RESUMO
RESUMO No Brasil e no mundo, o setor dos transportes de passageiros e cargas tem contribuído decisivamente para o aumento das emissões de poluentes atmosféricos, com os consequentes problemas para o meio ambiente e para a saúde humana. Assim, muitos estudos têm recorrido a metodologias e/ou ferramentas específicas para modelar e simular poluentes atmosféricos. A frota de veículos no Ceará teve um crescimento de 169% nos últimos 10 anos, mas ainda se desconhece o volume de poluentes emitidos pela frota circulante da Região Metropolitana de Fortaleza (RMF). Nesse contexto, foram estimadas as emissões veiculares de escapamento para a RMF no ano de 2010. A quantificação das emissões de monóxido de carbono (CO), hidrocarbonetos não metano (NMHC), óxidos de nitrogênio (NOx), material particulado (MP) e aldeídos (RCHO) foi realizada através da metodologia bottom-up. De modo geral, as motocicletas apresentaram emissões significativas de poluentes, sobretudo de CO, NOx e MP, devido à grande quantidade de veículos na região. Os veículos ciclo Otto representam mais de 90% das emissões totais de CO, NMHC e RCHO, enquanto os veículos ciclo Diesel emitem mais de 85% das emissões totais de NOx e MP.
ABSTRACT In Brazil and worldwide, the passenger and cargo transportation sectors have decisively been responsible for the increased emissions of air pollutants, which cause serious damages for the environment and human health, as well. Thus, many studies have been carried out to model and simulate pollutant emissions through methodologies and/or specific tools. The vehicle fleet in the state of Ceará has increased by 169% over the last 10 years and, until now, the amount of pollutants released from circulating fleet of the Fortaleza Metropolitan Region (FMR) is unknown. In this context, vehicular exhaust emissions for the FMR were estimated for the year 2010. Emission estimates of carbon monoxide (CO), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and aldehydes (RCHO) were performed through the bottom-up methodology. In general, it was observed that motorcycles emitted high amounts of pollutants, mainly CO, NOx and MP, due to the large number of vehicles in the region. Otto cycle vehicles accounted for more than 90% of CO, NMHC and RCHO total emissions, while Diesel cycle vehicles emitted more than 85% of NOx and PM total emissions.
RESUMO
Nos últimos anos, a preocupação com o aumento das emissões de poluentes por veículos automotores tem aumentado. No Brasil há diversas regulamentações no sentido de controlar essas emissões. A quantificação dos poluentes emitidos, além de ser um instrumento de gestão ambiental, também é item necessário para atender à legislação. No Brasil, o Ministério do Meio Ambiente fez um levantamento geral das emissões veiculares e como resultado apresentou, no início de 2011, o Primeiro Inventário Nacional de Emissões Atmosféricas por Veículos Automotores Rodoviários. Nesse inventário são apresentados fatores de emissão para diferentes poluentes, combustíveis, e categorias de veículos. Com base nesses fatores, e tendo como objetivo facilitar o cálculo das emissões de poluentes por veículos automotores, neste trabalho é apresentada uma metodologia (simplificada) e um programa de computador (BRevê.py) capaz de calcular as emissões veiculares de frotas brasileiras de veículos. O programa apresentado possui código aberto e livre e pode ser solicitado aos autores via e-mail. Para demonstrar a facilidade de aplicação do programa desenvolvido, um exemplo simplificado, bem como seus resultados, são apresentados.
Recently, the vehicle emissions concern has been increasing. In Brazil there are several regulatory landmarks to control these emissions. Pollutant emission estimation is not only necessary for environmental management but also to meet specific legislation. A workgroup under the guidance of the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment has undertaken a wide effort to estimate emissions from vehicles; as a result, in 2011 the First National Atmospheric Emissions from Road Vehicles Inventory was published. In this inventory, emission factors are presented for different types of fuels and vehicle categories. Based on these factors and aiming at facilitating road vehicle pollutant emission calculation, we have developed a simplified methodology and a software (BRevê.py) to calculate Brazilian vehicle fleet emissions. The resulting software is a free and open-source software, available by email request. In order to demonstrate how easy it is to use the software, a simplified example and the corresponding results are presented in this paper.
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With the rapid economic growth and the development of transportation in China in recent two decades, the number of motor vehicles in China keeps increasing at an annual rate of approximately 13%. The air pollution related to traffic has become the focus of attention and the air pollution pattern in some large cities in China has been shifting from the coal-burning pollution to that mainly from the traffic. The traffic pollution deteriorates the environment and has been related to an increased risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in the population. The state of automobile exhaust pollution and the related health effect in the urban areas of China was discussed in the present paper.
RESUMO
Intake fraction is a new concept applied in assessing human health effect of pollutants. In the present paper, the history and practical use of it were reviewed, and then the calculation of it was also analyzed. After illustrating and discussing previous approaches for estimating intake fraction, the calculation can be classified into two sorts: one is taking the spatial area as the object, and the other is taking the people as the object. The latter is more fitful to estimate the intake fraction of mobile emission, in which it is necessary to investigate the related population and then combine the time-activity patterns with the microenvironment concentrations, in addition, modeling microenvironmental concentrations is critical for the calculation of intake fraction.