso investigativo se utilizaron métodos empíricos como la revisión de documentos, la encuesta y el criterio de expertos. Los tests estadísticos aplicados arrojaron significación estadística (P < 0.05 hasta P < 0.001) entre las comparaciones y/o asociaciones realizadas. Los hallazgos encontrados demostraron, al aplicar el procedimiento, una aproximación hacia la validez, consistencia y fiabilidad de los resultados científicos.

O julgamento de especialistas (julgamento ou consulta) tem sido, nas últimas décadas, amplamente utilizado em pesquisas qualitativas, indiscutivelmente o "padrão ouro" para muitos pesquisadores validarem suas descobertas. O objetivo do artigo foi propor um procedimento para o processamento estatístico de dados ao usar uma extensão do método convencional de julgamento de especialistas para estabelecer validade, consistência e confiabilidade em descobertas científicas. Ele foi aplicado na tomada de decisão de uma das três dimensões dos componentes variáveis do exercício interdisciplinar de solução de problemas do processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Métodos empíricos, como análise de documentos, pesquisa e julgamento de especialistas, foram usados no processo de pesquisa. Os testes estatísticos aplicados mostraram significância estatística (P < 0,05 a P < 0,001) entre as comparações e/ou associações feitas. Os resultados demonstraram, ao aplicar o procedimento, uma abordagem voltada para a validade, a consistência e a confiabilidade dos resultados científicos.

In recent decades, expert judgment has been widely used in qualitative research, and it can be said that for many researchers it constitutes the "golden rule" for validating their findings. The purpose of the article was to propose a procedure for the statistical processing of data when an extension of the conventional method of expert judgment is used to establish the validity, consistency and reliability of scientific findings. It was applied in the decision making of one of the three dimensions of the variable of the components of the interdisciplinary problem-solving exercise of the teaching-learning process. Empirical methods such as document review, survey and expert judgment were used in the research process. The statistical tests applied showed statistical significance (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) among the comparisons and/or associations made. The findings found demonstrated, when applying the procedure, an approach towards the validity, consistency and reliability of the scientific results.

Validación de cuestionarios para la medición de variables en salud: conceptos fundamentales / Validation of questionnaires for the measurement of health variables: fundamental concepts

Dentro de la práctica clínica, así como en la salud poblacional, es habitual utilizar cuestionarios que permiten evaluar condiciones o variables que no son directamente observables. No obstante, la construcción y validación de estos instrumentos o cuestionarios suele ser poco conocida. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es sintetizar de manera general el proceso de construcción y validación de estos cuestionarios, para así tener una mejor comprensión de este proceso, de los aspectos que se evalúan y de la mejor forma de utilizarlos. La validación de cuestionarios corresponde a un proceso de análisis de este, cuya finalidad es medir una variable latente o constructo, así como sus dimensiones, las que no pueden ser observadas directamente. Una variable latente puede ser inferida a través de un conjunto de atributos específicos que forman parte de ella, como los ítems de un cuestionario y que sí son observables. En este artículo se abordan de manera teórica los conceptos fundamentales de validación de cuestionarios o test, variables latentes o constructos, estudio de la confiabilidad y de la validez, así como los factores que afectan a estas dos últimas características, a través de una revisión narrativa. En el texto, se presentan ejemplos sobre estos conceptos.

In clinical practice and population health, it is common to use questionnaires to assess conditions or variables that are not directly observable. However, the construction and validation of these instruments or questionnaires are often poorly understood. This narrative review aims to summarize in a general way the process of construction and validation of these questionnaires in order to have a better understanding of this process, the aspects that are evaluated, and the best way to use them. The validation of questionnaires corresponds to a process of analysis of the questionnaire, aiming to measure a latent variable and its dimensions, which cannot be observed directly. A latent variable can be inferred through a set of specific attributes that are part of it, such as the items of a questionnaire, which are observable. Through a narrative review, this article addresses the fundamental concepts of questionnaire or test validation, latent variables or constructs, reliability and validity studies, and the factors that theoretically affect the latter two characteristics. Examples of these concepts are presented in the text.

Evidencias psicométricas de la Wong-Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS) en universitarios de Lambayeque-Perú / Psychometric evidence of the Wong-Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS) in university students from Lambayeque-Peru

RESUMEN Introducción: La inteligencia emocional (IE) es una habilidad clave para el desarrollo personal y académico de los estudiantes universitarios. Por ello, es conveniente disponer de instrumentos pertinentes para medir este constructo. Objetivo: El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las evidencias de validez y confiabilidad de la Escala de Inteligencia Emocional de Wong-Law (WLEIS) en estudiantes universitarios de la región de Lambayeque, Perú. Método: Nuestro estudio tiene un diseño instrumental. Aplicamos un cuestionario virtual distribuido en redes sociales a 317 estudiantes universitarios (124 varones y 193 mujeres) de diferentes carreras profesionales, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 30 años (M=20,3; DE=2,7). Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio (estimador WLSMV) y se evaluó la consistencia interna. Resultados: Se encontraron cuatro factores correlacionados, de orden superior, y bifactoriales, siendo el primero el que presentó los índices de mejor ajuste: X2(98) = 262.63, p < .001, CFI = .97, TLI = .96, RMSEA = .07 (IC 90%; .06 - .08), SRMR = .04 y WRMR = .91. Los resultados de consistencia interna utilizando el coeficiente omega son ωSEA = .81, ωOEA= .79, ωUOE= .84 y ωROE = .85. Conclusión: La WLEIS en estudiantes universitarios de la región Lambayeque del Perú tiene suficientes evidencias de validez y confiabilidad para garantizar la pertinencia de su aplicación.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Emotional intelligence (EI) is a key skill for the personal and academic development of university students. Therefore, it is appropriate to have relevant instruments to measure this construct. Objective: This study aims to analyze the evidence of validity and reliability of the Wong-Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS) in university students in the region of Lambayeque, Peru. Method: Our study has an instrumental design. We applied a virtual questionnaire distributed in social networks to 317 university students (124 males and 193 females) from different professional careers, aged between 18 and 30 years (M=20.3; SD=2.7). Confirmatory factor analysis was performed (WLSMV estimator), and internal consistency was assessed. Result: We found four correlated factors, higher order, and bifactor, the first being the one with the best-fit indices: X2(98) = 262.63, p < .001, CFI = .97, TLI = .96, RMSEA = .07 (CI 90%; .06 - .08), SRMR = .04 and WRMR = .91. Internal consistency results using the omega coefficient are ωSEA = .81, ωOEA= .79, ωUOE= .84 and ωROE = .85. Conclusion: The WLEIS in university students in the Lambayeque region of Peru has sufficient evidence of validity and reliability to guarantee the relevance of its application.

Development,reliability and validity of nurses'knowledge,attitude and practice questionnaire on medication management for patients with dysphagia / 重庆医学

Objective To develop nurses'knowledge,attitude and practice questionnaire on medication management for patients with dysphagia,and test its reliability and validity.Methods Based on the evidence-based summary of the best evidence of medication management for patients with dysphagia,guided by the the-ory of knowledge,attitude and practice,the basic dimensions and item pool of the questionnaire were deter-mined through group discussion,Delphi expert consultation and pre-investigation.In order to revise the ques-tionnaire,437 nurses from 10 tertiary hospitals in Jiangsu Province were conveniently selected for investigation,and the reliability and validity of the questionnaire were tested according to the survey results.Results The nurses'knowl-edge,attitude and practice questionnaire on medication management for patients with dysphagia included 43 items in three dimensions.The three dimensions were analyzed by exploratory factors,and six common factors with characteristic roots>1 were extracted.Two factors were extracted from the knowledge dimension,and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 74.958%,One factor was extracted from the attitude dimen-sion,and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 77.655%.Three factors were extracted from the prac-tice dimension,and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 72.274%.The factor load of each item was 0.618-0.902,Cronbach's α coefficient of the total questionnaire was 0.949,and the test-retest reliability was 0.909.The overall content validity coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.922,and the content validity coeffi-cient for each item was 0.800-1.000.Conclusion The nurses'knowledge,attitude and practice questionnaire on medication management for patients with dysphagia developed in this study has good reliability and validi-ty,and could be used as an effective tool to evaluate the status quo of nurses'medication management for pa-tients with dysphagia.

Development and reliability and validity test of the Scale of Pain-Relevant Responses from Spouse for Chronic Pain Patients / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To develop the Scale of Pain-Relevant Responses from Spouse for Chronic Pain Patients and to test its reliability and validity, so as to provide a reliable tool for the scientific assessment of the pain-relevant responses from spouses for chronic pain patients.Methods:Based on the interpersonal process model of intimacy, the first draft of the scale was formed through literature analysis, semi-structured interview, Delphi expert consultation and pre-investigation. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 388 patients with chronic pain who visited the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University from April 2022 to April 2023 using convenience sampling method to test the reliability and validity of the scale.Results:The Scale of Pain-Relevant Responses from Spouse for Chronic Pain Patients included 21 items in 4 dimensions: emotional support pain-relevant responses, behavioral support pain-relevant responses, distractive pain-relevant responses and negative pain-relevant responses. The range of I-CVI was 0.850-1.000. The results of structural validity analysis showed that four qualified common factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis, and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 71.173%. The confirmatory factor analysis model fit indicators were within the acceptable range. The correlation validity coefficient was 0.692 ( P<0.01). The Cronbach α coefficient of the total table was 0.894, the half reliability was 0.906, and the retest reliability was 0.927. Conclusions:The Scale of Pain-Relevant Responses from Spouse for Chronic Pain Patients has good reliability and validity, and is suitable for the evaluation of pain-relevant responses from spouse of chronic pain patients.

Reliability and validity of My Jump 2 application to measure lower limb vertical stiffness of college students / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Confirming the reliability and validity of the My jump 2 application for measuring lower limb vertical stiffness may offer the possibility of it as an alternative to the Kistler three-dimensional force platform for measuring lower limb stiffness. OBJECTIVE:To verify the reliability and validity of the My Jump 2 application in measuring lower limb vertical stiffness of college students. METHODS:The drop jump data of the participants were collected through the Kistler three-dimensional force platform and the My Jump 2 application,and the vertical stiffness of the participants'lower limb vertical stiffness was calculated.The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to analyze the data measured by the My Jump 2 application and the Kistler three-dimensional force platform,attempting to verify the reliability of the My Jump 2 application.The bias and average between the two devices were drawn into a Bland-Altman diagram to verify the consistency between the two test methods.Finally,the test-retest reliability of the My Jump 2 applications at 30 cm and 40 cm was analyzed using the Cronbach's alpha(α)and coefficient of variation.Pearson product-moment correlation was used to analyze the correlation of My Jump 2 applications. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:My Jump 2 application has high reliability and validity when measuring the vertical stiffness of the lower limb.At the same time,due to its advantages of low cost,convenient portability and field testing for large samples,it can be used as an alternative to the Kistler three-dimensional force platform to test the vertical stiffness of the lower limb in college students and similar populations.

Development of self-care scale for patients with lymphedema after breast cancer surgery and verification of its reliability and validity / 现代临床护理

Objective To develop a self-care scale for patients with lymphedema after breast cancer surgery and verify its reliability and validity.Methods Based on the model of knowledge,belief and practice,a questionnaire item pool was constructed after literature reviews and qualitative interviews.A questionnaire-based scale was drafted based on the established item pool by carrying out two rounds of consultation with 15 clinical nursing specialists,nursing administrators and nursing educators from 8 provinces or cities in China.Reliability and validity of the scale were tested using convenience sampling,involving 444 patients with breast cancer surgery related lymphedema from 7 general hospitals in Hubei and Henan provinces,China,between May and July 2023.Results The response rates for the two rounds of expert consultation were 93.75%and 93.33%,respectively.The authority coefficients of the two rounds were 0.86 and 0.89,respectively,and the coordination coefficients for the 2 rounds were 0.130 and 0.379,respectively.In the first round,the average importance rating was from 4.33 to 4.93 with the coefficient of variation from 0.05 to 0.19,and the full score ratio from 53.33%to 93.33%.In the second round,the average importance rating ranged from 2.86 to 4.93 with the coefficient of variation from 0.05 to 0.36,and the full score ratios from 7.14%to 92.86%.A total of 421 patients completed the survey.The overall Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.943,the overall split-half reliability was 0.824,the scale-level content validity index(S-CVI)was 0.912,and the item-level content validity index(I-CVI)of the total scale ranged from 0.857 to 1.000.The KMO value of exploratory factor analysis was 0.919,the Bartrett spherical test value was 4671.724(P<0.001),and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 64.155%.Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good model fit.After the reliability and validity tests,the scale was finalised and determined to consist of three dimensions with 33 items:knowledge(9 items),attitude(6 items)and behaviour(18 items).Conclusion The self-care scale for the patients with lymphedema after breast cancer surgery has demonstrated good reliability and validity,and makes it an effective assessment tool for the patients with lymphedema after breast cancer surgery.

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of disability attitude scale / 现代临床护理

Objective Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of disability attitude scales(DAS-CN)toward disabled persons were created and tested to provide an assessment instrument for measuring the attitude of medical staff toward disabled persons in China.Methods Authorised by the author of DAS in August 2020,based on BRISLIN translation model,the English version of DAS was translated into Chinese followed by back translation,cultural debugging and then put it into pre-experiment in September 2020.The reliability and validity of the finalised DAS-CN were further tested in a survey with 400 randomly selected medical staff in rehabilitation from 8 general hospitals in Jinzhou,Panjin,Yingkou and Fushun in Liaoning Province,China by using the convenience sampling method in March 2021.Results A total of 357 surveyees completed the survey.The localised DSA-CN was composed of 4 dimensions with a total of 20 items,including 4 items in clinical knowledge and skills,4 in clinical responsibility,8 in clinical behaviour and 4 in emotional response.The Cronbach α coefficient of the scales was 0.943,with the split-half reliability and test-retest reliability at 0.824 and 0.899,respectively.The Cronbach α coefficient of each dimension was 0.843～0.944,and the split half reliability was 0.854～0.904.The test-retest reliability ranged from 0.701 to 0.913.The KMO value of exploratory factor analysis was 0.921.The Bartrett spherical test value was 5534.981(P<0.01).The total explanatory rate of variation was 73.050%.Conclusion The Chinese version of Disability Attitude Scales(DSA-CN)has good reliability and validity.Therefore,DSA-CN can be used as an instrument in investigation of the current status about the attitudes towards the disabled persons among the medical staff in China.

Reliability and validity of the outpatient satisfaction questionnaire in enterprise-run hospitals / 现代医院

Objective To develop and assess the reliability and validity of an outpatient satisfaction questionnaire tailor-ed for enterprise-run hospitals.Methods The initial questionnaire was formulated using interviewing and literature review,fol-lowed by a satisfaction survey administered to 380 outpatients at an enterprise-run hospital in Guangxi.Item analysis,exploratory factor analysis,and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to finalize the evaluation questionnaire and evaluate its reliability and validity.Results The final questionnaire comprised 18 items with the item reliability of 0.438-0.856,composite reliabili-ty of 0.846-0.956,and convergence validity of 0.668-0.782.The correlation coefficients among the common factors were less than the square root of the convergent validity values.Conclusion The outpatient satisfaction evaluation questionnaire developed is characterized by robust reliability and validity.

Development and validation of an Exercise Behavior Perception Scale for Lung Cancer Patients / 中华护理杂志

Objective To develop an Exercise Behavior Perception Scale for Lung Cancer Patients in China,and to test its reliability and validity.Methods According to the health belief model,the first draft of the scale was formed through literature review,semi-structured interview,research group discussion,2 rounds of expert correspondence and pre-survey.A total of 842 patients with lung cancer who received treatment in a tertiary A hospital in Zhengzhou City from October 2022 to April 2023 were selected for investigation,and item analysis,validity analysis,and reliability analysis were applied to adjust the items to form a formal scale.Results The Exercise Behavior Perception Scale for Lung Cancer Patients contained 24 items,and exploratory factor analysis generated 6 common factors,including physical rehabilitation benefits,emotional and mental benefits,information disorders,disease symptom disorders,condition disorders,and psychological disorders.The cumulative variance contribution rate reached 73.916％,and the results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model fit was good,the x2/df was 2.371,the root mean square error of approximation was 0.057,the normed fit index was 0.924,and the comparative fit index was 0.954,the scale score was moderately positively correlated with the total score of the Frenchay activities index(r=0.529,P＜0.001).The Cronbach's α,coefficient,half reliability,and retest reliability of the scale were 0.884,0.741,and 0.889,respectively.Conclusion The Exercise Behavior Perception Scale for Lung Cancer Patients had good reliability and validity,and it can be used to effectively evaluate the exercise behavior perception status of lung cancer patients.

Analysis and recommendations for issues in scale-based research papers in the field of nursing / 中华护理杂志

Scales are crucial instruments for measuring variables in the field of nursing research.Its development process needs to follow the basic procedures strictly.This paper describes the basic steps involved in nursing scale development,with a focus on ensuring accuracy and reliability at each stage where issues may arise.It also provides a comprehensive analysis of common problems found in current nursing scale development papers and offers suggestions and solutions.The aim is to provide a reference for nursing professionals engaged in scale-related research and to enhance the quality of nursing scale development papers.

The development of a health-promoting lifestyle scale for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and the test of its reliability and validity / 中华护理杂志

Objective To develop a health-promoting lifestyle scale for women with polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS),and to test its reliability and validity,and preliminarily apply it.Methods Based on the Pender health promotion model,the item pool of the scale was constructed through literature research,semi-structured interviews and group discussions.After 2 rounds of Delphi expert consultation and pre-survey,the initial scale was formed.From April to July 2022,316 patients with PCOS in the health management center,reproductive medicine center and endocrinology department of a tertiary hospital in Nanjing were selected for item analysis,exploratory factor analysis and reliability test,respectively.From August to October 2022,358 PCOS patients were selected for confirmatory factor analysis.From November 2022 to February 2013,294 PCOS patients were selected,and the scale was used to investigate the status of health-promoting lifestyle in PCOS patients.Results The health-promoting lifestyle scale for PCOS patients included 5 dimensions and 33 items.The total content validity index of the scale was 0.942,and the content validity index of each item was 0.810-1.000.5 common factors were extracted by 2 exploratory factor analyses,and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 62.399％.Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model fit was good.The Cronbach's a coefficient of the total scale was 0.930;the split-half reliability was 0.842;the test-retest reliability was 0.888.The preliminary application results showed that the total score of health-promoting lifestyle in PCOS patients was(96.925±14.273),and the average score of items was(2.937±0.433),which was at a medium level.Conclusion The health-promoting lifestyle scale for PCOS patients has good reliability and validity,which can be used as a tool for medical staff to assess the level of health-promoting lifestyle of PCOS patients,and can help nurses to quickly identify the level and dimensions of health-promoting lifestyle of patients,so as to formulate individualized precise health management plans.

An empirical study on the application of leadership evaluation indicator system for managers in primary medical institutions / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To evaluate the reliability and validity of a questionnaire assessing the leadership qualities of primary healthcare institution managers, and to further clarify the current state of leadership development among management teams of community health service centers in Shanghai.Methods:The study was a cross-sectional survey. It was conducted from August to December 2021, and used a stratified sampling method. Using a self-developed questionnaire for primary healthcare institution managers, we surveyed 279 individuals from 10 community health service centers in Shanghai, including management teams, middle-level cadres, general practitioners, and staff from health administrative departments in their respective districts. Leadership qualities were evaluated on five dimensions: inspiration, decisiveness, control, influence, and foresight. Cronbach′s α coefficient and split half coefficient were used to analyze the reliability of the questionnaire, and confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the structural validity of the scale.Results:The overall Cronbach′s α reliability of the questionnaire for the comprehensive management of community health service centers was 0.96, and the Spearman-Brown split-half coefficient was 0.94. The validity analysis yielded a KMO value of 0.975, the RMSEA for factor analysis was 0.085, and the adaptation indexes all met the model adaptation conditions. Of the 279 participants, 174 were female (62.4%), 257 held a mid-level or higher professional title (92.1%). The overall leadership score of the community health service center management teams was (4.43±0.59), with the dimensions ranked from highest to lowest as follows: inspiration (4.52±0.55), decisiveness (4.46±0.62), control (4.44±0.60), influence (4.42±0.63), and foresight (4.32±0.69). The foresight score was significantly lower than the other four dimensions (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The questionnaire used to assess the leadership qualities of primary healthcare institution managers is reliable and valid. The development of leadership qualities among management teams of community health service centers in Shanghai is unbalanced, with foresight being the weakest dimension.

The SSA and GUSS scales deliver equally good reliability and validity in evaluating dysphagia among stroke survivors / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective:To compare the reliability and validity of the Standard Swallowing Function Assessment Scale (SSA) with those of the GUSS Swallowing Function Assessment Screen (GUSS) in screening for and evaluating dysphagia among stroke survivors.Methods:Forty-seven stroke survivors had their swallowing function evaluated using the GUSS scale and the SSA scale. The results were compared with those of endoscopic swallowing function examinations.Results:Both scales delivered good reliability and validity. The SSA scale′s test-retest reliability had an ICC value=0.828 and an inter-evaluator reliability with an ICC value=0.909. Those were better than the GUSS scale′s values, but the latter had better intrinsic reliability (Cronbach′s α=0.939). Both scales showed good structural and calibration validity, with the sensitivity of the GUSS scale (72.73%) superior to that of the SSA scale, but the GUSS scales′ specificity, Jordan index and area under the operating characteristics curve were inferior to the SSA scale′s values. Combining the two scales in dysphagia screening could produce an area under the curve of 0.77.Conclusion:Both the SSA and GUSS scales have good reliability and validity in screening for swallowing disorders after a stroke. In clinical practice, the SSA alone or the two in series can improve diagnoses so as to prevent aspiration after a stroke.

Construction and reliability and validity of a scale for assessing psychiatric nurses' knowledge， attitude and practice towards the use of protective restraint / 四川精神卫生

BackgroundThe existing tools in China for assessing psychiatric nurses' knowledge， attitude and practice towards the use of protective restraint do not sufficiently consider the specialty in psychiatric practice， and the scale items are somewhat cumbersome to use， which together restrict their further promotion and application. Accordingly， there is an urgent need for developing a more scientific assessment tool. ObjectiveTo construct a scale for assessing psychiatric nurses' knowledge， attitude and practice towards the use of protective restraint and to verify its reliability and validity， so as to provide a generic tool for the assessment. MethodsBased on the theoretical framework of the knowledge-attitude-practice model， the preliminary scale was formed through systematic literature review， qualitative interview and Delphi method. From July to December 2021， a stratified sampling was utilized to select 729 psychiatric nurses from tertiary， secondary and primary （including unclassified medical institutions and grassroots hospitals） psychiatric hospitals in Guangdong Province. The formal scale was developed through item analysis， exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The validity of the scale was evaluated by content validity and structure validity， and the reliability was verified by procedures including Cronbach's α coefficient， test-retest reliability， and split-half reliability. ResultsA total of 12 items of three dimensions （knowledge， attitude， practice） were included in the scale for assessing psychiatric nurses' knowledge， attitude and practice towards the use of protective restraint. The scale-level content validity index （S-CVI） was 0.941， and the item-level content validity index （I-CVI） ranged from 0.812 to 1.000. Exploratory factor analysis extracted three common factors， and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 62.948%. The confirmatory factor yielded adequate fit. Cronbach's α coefficient was found to be 0.887 for the scale， 0.819 for knowledge dimension， 0.842 for attitude dimension， and 0.831 for practice dimension. The split-half reliability and test-retest reliability for the scale were 0.712 and 0.922， respectively. ConclusionThe scale shows satisfactory reliability and validity， which can be used to assess psychiatric nurses' knowledge， attitude and practice towards the use of protective restraint. ［Funded by Guangdong Clinical Teaching Base Teaching Reform Research Project （number， 2021JD119）］

Construction， reliability and validity of a professional identity questionnaire for psychiatrists / 四川精神卫生

BackgroundDomestic researches on the professional identity of psychiatrists are still relatively rare up to now， and effective evaluation tools remain inadequate. ObjectiveTo construct a professional identity questionnaire for psychiatrists with high reliability and validity， so as to provide an effective tool for the evaluation of professional identity of psychiatrists. MethodsA self-designed questionnaire titled "Professional Identity Questionnaire" was compiled. After preliminary screening of items and expert consultation， an initial questionnaire was formed and administered to a sample of 400 psychiatrists， and the final questionnaire was assessed by item analysis， reliability analysis and validity analysis. ResultsThe Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.930 for the final questionnaire， and ranged from 0.817 to 0.920 for each dimension. The value of KMO was 0.904 （χ2=2 931.652， P<0.01）. The cumulative variance contribution rate of factors extracted from exploratory factor analysis was 68.306%. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the integrity of fit indexes were χ2/df=1.234， GFI=0.905， NFI=0.916， RMSEA=0.036， CFI=0.983， IFI=0.983. The final version of the professional identity questionnaire for psychiatrists consisted of 23 items relating to 4 dimensions， namely， professional cognition， professional behavior， professional emotion and professional values. ConclusionThe professional identity questionnaire for psychiatrists has good reliability and validity， and can be used as an effective tool to evaluate the professional identity of psychiatrists. ［Funded by Foundation of Sichuan Research Center of Applied Psychology of Chengdu Medical College （number， CSXL-22304）； Science and Technology Guiding Plan Project of Guangyuan City （number， 22ZDYF0072）］

Development and test of reliability and validity of the Visual Cognitive Ability Assessment Scale for Preschool Children / 中国儿童保健杂志

【Objective】 To develop the Visual Cognitive Ability Assessment Scale for Preschool Children and to evaluate its reliability and validity, in order to provide reference for clinical evaluation of visual cognitive ability of preschool children. 【Methods】 1) From November 2021 to February 2022, construct the dimension framework was constructed and the pool of scale items was compiled according to the theory. 2) In March to June 2022, items were screened preliminarily through group discussion and Delphi method. In August 2022, the entries was revised by a pre-survey in a small sample (n=50). 3) Parents of children aged 4 - 7 from 8 kindergartens in 4 main urban areas of Nanjing were investigated by stratified cluster random sampling method in September to December 2022. The valid sample of the first survey (n=344) was analyzed to conduct item analysis and re-test reliability analysis, the valid sample of the second survey (n=695) was tested for reliability and confirmatory factor analysis, then the scale was finally compiled and evaluated. 【Results】 1) The scale contained 19 items in 4 dimensions:visual memory, discerning vision, spatial vision and visual integration. All items passed the project analysis test. 2) The Cronbach′s α coefficient of each dimension ranged from 0.604 to 0.886, and the Cronbach′s α coefficient of the whole scale was 0.917. During the two surveys, the scores of each item were correlated, and the average retest reliability coefficient was 0.601 (P< 0.05). 3) Content validity index (S-CVI) at scale level was 0.91, and item level content validity index (I-CVI) ranged from 0.8 to 1.0. After several rounds of model modification, the confirmatory factor model fit well. 【Conclusion】 The reliability and validity of the Visual Cognitive Ability Assessment Scale for Preschool Children are acceptable and meet the requirements of the scale, which provides a practical tool for clinical screening of visual and cognitive disorders.