Kinematic variables of table vault on artistic gymnastics / Variáveis cinemáticas do salto sobre a mesa na ginástica artística

Abstract The table vault is an event of male and female Artistics Gymnastics. Although it can be performed in a variety of rotations and body positions in different phases, it can be separated in three groups: handspring, Yurchenko and Tsukahara. It is believed that kinematic variables of vault may vary according to group of vault or gymnast body position, but few studies compares the real differences among the three groups of vaults, comparing and describing the variables in different phases. Vault kinematic variables could be diversifying according to the approach or position of the vaulting, but little has been studied about the biomechanical differences, comparing and describing behaviours at different stages. The aim of this study was to organize critical, objective and to systematize the most relevant kinematic variables to performance on vaulting. A Meta analysis over the basis Pubmed, Sport Discus and Web of Science were performed about this issue. From the selected references, we described and analyzed the kinematics of the table vault. Vault can be characterized in seven phases of analysis. Most of the studies are descriptive, and some do not descript all phases. Differences among vault variables according to group vaults, technical level and gender were analysed only in recent studies. There still gaps of knowledge about kinematic variables of table vault, in order to provide comprehensive information about all possibilities of vaults in this gymnastic event. It is concluded that kinematic variables of table vault depends upon vault group and may be considered to the improvement of technical performance. More researches are needed to approach the coaching interface with biomechanics applicable knowledge.

Resumo O salto sobre a mesa é uma prova da ginástica artística, tanto no setor masculino quanto no setor feminino. Embora existam inúmeras combinações para a realização de um salto, podemos separá-los em três grupos: reversões, Yurchenko e Tsukahara. Acredita-se que as variáveis cinemáticas do salto podem variar de acordo com o tipo de abordagem ou posição corporal do ginasta, porem pouco se têm estudado acerca das reais diferenças entre os três grupos de saltos, comparando-os e descrevendo os comportamentos em diferentes fases. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi organizar de maneira crítica, objetiva e sistemática as variáveis cinemáticas mais relevantes para o performance no salto sobre a mesa. Foi realizada uma meta-análise nas bases de dados Pubmed, Sport Discus and Web of Science sobre o assunto. A partir das referências bibliográficas resultantes, foi descrita e analisada a cinemática do salto sobre a mesa. O salto foi caracterizado em sete fases de análise. A maior parte dos estudos é descritiva, e alguns não abordam todas as fases. As diferenças entre as variáveis dos saltos de acordo com os grupos de saltos, nível técnico e gênero foram analisadas somente em estudos mais recentes. Ainda há lacunas na pesquisa sobre as variáveis cinemáticas do salto sobre a mesa, para fornecer informação abrangente sobre as possibilidades de saltos neste aparelho da ginástica artística. Concluiu-se que as variáveis cinemáticas do salto sobre a mesa dependem do tipo de salto e devem ser consideradas para a melhora da performance técnica. Mais pesquisas são necessárias para que uma interface entre o conhecimento da biomecânica e a aplicação prática seja abrangente ao técnico de ginástica.

Effects of Transient Prone Position on Vault and Anterior Chamber Angle in ICL Implanted Patients

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of transient prone position on vault and anterior chamber angle parameters in ICL implanted patients. METHODS: 40 eyes of 20 ICL implanted patients with at least 1 month of follow-up were included in the present study. The central ICL vault and anterior chamber parameters including angle opening distance at 500 (AOD500) were measured with the Visante anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) (Carl Zeiss, Dublin, CA) in both the sitting and prone positions by tilting the OCT 90 degrees in the vertical axis and having the patient fixate downwards towards the floor. RESULTS: The mean central vault was 0.55 +/- 0.21 mm (SD) and 0.59 +/- 0.21 mm (SD) in the sitting and prone positions, respectively (p < 0.0001). The nasal and temporal AOD500 were 0.26 +/- 0.11 mm and 0.28 +/- 0.08 mm, respectively in the sitting position, which decreased to 0.24 +/- 0.10 mm and 0.26 +/- 0.08 mm in the prone position, however, both were not statistically significant (p = 0.08, p = 0.09). AOD500 was inversely correlated with vault (r = -0.47; p = 0.0024). There were no significant correlations between increase of vault and anterior chamber depth or white to white nor ICL vault. CONCLUSIONS: Transient prone positioning of ICL implanted patients can induce a significant increase in ICL vault.

Effect of Preoperative Crystalline Lens Rise on Vaulting after Implantable Collamer Lens Implantation

PURPOSE: To evaluate the parameters affecting vaulting and correlation between preoperative crystalline lens rise and vaulting after implantable collamer lense (ICL) implantation. METHODS: A total of 53 eyes of 34 patients who underwent ICL implantation were examined retrospectively. White-to-white (WTW) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) were obtained from scanning topography (ORB scan) before surgery. Preoperative crystalline lens rise (CLR) and vaulting at 6 months after ICL implantation were measured using anterior segment optic coherence tomography (AS-OCT). Multiple regression analysis was performed to evaluate the factors affecting central vaulting. RESULTS: The mean preoperative crystalline lens rise was -120 +/- 219 microm, and mean central vaulting 6 months after surgery was 544 +/- 175 microm. Preoperative SE, WTW, ACD, and CLR were significantly correlated with vaulting at 6 months after surgery. With the use of meaningful variables, multiple regression analysis showed that CLR, WTW, ACD and SE, in that order of influence, had significant effects on vaulting and the multiple regression equation was obtained as follows: Vaulting (microm) = (160.913 x ACD (mm)) + (170.134 x WTW (mm)) + (-0.338 x CLR (microm)) + (-23.783 x SE (D)) - 2250.184. CONCLUSIONS: CLR had a stronger influence on vaulting after ICL implantation than the previously proven parameters: WTW, ACD, and SE. In addition to WTW, ACD and SE, CLR should also be considered a new criterion for estimating vaulting after ICL implantation.