Municipal solid waste landfill leachate induced cytotoxicity in root tips of Vicia faba: Environmental Risk posed by non-engineered landfill

Landfills are considered the main option for dumping of municipal solid waste (MSW) all over the world, but these landfills are mostly non-engineered. The decomposition of solid waste in the landfill and rainwater penetration into the decomposing waste produces leachate that contains dissolved organic and inorganic compounds, heavy metals, suspended particles, and hazardous substances. Leachate migration in the environment may pose serious health risks to organisms exposed. Hence, the present study explored the cytotoxic potential of landfill leachate collected in different seasons from the Okhla landfill site, Delhi, India. Cytotoxicity of leachate samples was evaluatedby cell apoptosis and ultrastructural observation based on Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) of the cells of root tips of vicia faba seedlings treated with the leachates collected in summer, winter and monsoon in a time and dose dependent manner. Leachate collected in all the three seasons induced apoptosis in cells of root tips of vicia faba that increased in a time and dose dependent manner when compared to control. The apoptosis was highest in the samples treated with leachate collected in the summer season, followed by winter and monsoon. It was further confirmed with TEM images that there was induction of apoptotic-like morphological changes in the root cells treated with landfill leachate when compared with the control. The present study indicates that municipal solid waste leachate is very toxic and it should be treated before disposing it to the environment.

Effect of folia application of aminoacids on pant yield and some physiologicaal parameters in bean plants irrigated with seawater / Efecto de la aplicación foliar de aminoácidos sobre el rendimiento y parámetros fisiológicos en plantas de haba irrigadas con agua de mar

Salinity decreases yield in arid and semi-arid areas. With increasing demand for irrigation water, alternative sources are being sought. Seawater salinity was previously considered unusable for irrigation. However, this water can be used successfully to grow crops under certain conditions. Amino acids is well known biostimulant which has positive effects on plant growth and yield, and significantly mitigates the injuries caused by abiotic stresses. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of exogenously treatment amino acid on faba bean plant growing under seawater salt stress was investigated. Reduction of salinity damage in faba bean by using a mixture of amino acids to improve morphological and biochemical parameters, and thus raising the level of plant yield was tested. A pot experiment was conducted to alleviate the harmful effects of seawater salinity on faba bean cv. Giza 843 by foliar spraying of an amino acid mixture with different concentrations (0.0, 500, 1000 or 1500 mg L-1). Irrigation of faba bean plants with seawater levels of 3.13 and 6.25 dS m-1 led to significant reductions in shoot length, number of leaves per plant, fresh and dry weight of shoots, photosynthetic pigments, total carbohydrates, polysaccharides, nucleic acid DNA and RNA contents of faba bean leaves. Seawater salinity induced higher contents of Na+ and Cl- and decreased contents of K+, K+:Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and P3+. Irrigation of faba bean plant with different levels of seawater decreased seed yield and total dry weight per plant compared with those irrigated with tap water. Also, total carbohydrates and total protein contents in seeds were reduced by increased seawater salinity levels. Amino acid application as foliar spray significantly improved all the reduced parameters due to seawater stress. However, the highest level of amino acid of 1500 mg L-1 exerted the strongest effect in alleviating the harmful effect of seawater salinity stress.

La salinidad disminuye el rendimiento en zonas áridas y semiáridas. Con el aumento de la demanda de agua de riego, se están buscando fuentes alternativas. El agua de mar se consideró previamente inutilizable para irrigación debido a su salinidad. Sin embargo, esta agua puede ser utilizada con éxito en cultivos bajo ciertas condiciones. Los aminoácidos son bioestimulantes bien conocidos por sus efectos positivos sobre el crecimiento y rendimiento, y por mitigar significativamente las lesiones causadas por estrés abióticos. Por lo tanto, en el presente studio se investigó el efecto del tratamiento exógeno con aminoácidos sobre plantas de haba que crecen bajo estrés salino por irrigación con agua de mar. Se evaluó la reducción de daños por salinidad en plantas de haba mediante el uso de una mezcla de aminoácidos para mejorar los parámetros morfológicos y bioquímicos, y por lo tanto elevar el nivel de rendimiento de la planta. Se desarrolló un experimento en macetas para paliar los efectos nocivos de la salinidad del agua de mar en el haba cv. Giza 843 por aspersion foliar de una mezcla de aminoácidos con diferentes concentraciones (0, 500, 1000 o 1500 mg L-1). El riego de plantas de haba con niveles de agua de mar de 3.13 y 6.25 dS m-1 condujo a reducciones significativas en la altura de planta, número de hojas de la planta, peso fresco y seco de los brotes, y en el contenido foliar de pigmentos fotosintéticos, carbohidratos totales, polisacáridos y ácidos nucleicos (ADN y ARN). La salinidad del agua de mar indujo un mayor contenido de Na+ y Cl-, y una disminución del contenido de K+, K+: Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ y P3+. El riego de plantas de haba con diferentes niveles de agua de mar redujo el rendimiento de semillas y el peso seco total por planta en comparación con las regadas con agua corriente. Además, el contenido de carbohidratos y proteína total en las semillas disminuyeron con el aumento de los niveles de salinidad del agua de mar. La aplicación de aminoácidos por aspersion foliar increment significativamente todos los parámetros reducidos debido al estrés por agua de mar. Sin embargo, el más alto nivel de aminoácidos (1500 mg L-1) ejerce el máximo efecto en el alivio de los efectos nocivos de estrés por salinidad del agua de mar.

Interactive effccts of salinity stress and nicoinamide on physiological and biiochemical parameters of faba bean plntt / Efectos combinados del estrés por salinidad y la nicotinamida sobre parámetros bioquímicos y fisiológicos en plantas de haba

A possible survival strategy for plants under saline conditions is to use some compounds that could alleviate the salt stress effect. One of these compounds is nicotinamide (vitamin B3/niacin). The effect of exogenous application of nicotinamide with different concentrations (0, 200 or 400 mg l-1) on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) plant grown at different NaCl levels (0, 50 or 100 mM) was investigated in the wire house of the National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt. Salinity stress significantly reduced the photosynthetic pigments, polysaccharides, total carbohydrates, total-N contents of shoot, plant height, leaves number, fresh and dry weights of shoot, seed yield, total carbohydrates and total crude protein of the yielded seeds compared with those of the control plants. In contrast, salinity induced marked increases in sucrose, total soluble sugars, total free amino acids, proline, lipid peroxidation product (MDA) and some oxidative enzymes (polyphenol-oxidase and peroxidase). Also, salinity stress increased Na+ contents with the decreases of other macro and micro elements contents (P, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+) of shoots and the yielded seeds of faba bean. Foliar spraying of nicotinamide alleviated the adverse effects of salinity stress through increased the photosynthetic pigments, polysaccharides, total carbohydrates, total N concentration of shoot, plant height, leaves number, fresh and dry weights of shoot, and seed yield as well as, sucrose, total soluble sugars, total free amino acids and proline, compared with those of the corresponding salinity levels, while decreased lipid peroxidation product as malondialdehyde (MDA) and the oxidative enzymes (polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase enzymes). Nicotinamide inhibited the uptake of Na+ and accelerated the accumulation of P, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+ concentrations in the shoots of salt stressed plants and enhanced total carbohydrate and total crude protein percentage and solutes concentrations in seeds of salinity treated plants. Nicotinamide, not only neutralized the effect of salinity stress but resulted in a significant improvement in physiological and biochemical parameters as well as the concentrations of soluble sugars, proline, amino acids, and total N and other mineral contents.

Una posible estrategia de supervivencia para plantas que se desarrollan bajo condiciones de salinidad es emplear algunos compuestos que les permitan disminuir el estrés salino. Uno de estos compuestos es la nicotinamida (vitamina B3/ niacina). Se investigó el efecto de la aplicación exógena de nicotinamida en diferentes concentraciones (0, 200 o 400 mg l-1) sobre plantas de haba (Vicia faba L.) creciendo a diferentes niveles de NaCl (0, 50 o 100 mM) en los terrenos del National Research Centre, Cairo, Egipto. El estrés por salinidad reduce significativamente los contenidos de pigmentos fotosintéticos, polisacáridos, carbohidratos totales, nitrógeno total, peso de las plantas, número de hojas, pesos fresco y seco de tallos, rendimiento de semillas, y contenido de carbohidratos y proteina cruda total en semillas comparado con plantas control. En contraste, la salinidad induce incrementos marcados en sacarosa, azúcares solubles totales, aminoácidos libres totales, prolina, productos de peroxidación de lípidos como el malondialdehido (MDA) y algunas enzimas oxidativas (polifenol oxidasa y peroxidasa). También, el estrés por salinidad incrementa el contenido de Na+ y genera disminución de otros macronutrientes y micronutrientes (P, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ y Cu2+) de los tallos y el rendimiento de semillas en plantas de haba. La aspersión foliar de nicotinamida disminuye los efectos adversos del estrés salino incrementando los pigmentos fotosintéticos, polisacáridos, carbohidratos totales, concentración total de nitrógeno en tallos, peso de las plantas, número de hojas, pesos frescos y secos de tallos, y rendimiento de semillas; así como los niveles de sacarosa, azúcares solubles totales, aminoácidos libres totales y prolina, comparado con aquellos correspondientes al estrés por salinidad, mientras disminuyeron los productos de peroxidación de lípidos (MDA) y las enzimas oxidativas (polifenol oxidasas y peroxidasas). La nicotinamida inhibe la toma de Na+ y acelera la acumulación de P, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ y Cu2+ en los tallos de plantas bajo estrés salino, y aumenta el porcentaje total de carbohidratos y proteína cruda y la concentración de solutos en semillas obtenidas de plantas tratadas contra el estrés salino. La nicotinamida no solo neutraliza el efecto del estrés salino, sino que mejora significativamente parámetros fisiológicos y bioquímicos tales como la concentración de azúcares solubles, prolina, aminoácidos y contenido total de nitrógeno y otros minerales.

Planting geometry to optimize growth and productivity in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and soil fertility.

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) responses to alteration of its ambient environment leads to certain modification in the crop phenology, yield attributes and economic yield. To know the extent and pattern of response by faba bean to alterations, a two year field experimentation was carried out with two crop establishment methods (i) flatbed planting (ii) raised bed planting, four planting geometry (i) 30X20 cm(ii) 30X30 cm (iii) 30X45 cm and (iv) 45X45cm and three seeding depth. All the treatment (two crop establishment methods, four planting geometry and three seeding depth) were combined together consisting twenty four treatments, were organized in factorial experiment in complete randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications. Data were recorded on growth and development; yield attributes and yield. Soil analysis was done and finally statistical tool were applied to come in to valid conclusion. Raised bed planting proves superior over flatbed in case of seed yield. Square planting architect with 30 cm apart prove better (3690.9 kg ha-1) than other tested planting geometry. Seeding at 10 cm depth showed, significant improvement in seed yield per plant and per ha over other two tested seeding depth. Phosphorus availability was significantly higher in raised bed planting (36.9 kg ha-1). However, available K (kg ha-1) was significantly influenced by planting geometry and seeding depth. It was maximum (155.2 kg ha-1) with 30X 45 cm plant geometry, proved significantly higher than 30X20 cm and 30X30 cm and at par with 45X45 cm planting.

IMPROVING THE TOLERANCE OF Vicia faba AGAINST ENVIRONMENTAL SALINITY RESULTED FROM THE IRRIGATION WITH SEA WATER BY USING KNO3 AND (NH4)2SO4 AS CHEMICAL OSMOREGULATORS / Mejoramiento de la tolerancia de Vicia faba a salinidad ocasionada por irrigación con agua de mar usando KNO3 AND (NH4)2SO4 como osmoreguladores químicos

The familiar solutes, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, PO4(3-), SO4(2-), soluble carbohydrates, amino acids and soluble proteins, which play a role in osmotic adjustment were estimated to investigate the role of potassium nitrate and ammonium sulphate as osmoregulators and their effects on the solutes composition. Vicia faba L. was cultivated and irrigated with 5, 10, 15 and 20 % (v:v) sea water. The plants were divided to three groups. The first was irrigated with sea water only. The second was treated with 5 mM KNO3 while the third was treated with 5mM (NH4)2SO4. The plants were left to grow until flowering stage. The results indicated that the non treated group increased the soluble carbohydrates in the roots to avoid the influx of sodium. The treatment with KNO3 decreased the sodicity (SAR) while (NH4)2SO4 treatment decreased the SK:Na value in the shoots at higher salinity. The availability of nitrogen as nitrate or ammonium ions enhances the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in shoots. The plants of all groups were depended on Ca2+, as compatible solute more than Na+, and K+.

Los solutos Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, PO4(3-), SO4(2-), carbohidratos y proteínas solubles, así como amino ácidos son importantes en ajuste osmótico y fueron estimados para determinar el papel de nitrato de potasio y sulfato de amonio como osmoreguladores y su efecto en la composición de solutos. Vicia faba L. fue cultivada e irrigada con 5, 10, 15 y 20 % (v:v) de agua de mar permitiendo crecimiento hasta el estado de floración. Las plantas fueron divididas en tres grupos. El primero fue irrigado con agua de mar solamente. El segundo fue tratado con 5 mM KNO3, mientras que el tercer grupo fue expuesto a 5mM (NH4)2SO4. Los resultados indican que las plantas del primer grupo (no tratado) incrementan carbohidratos solubles en sus raíces para evitar influjo de sodio. El tratamiento con KNO3 disminuye riqueza de sodio (SAR) mientras que la exposición a (NH4)2SO4 diminuye la de SK:Na en brotes a salinidad alta. La disponibilidad de nitrato o iones amonio aumenta acumulación en las raíces de carbohidratos solubles. Las plantas de todos los grupos dependen de Ca2+ como soluto compatible más que de Na+ o K+.

Asociación Thysanoptera (Insecta)-Vicia faba (Fabaceae) en la Prepuna y Puna de Jujuy, Argentina / Thysanoptera (Insecta)-Vicia faba (Fabaceae) association in Prepuna and Puna in Jujuy, Argentina

Thysanoptera (Insecta)-Vicia faba (Fabaceae) association in Prepuna and Puna in Jujuy, Argentina. The different phenological stages of Vicia faba provide food resources and substrates for the development of a significant diversity of insects. This study aimed to identify the complex of anthophyllous thrips, analyze the species population fluctuations, to obtain some bioecological aspects and the role they play in this association. The study and sampling was conducted during the flowering-fruiting bean crop stages in two phytogeographical regions of Jujuy: Prepuna (2 479m asl) on a weekly basis, from October-December 1995-1996 and Puna (3 367m asl) every two weeks, from December 2007-March 2008. Each sample consisted of 25 flowers taken at random; only at Prepuna a complementary sampling of three hits per plant (n=10 plants) was conducted. Observations were made on oviposition sites, admission to the flower, pupation sites, feeding behavior and injuries caused. In Prepuna, the Thysanoptera complex consisted of Frankliniella australis, F. occidentalis, F. gemina, F. schultzei and Thrips tabaci; in Puna, the specific diversity was restricted to F. australis and F. gemina. Although the planting-harvest period in both areas did not match, the fluctuations in populations showed the same pattern: as flowering progressed, the number of thrips coincided with the availability of food resources. In both areas, F. australis was the dominant species and maintained successive populations; it layed eggs in flower buds, and larvae hatched when flowers opened; feeding larvae and adults brought about silvery stains with black spots. In Prepuna, F. australis went through the mobile immature stages on flowers, while quiescent stages were on the ground; in the Puna, all development stages took place within the flowers. Thrips tabaci, F. shultzei, F. occidentalis and F. gemina were temporary and opportunistic in Prepuna, while the presence of F. gemina was ...

Los distintos estados fenológicos de Vicia faba ofrecen recursos alimenticios y sustratos para el desarrollo de una importante diversidad de insectos. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: identificar el complejo de tisanópteros antófilos, analizar las fluctuaciones de las poblaciones, conocer aspectos bioecológicos y determinar el rol que cumplen en esta asociación. El estudio se realizó durante el período floración-fructificación del cultivo de haba, en dos etapas y regiones fitogeográficas de Jujuy: Prepuna (2 479msnm), semanalmente desde octubre-diciembre de 1995-1996 y Puna (3 367msnm), quincenalmente desde diciembre 2007-marzo 2008. Cada muestra consistió de 25 flores tomadas al azar; sólo en Prepuna se realizó un muestreo complementario de tres golpes/planta (n=10 plantas). Se realizaron observaciones sobre sitios de oviposición, ingreso a la flor, lugares de pupación, comportamiento alimenticio y lesiones producidas. En Prepuna, el complejo de tisanópteros está formado por Frankliniella australis, F. occidentalis, F. gemina, F. schultzei y Thrips tabaci; en Puna la diversidad específica está restringida a F. australis y F. gemina. A pesar de que el período siembra-cosecha no coincide en ambas áreas, las fluctuaciones de las poblaciones presentan un mismo patrón: a medida que avanza la floración aumenta el número de tisanópteros, que coincide con la disponibilidad del recurso alimenticio. En ambas áreas, F. australis es la especie dominante y mantiene poblaciones sucesivas en el cultivo; deposita los huevos en los botones florales y las larvas eclosionan cuando se produce la apertura de las flores; la alimentación de larvas y adultos ocasiona manchas plateadas con puntuaciones negras. En la Prepuna, F. australis atraviesa los estados inmaduros móviles en las flores y los quiescentes en el suelo; en la Puna, todos los estados de desarrollo transcurren dentro de las flores. Thrips tabaci, F. gemina, F. shultzei y F. occidentalis ...

Manganese induced changes in growth, chlorophyll content and antioxidants activity in seedlings of broad bean (Vicia faba L.).

The effect of manganese(Mn) on broad bean (Vicia faba L.) was studied with regard to growth, Mn accumulation in root and shoot, chlorophyll, proline content and peroxidase activity. Seeds were treated with Mn (10, 20, 40, 80,120,160 μM) and grown hydroponically up to 15 days. Manganese level in both root and shoot increased progressively in response to increasing concentration and it was high in roots (13 fold) over the shoots (8 fold). The reductions in root (52%) and shoot (62.92%) development were evident for the maximum Mn concentration (160 μM). The chlorophyll amount gradually declined with increasing Mn concentrations and attained its maximum (42%) at 160 μM. By contrast, the guaiacol peroxidase activity was high (71%) along with the accompanying rise in proline content (75%) in shoots of the highest Mn concentration (160 μM). However, there was about 2 fold increase in total glutathione content at 40 μM than the basal level and further declined to 21.65 Cg g-1 fresh wt. at 160 μM Mn. The alterations in overall reflected Mn concentration- dependent changes in the parameters studied. The results suggest that the plant Vicia faba L. copes with Mn exposure through enhanced production of antioxidants.

The investigation of cytotoxic effects of refinery wastewater on root tip cells of Vicia faba L.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of refinery wastewater collected from different stations of the Kizilirmak river on Vicia faba L. root tip cells. For this aim, we used the germination percentage, root length, weight gain and micronucleus (MN) frequency as indicators of cytotoxicity. Additionally to the cytological analysis, DNA analyses were performed in root tips meristems of Vicia faba seeds treated with refinery wastewater. Heavy metal concentrations in the water samples were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The concentrations of heavy metals in the water were in the order of Pb>Zn>Fe>Cu>Ni>Cd>Hg. The highest germination percantage was observed in the control group (in proportion as 96%). Heavy metals in the water samples collected from Station I, II and III caused a decrease in the germination percentage as 48, 18 and 30%, respectively. The highest root length and weight gain was observed in the control group at the end of the experimental period. The least root length and weight gain was observed in seeds treated with wastewater collected from Station I. In the control group, the weights of all the seeds increased about 4.08 g when compared with initial weight. The root lengths of the control seeds were determined as 6.38 cm at the end of the experimental period. The weights of the seeds exposed to wastewaters obtained from Station I, II and III increased about 1.08, 3.03 and 2.01 g according to initial weight, respectively. Microscopic examination of V. faba root tip meristem cells showed that any example of the MN formation was not seen in the control group. The highest frequency of MN was observed in group treated with wastewater collected from Station I and least frequency of MN was observed in group treated with wastewater collected from Station II. It was also observed that the yields of DNA in the seeds exposed to wastewater were lower than recorded in the controls. Hence, DNA yields exposed to wastewater were run ahead on agarose gel according to the control group. The results clearly indicate that refinery wastewater had important cytotoxic effects on V. faba root tip cells. It was also observed that V. faba seeds are very sensitive and useful biomarkers for monitoring these effects in waters contaminated with heavy metals.

Protective role of Ginkgo biloba on petroleum wastewater-induced toxicity in Vicia faba L. (Fabaceae) root tip cells.

The Melet is one of Turkey’s economically important rivers. Most of the petroleum plants are located at fairly nearby of the river. This situation is considered as main source of heavy metal pollution in the river. The present study was designed to evaluate the protective role of Ginkgo biloba (GB) on cytotoxicity induced by petroleum wastewater in Vicia faba root tip cells. For this aim, we used the germination percentage, root length, weight gain and micronucleus (MN) frequency as indicators of cytotoxicity. Additionally to the cytological analysis, lipid peroxidation analyses were also performed in V. faba roots. Heavy metal concentrations in wastewater were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The V. faba seeds were divided into six groups. They were treated with petroleum wastewater and 10, 20 and 30 /M doses of GB. As a result, the mean concentrations of heavy metals in wastewater were observed in the order: Pb>Al>Ni>Cr>Fe>Cu>Zn>Cd. The highest germination percentage was observed in the seeds of the control and positive control groups (in proportion as 98 and 96%, respectively). Wastewater treatment caused a significant decrease in the germination percentage of Group III (in proportion as 44%). The highest root length and weight gain were observed in the seeds of the control and positive control groups at the end of the experimental period. The least root length and weight gain were observed in the seeds of Group III treated with wastewater alone. In the control group, the final weights of all the seeds increased about 4.08 g according to initial weight. The root lengths of the control seeds were measured as 6.80 cm at the end of the experimental period. The final weights of the seeds exposed to wastewater alone increased about 0.90 g according to initial weight. Besides, there was a significantly increase in the MDA levels of the roots exposed to wastewater. Heavy metals in wastewater significantly affected the MDA production indicating lipid peroxidation. But, GB-treatment caused amelioration in indices of the germination percentage, root length, weight gain, MN frequency and lipid peroxidation when compared with group III. Each dose of GB provided protection against wastewater toxicity, and its strongest protective effect observed at dose of 30 /M. In vivo results showed that GB is a potential protector against toxicity induced by petroleum wastewater, and its protective role is dose-dependent.

Conocimiento campesino en la selección de variedades de haba (vicia faba l.) en la Sierra Norte de puebla México / Rural knowledge in the selection of varieties of faba bean (vicia faba l.) In the Sierra North of puebla, Mexico / Conhecimento camponês na seleção de variedades de fava (vicia faba l.) na Serra Norte de puebla México

Se estudió los caracteres relacionados con el ambiente, la planta y la semilla, que considera el campesino en la selección de variedades de haba (Vicia faba L.) y se analizó el proceso de generación y transmisión del conocimiento campesino, así como su importancia en el uso, manejo y conservación de la semilla. Se usó un enfoque cuantitativo mediante un cuestionario y el método descriptivo de encuesta muestral, y un enfoque cualitativo mediante observación y entrevista directa a 74 campesinos del grupo étnico náhuatl del Municipio de Tlatlauquitepec, Sierra Norte de Puebla, México. El tamaño de muestra se determinó por componente de marco de lista. Los principales caracteres relacionados con el ambiente en el cultivo de haba, considerados por el campesino, son humedad (80%), color (74%) y fertilidad del suelo (62%); en planta, resistencia a heladas (81%), sanidad (76%) y precocidad (55%); y en grano, sanidad (93%), y sanidad y tamaño (55%). Los campesinos que seleccionan cuatro o más caracteres relacionados con ambiente, planta y semilla, son quienes contribuyen al mejoramiento genético de la especie, por integrar una mayor cantidad de conocimientos y ejercer mayor presión selectiva. El conocimiento campesino sobre los caracteres de haba se genera por un proceso complejo de interrelaciones, en que se conjugan saberes sobre su entorno, el comportamiento de la especie en determinada condición y un conocimiento heredado perfeccionado por la experimentación. En este proceso va implícita la conservación de la diversidad de recursos genéticos locales de la especie.

This study is aimed at documenting the characters related with the environment, the plant and the seed that peasants take into account in the selection of local varieties of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). The process of generation, and transmission of rural knowledge and their use importance, handling and seed conservation were analyzed. A quantitative approach was used through a questionnaire and the descriptive method of sampling survey; a qualitative approach was also used, by observation and direct interviews to 74 peasants from the Municipality of Tlatlauquitepec, Sierra Norte de Puebla, Mexico. The main characters related with the environment in the faba bean crop that are considered by the peasant are soil humidity (80%), soil colour (74%) and fertility (62%); in relation to the plant features, cold resistance (81%), plant health (76%), and precocity (55%); and in relation to grain aspect, grain health (93%), and grain health and size (55%). The peasants selecting four or more characters of the beans, in relation to the environment, plant and seed, contributed more to the improvement of the species, as they integrated more knowledge and exerted higher selective pressure. The rural knowledge about the characters in faba bean is created through a complex process of interrelations, where knowledge is conjugated with environment and species behaviour at one particular condition, and an inherited knowledge transmitted by generations that is constantly improved by experimentation. In this process is implicit the conservation of local genetic resources of the species.

Foram estudados os caracteres relacionados com o ambiente, a planta e a semente, considerados pelo camponês na seleção de variedades de fava (Vicia faba L.) e se analisou o processo de geração e transmissão do conhecimento camponês, bem como sua importância no uso, manejo e conservação da semente. Utilizou-se um enfoque quantitativo mediante um questionário e o método descritivo de pesquisa amostral, e um enfoque qualitativo mediante observação e entrevista direta a 74 camponeses do grupo étnico nahuatl do Município de Tlatlauquitepec, Serra Norte de Puebla, México. O tamanho da amostra foi determinado por componente de marco de lista. Os principais caracteres relacionados com o ambiente no cultivo de fava, considerados pelo camponês, são umidade (80%), cor (74%) e fertilidade do solo (62%); em planta, resistência a geadas (81%), sanidade (76%) e precocidade (55%); e em grão, sanidade (93%), e sanidade e tamanho (55%). Os camponeses que selecionam quatro ou mais caracteres relacionados com ambiente, planta e semente, são aqueles que contribuem ao melhoramento genético da espécie, por integrar una maior quantidade de conhecimentos e por exercer maior pressão seletiva. O conhecimento camponês sobre os caracteres da fava é gerado por um processo complexo de inter-relações, nas que se conjugam saberes sobre seu entorno, o comportamento da espécie em determinada condição e um conhecimento herdado aperfeiçoado pela experimentação. Neste processo vá implícita a conservação da diversidade de recursos genéticos locais da espécie.

Genetic Toxicity of Shampoo to Root Tip Cells of Vicia faba / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To study the genotoxicity of 3 kinds of different brands shampoo to Vicia faba root tip cells. Methods To take root tip cells of Vicia faba as the subjects,genetic safety tests were conducted on those materials treated with shampoo of a certain concentration(0.25% ) for 2-8 h of continual mutagenesis and accumulative mutagenesis respectively,micronucleus and chromosomal aberration was observed and calculated,the rate of tap water was used as the control. Results Three kinds of shampoo could induce root tip cells of Vicia faba to produce micronucleus and chromosomal aberration,the peak was in the continual mutagenesis for 4 h and accumulative mutagenesis for 8 h respectively,which showed dose-effect relationship. There were significant differences between the control group and the experimental groups( P

Genetic Toxicity of Mercury, Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic to Vicia faba Root Tip Cells / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To evaluate the mutagenicity of mercury, cadmium, arsenic, chromium(Ⅵ)and lead in water on Vicia faba root tip cells. Methods The micronucleus assay of Vicia faba root tip cells were conducted to determine micronucleus rate of Vicia faba root tip cells induced by mercury (0.000 5-1.0 mg/L), cadmium (0.005-1.0 mg/L), arsenic(0.05-2.0 mg/L), chromium (Ⅵ) (0.05-2.0 mg/L) and lead (0.05-3.0 mg/L ) ,and pollution indexes were calculated. Results When the concentration of mercury was ≥ 0.5 mg/L, cadmium ≥ 0.1 mg/L, arsenic ≥ 0.5 mg/L and chromium(Ⅵ)≥ 2.0 mg/L in the water, the micronucleus rate were significantly higher compared with the negative control group, respectively(P

Leaf Exudates of Vicia faba and their Effects on Botrytis fabae and Some Associated Fungi

Analysis of leaf exudates of Vicia faba using paper chromatography to identify individual amino acids and sugars qualitatively was investigated. The results revealed that the number of identified amino acids detected in the leaf exudates of the susceptible plants was more than those of resistant plants. The results also showed an increase in the number of amino acids exuded by infected leaves, but no marked difference in sugars of infected and non infected plants. Lithium chloride application led to decrease in amino acid and sugar contents. The number of amino acids and sugars was also decreased with leaf age. Botrytis fabae and the selected fungal species (Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus niger) were used to show the effect of individual amino acid and sugar on their spore germination. It was observed that all amino acids stimulated the fungal spore germination except serine which inhibited its spore germination. In case of A. alternata, spore germination was stimulated by all amino acids except serine, alanine, glutamic acid, arginine and methionine which caused the inhibition. In case of F. oxysporum, aspartic and glutamic acids inhibited spore germination but the other amino acids stimulated its spore germination. Aspartic acid and phenyl alanine inhibited the spore germination of A. niger. All the identified sugars (galactose, glucose, fructose and rhamnose) stimulated spore germination of all tested fungi.

Numerical Taxonomy and 16S rDNA PCR-RFLP of Nodule Bacterial Isolated from Root Nodules of Broadbrean(Vicia faba L.)in China / 微生物学通报

49 rhizobia strains,isolated from root nodules of broadbean(Vicaia faba L.) in 11 provinces of China were studied by analysis of 138 phenotypic characteristics.All the strains collected together at the boundary of 59% similarity.At the similarity of 80% there were 6 groups which were all composed of strains isolated from the root nodules of broadbean except the cluster 4 included one reference strain.Based on the results of numerical taxonomy,25 strains as the representation of the broadbean rhizobia with 11 reference strains were selected to PCR-RFLP of 16S rDNA analysis.The strains were clustered into 4 groups at the similarity of 85% with another 1 unattached embranchment.The cluster status of 16S rDNA PCR-RFLP was in good agreement with that of numerical taxonomy on the similarity level of 80%.Overall the results demonstrated a high phenotypic and phylogenetic diversity of rhizobia strains nodulating broadbean.

Mutagenicity of Man-made Lake Water From Wujiang River, Jinhua / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To study the mutagenicity of water of man-made lake from Wujiang River in Jinhua. Methods The mutagenicities of water samples collected from 7 representative sampling points in man-made lake in Wujiang River were detected with micronucleus test in vicia faba root tip cells in Oct. 2000 and Oct. 2001 in Jinhua, Zhejiang. Results All water samples showed significantly higher frequencies of micronucleus with a range of 8.06‰～27.79‰ compared with 5.04‰ of negative control (P

Genetic Toxicity of Magnesium Sulfate to Root Tip Cells of Vicia faba / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To study the genetic toxicity of magnesium sulfate to the root tip cells of Vicia faba. Methods The root tip cells of Vicia faba with 1.5-2 cm root tip were taken as the subjects and were exposed to magnesium sulfate of different concentrations(0.50%-2.00%) for 6 h. In the other test,the cells were treated with 1.5% magnesium sulfate for 2,4,6,8 and 10 hours respectively. The distilled water and potassium dichromate (0.05%) were used as the negative and positive control respectively. The micronucleus and the chromosomal aberration were calculated after 24 hours of culture. Results Compared with the negative control group,0.1%,0.15%,0.175% and 0.2% of magnesium sulfate increased the micronucleus and 0.05%,0.1%,0.15%,0.175%,0.2% of magnesium sulfate increased the chromosomal aberration in Vicia faba root tip cells. Compared with the control group (0 h),both of the micronucleus and the chromosomal aberration of Vicia faba root tip cells increased (P

Genetic Toxicity of Europium Nitrate to Vicia faba Root Tip Cells / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To evaluate the genotoxicity of europium nitrate to the Vicia faba L root-tip cells. Methods The primary roots of Vicia faba L were cultured for 6 hours in the solution of Eu series(64,32,16,8,4,2,1 ?g/ml) at 25℃.And then the roots were repair-cultured in double distilled water for 24 h. The root tips of Vicia faba L were dissected and fixed,stained and the micronucleus rate,mitotic index and the rate of chromosomal aberrations were determined. Results From 1 ?g/ml to 32 ?g/ml,the rate of micronucleus increased with the increasing of the europium nitrate dosage(D),presented a dosage-effect relationship(r=0.949). From 2 ?g/ml to 64 ?g/ml,mitotic index decreased with the increasing of the europium nitrate dosage,presented a dosage-effect relationship(r=-0.852). From 1 ?g/ml to 64 ?g/ml,chromosome fragments(CF) and frequency of chromosomal aberrations(FCA) increased with the increasing of the europium nitrate dosage with a dosage-effect relationship significantly(rD-CF=0.915,rD-FCA=0.872). Conclusion Europium nitrate has the certain genetic toxicity to the Vicia faba L root-tip cells. The chromosome fragments may be one of the reasons to produce micronucleus.

The Effects of Lead on Root Tip Cell of Vicia faba / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To study the genetic effects of lead on root tip cell of Vicia faba. Methods Micronucleus tests were conducted on root tip cell of Vicia faba treated with Pb2+ of concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, 25.0, 50.0 mg/L for 12-36 h. Results The results indicated that the rates of micronucleus of lead-treated tip cell were significantly higher than that of the control (P

Binding of 4-methyl umbelliferyl-α-D-glucopyranoside to Vicia faba lectin: Fluorescence-quenching studies.

On binding to Vicia faba lectin, the fluorescence of 4-methylumbelliferyl-α-Dglucopyranoside was quantitatively quenched showing that the interaction of 4- methylumbelliferyl-α-D-glucopyranoside took place in a binding environment. The binding of the fluorescent sugar was saccharide specific as evidenced by the reversal of 4-methylumbelliferyl- α-D-glucopyranoside fluorescence quenching by D-fructose. The association constant, Ka, values for the 4-methylumbelliferyl-α-D-glucopyranoside was determined by competition study employing reversal of fluorescence quenching of 4-methylumbelliferyl-α- D-glucopyranoside by D-fructose. The Ka value obtained for D-fructose was 1·07 ± 0·03 × 104 M–1 and for 4-methylumbelliferyl-α-D-glucopyranoside was 1·60 ± 0·05 × 104 M–1 at 15°C. The Ka values of 2·51 ± 0·06 × 104 M–1, l·26 ± 0·02 × 104 Μ–1 and 0·56 ± 0·01 × 104 M–1, respectively at 10°, 20° and 30°C were obtained from the Chipman equation. The relative fluorescence quenching, Δ Fa, at infinite concentration of the free saccharide sites of Vicia faba lectin [P’] was 93·5% at 30°C and the binding constant for 4-methylumbelliferyl-α-Dglucopyranoside lectin interaction as derived by Yank and Hanaguchi equation was 0·63 ± 0·01 × 104 M–1.

Micronucleus Induction in Vicia faba Root Tip Cells Treated with Water Containing Limited Mercury under the National Sanitary Standard of Drinking Water / 第二军医大学学报

0.05). However, 0.01 and 0.1 mg/L mercury in water significantly increased the frequency of micronucleated cells in Vicia faba root tips (P