Violent behavior, perceived safety, and assault experiences among adolescents: results from the Brazilian National Adolescent School-based Health Survey

Objective To investigate factors associated with violent behavior in a large nationally representative sample of Brazilian adolescents. Methods The data were derived from the 2015 National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar [PeNSE]). The independent variables of interest included feelings of safety while on the way to and at school. The outcome was violent behavior, including bullying. Logistic regression models were developed to examine the relationship between violent behavior and each independent and control variable. Results In the adjusted regression model, male sex (aOR: 1.75; 95%CI 1.65-1.86), being assaulted by a family member (aOR: 1.74; 95%CI 1.59-1.90), and being assaulted in the past year (aOR: 1.70; 95%CI 1.57-1.85) all increased the chance of violent behavior. Feeling safe on the way to school (aOR: 0.82; 95%CI 0.74-0.92) and at school (aOR: 0.82; 95%CI 0.73-0.92) reduced the chance of violent behavior. Conclusion This study extends the body of literature on violent behavior among adolescents, demonstrating a correlation between school, domestic, family, or community violence and violent behavior. Our research supports the idea that adolescents who experience violence act violently with greater frequency. This finding has significant implications for pediatricians, child psychiatrists and psychologists, other health care professionals, school professionals, and other professionals involved in adolescent health. School professionals must be prepared to identify adolescents with violent behavior due to its potential consequences for their mental and physical health.

The relationship between anxiety and depression mood and substance abuse history in male prisoners / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the influence of substance abuse history on anxiety and depression of male prisoners during their imprisonment, and its relationship with violent behavior.Methods:A questionnaire survey was conducted among 1 455 prisoners from October to November 2019.Self-administered personal substance abuse history questionnaires were used to collect the information on substance abuse (alcohol, tobacco, and drug use). The generalized anxiety scale (GAD-7) and patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) were used to investigate anxiety and depression.All subjects were divided into substance abuse group ( n=871) and non substance abuse group ( n=584) according to whether they had a history of substance abuse or not.SPSS 21.0 software was used for statistical analysis.The statistical methods were t-test, chi square test and Logistic regression analysis. Results:(1)The scores of GAD-7 ((4.95±5.88) vs (3.35±5.33), t=-5.407, P<0.01) and PHQ-9 ((6.69±6.50) vs (4.48±5.73), t=-6.821, P<0.01) scales in the substance abuse group were higher than those in the no-substance abuse group.(2)Somatic disease( β=0.700, OR=2.014, 95% CI=1.599-2.538, P<0.05), history of alcohol abuse( β=0.434, OR=1.543, 95% CI=1.176-2.025, P<0.05), history of tobacco abuse( β=0.387, OR=1.473, 95% CI=1.154-1.880, P<0.05), age ≤ 45( β=0.372, OR=1.450, 95% CI=1.118-1.881, P<0.05) were the risk factors of anxiety among prisoners.Somatic disease( β=0.686, OR=1.986, 95% CI=1.581-2.496, P<0.05), history of tobacco abuse( β=0.488, OR=1.629, 95% CI=1.286-2.063, P<0.05), age ≤ 45( β=0.484, OR=1.622, 95% CI=1.260-2.089, P<0.05), history of alcohol abuse( β=0.344, OR=1.410, 95% CI=1.073-1.854, P<0.05) were the risk factors of depression among prisoners.(3) Years of education ≤ 9 years( β=0.900, OR=2.459, 95% CI=1.855-3.261, P<0.05), age ≤ 45( β=0.788, OR=2.199, 95% CI=1.690~2.860, P<0.05), unmarried( β=0.683, OR=1.980, 95% CI=1.421-2.759, P<0.05), history of alcohol abuse( β=0.308, OR=1.361, 95% CI=1.053-1.758, P<0.05), history of drug abuse( β=0.557, OR=1.745, 95% CI=1.055-2.885, P<0.05) were risk factors for violent behavior of prisoners. Conclusion:The history of substance abuse may be a risk factor for anxiety and depression of prisoners during their imprisonment.Alcohol and drug abuse are both factors influencing the occurrence of violent behavior.

Violencia en las relaciones románticas y tipología familiar en jóvenes universitarios / Violence in romantic relationships and family typology in young university students

Resumen La violencia en el noviazgo durante la juventud se transcribe en un problema social de gran importancia en razón al impacto y consecuencias que conlleva para la vida, incluyendo el hecho de ser un fuerte predictor de la violencia en la adultez. El propósito del presente estudio fue identificar la relación entre las conductas violentas en el noviazgo, la tipología familiar y algunos factores sociodemográficos, en una muestra de jóvenes universitarios de la Sabana de Bogotá. Para tal fin se realizó un estudio cuantitativo de corte transversal, con un diseño de tipo descriptivo correlacional a una muestra de 515 estudiantes universitarios de cinco instituciones de educación superior de la región sabana de Bogotá, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 25 años. Dentro de los hallazgos, para la muestra en estudio, se encontraron relaciones entre dichos factores de violencia y algunas tipologías familiares y los factores sexo y nivel socioeconómico. En conclusión, variables como la edad, el nivel socioeconómico y la tipología familiar se relacionan con la presentación de algunos tipos de violencia presentada durante el noviazgo.

Abstract Dating violence during youth transforms into a social problem of great importance because of its impact and consequences for life, including the fact that it is a strong predictor of violence in adulthood. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between dating violence, family typology and some sociodemographic factors in a sample of young university students from the Bogota savanna. To this end, a cross-sectional quantitative study was carried out with a descriptive correlational design on a sample of 515 university students from five higher education institutions in the Bogotá savanna region, aged between 18 and 25 years. Among the findings, for the sample under study, relationships were found between these factors of violence and some family typologies and the sex and socioeconomic level factors. In conclusion, variables such as age, socioeconomic level and family typology are related to the appearance of some types of dating violence.

Correlation between event-related potential P300 and violent behavior in patients with schizophrenia / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the change characteristics of event-related potential P300 in different violence risk levels of schizophrenic patients and analyze the risk factors of violence in schizophrenic patients.Methods:Totally 158 schizophrenic patients in Lyuzhou hospital of Shihezi City from January 2019 to August 2020 were collected and assessed with the violence risk scale for 3 days.According to the assessment results, the patients who met the inclusion criteria were divided into low-risk group( n=78), medium-risk group( n=51) and high-risk group( n=29). The auditory P300 of patients in each group was completed within 3 days and act of violence was observed and recorded within one week.Data analysis was carried out by SPSS 20.0 software.The changes of P300 in different violence risk groups were analyzed by ANOVA, and the influencing factors of violence in patients with schizophrenia were analyzed by logistic regression. Results:There was no significant difference in latency of P300 among the three groups (χ 2=4.71, P=0.10), but there was significant difference in amplitude of P300( F=6.67, P<0.01). Compared with the low-risk group ((12.14±9.19) μV), the amplitude of P300 in medium-risk group ((8.25±7.13) μV) and high risk group ((6.71±4.97) μV) decreased significantly ( t=-3.14, -5.45, both P<0.05). There was no significant difference in amplitude of P300 between the high-risk group and the middle-risk group( t=-2.31, P>0.05). The latency and amplitude of schizophrenia patients with violent behavior were significantly different from those without violent behavior ( Z=-6.30, 9.78, both P<0.01). High BVC grade (compared with high-risk group, low-risk group: OR=0.03, 95% CI : 0.00-0.35; the middle risk group: OR=0.09, 95% CI : 0.01-0.62), prolonged P300 latency ( OR=1.30, 95% CI : 1.13-1.48) and decreased P300 amplitude ( OR=0.50, 95% CI: 0.36-0.70), delusion of victimization ( OR=0.12, 95% CI: 0.02-0.76)were the risk factors for violent behavior. Conclusion:The latency and amplitude of P300 can be used as the reliable neuroelectrophysiological indicators for evaluating violence risk in patients with schizophrenia.It has important clinical application value for evaluating violence in patients with schizophrenia.

Repercusión familiar de la conducta violenta / Family Repercussion of Violent Behavior

Introducción: El estudio de la repercusión de la violencia en el hogar constituye un problema complejo, porque la familia como sistema social posee interrelaciones peculiares entre sus miembros, determinadas por vínculos afectivos, normas, roles y su dinámica en diferentes ámbitos y momentos de la vida. Objetivo: Evaluar la repercusión familiar de la conducta violenta en hogares. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, durante el bienio 2016- 2017, en 43 familias del municipio Playa en las que aconteció comportamiento violento. Se aplicó el instrumento Repercusión Familiar a todos los integrantes de la familia mayores de 19 años, y la alternativa de respuesta a cada rubro se seleccionó por acuerdo entre los miembros. Resultados: En el 86 por ciento de la muestra predominó el maltrato mixto. En dicha modalidad prevaleció la repercusión familiar severa (78,4 por ciento), con afectación mayoritariamente elevada en las áreas de funcionamiento familiar y estado de salud individual. El maltrato por negligencia se detectó solo en el 14 por ciento, prevaleció la repercusión familiar moderada (66,7 por ciento), con afectación totalitariamente elevada del área de funcionamiento familiar. El sentido de la repercusión del comportamiento violento resultó desfavorable para la salud en el 90,7 por ciento de los núcleos familiares. Conclusiones: Se detectó un determinado grado de repercusión entre los miembros de todas las familias donde se produjo violencia. El sentido de la repercusión del comportamiento violento fue mayoritariamente desfavorable para la salud familiar, con predominio negativo de todas sus áreas(AU)

Introduction: The study of the impact of domestic violence constitutes a complex problem, because the family, as a social system, has specific interrelationships among its members, determined by affective ties, norms, roles and its dynamics in different areas and moments of life. Objective: To assess the family impact of violent behavior in homes. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out during the 2016-2017 biennium, with 43 families from Playa Municipality and with cases of violent behavior. The Family Impact Questionnaire was applied to all family members over the age of 19, and the alternative response to each field was chosen by agreement among the members. Results: Mixed abuse prevailed in 86 percent of the sample. In this modality, severe family repercussion prevailed (78.4 percent), with a mainly high impact in the areas of family functioning and individual health status. Maltreatment due to negligence was detected only in 14 percent. Moderate family repercussions prevailed (66.7 percent), with a totally elevated affectation of the area concerning family functioning. The sense of violent behavior repercussion was unfavorable for health in 90.7 percent of the families. Conclusions: A certain degree of repercussion was detected among the members of all the families in which violence occurred. The sense of impact of violent behavior was mostly unfavorable for family health, with a negative predominance in all its areas(AU)

Epidemiological Trend, Risk Factors, Prevention and Treatment Strategies of Self-directed Violent Behavior: A Critical Appraisal of Relevant Literature

Background:Suicide is an intentional fatal act of self-destructionand largely preventable phenomenon. Early Identification of suicide risk factors, proactive preventive steps and therapeutic interventions tend to reduce robustly its epidemiological trends including associated high mortality around the world. Objective:This review study aimed to critically describe the identified potential risk factors underlying suicide together with a specific focus on its relevant preventive and management strategies. Methods:A selective e-searches of Google Scholar, PubMed/MEDLINE and ScienceDirect of relevant English literature (2000-2019) was conducted by using keywords and Boolean operators, and following exclusion and inclusion criteria included 115 most influentialarticles for this critical review.Results:Suicide is a global preventable phenomenon determined by multiple interconnected risk factors and mechanisms embedded in several levels; population (indigenous people and social media), individual (distal predisposing factors), developmental (mediating factors) and proximal (precipitating factors).Evidently suicide needs multimodal intervention approach in terms of universal, selective and indicated prevention. Conclusion:Suicide is a global heterogeneous phenomenon and needs continuing concerted efforts of multidisciplinary health team and multi-sector stakeholders because its risk pathways and protective factors dynamically changes overtime across the world

Atitudes de enfermeiros de serviços de urgência e emergência psiquiátricas frente ao comportamento violento / Nurse's attitudes in urgency psychiatric health services toward violent behavior

Introdução: A alta prevalência de transtornos mentais na população geral pode refletir no aumento de pessoas nos serviços de emergência de hospitais gerais em sua maioria apresentando queixas de sintomas de um transtorno mental ou de alteração do comportamento. O comportamento violento pode estar associado ao transtorno mental e a agressão por parte desses indivíduos é considerado um problema grave que vem sendo vivenciado nos serviços de saúde, principalmente nas unidades psiquiátricas de curta permanência. Por passarem mais tempo na interação com o paciente, o enfermeiro e a equipe de enfermagem ficam sujeitos à agressão derivada do comportamento violento. A abordagem que a equipe irá adotar depende das suas crenças e atitudes diante das causas desse tipo de comportamento, pois, as mesmas afetarão na qualidade da assistência prestada ao indivíduo e os possíveis danos físicos e psicológicos ao próprio profissional. Objetivo: verificar as atitudes e visões de manejo de enfermeiros de Serviços de atendimento em Urgência e Emergência Psiquiátrica frente ao comportamento violento. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório e transversal realizado em 17 serviços públicos referenciados de atendimento psiquiátrico da cidade de São Paulo com uma amostra de 185 enfermeiros que trabalhavam nesses locais. Para coleta de dados foram utilizados a The Management of Aggression and Violence Attitude Scale (MAVAS-BR) e um questionário com dados sociodemográficos. Para análise, os dados foram agrupados em um banco construído no Statistical Package for Social Sciences onde se realizou análise exploratória com frequência absoluta e relativa e medidas de locação (média/mediana) e dispersão (desvio-padrão) para cada item e dos quatro fatores da escala. Para interpretação, quanto menor a média mais a concordância com o fator ou item da escala. Resultados: As atitudes dos enfermeiros estão mais relacionadas aos modelos externo e situacional ou interacional de explicação para o comportamento violento, os participantes mostraram-se mais favoráveis com utilização de métodos de controle para manejo do mesmo. Referente às visões de manejo, concordaram com o uso dos manejos de controle que podem indicar fatores como falta de conhecimento dos enfermeiros em utilizar os manejos não físicos e escassez de recursos humanos nos serviços de saúde. Conclusão: Esse estudo fornece subsídios para elaboração de estratégias educacionais para que o enfermeiro adquira conhecimento e segurança nas intervenções frente a pacientes que apresentem comportamento violento, sugerindo que novas pesquisas sejam realizadas sobre esse fenômeno ainda pouco explorado no contexto brasileiro e latino Americano.

Introduction: The high prevalence of mental disorders in the general population may reflect an increase of people in general hospital emergency services, in which mostly of them presenting complaints of symptoms of a mental disorder or behavioral disorder. Violent behavior may be associated with mental disorder and the aggression on the part of these individuals is considered a serious problem that is being experienced in the health services, especially in the short-stay psychiatric units. Because one will spend more time interacting with the patient, the nurse and a nursing staff members are subject to aggression derived from violent behavior. The approach adopted by the members of the nursing staff will depend on their beliefs and attitudes towards the causes of this type of behavior, cause these kind of behavior will affect the assistances quality provided for the individual and may cause physical and psychological damage for the professionals themselves. Objective: to verify the nurses attitudes and views towards violent behaviour in the urgent care and psychiatric. Method: This is a descriptive, exploratory and cross-sectional study carried out in 17 public services referenced in psychiatric care in the city of São Paulo, with a sample of 185 nurses who worked in these places. For the data collection the management attitude scale of aggression and violence (MAVAS-BR) "and a questionnaire with sociodemographic data were used. For analysis, the data were grouped in a bank built in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences where an exploratory analysis was carried out with absolute and relative frequency and measurements of lease (mean / median) and dispersion (standard deviation / quartiles / minimum / maximum) for each item and each of the four scale factors. For interpretation, the lower the mean, the greater the agreement with the scale factor or item. Results: Nurses' attitudes are more related to external and situational or interactional models of explanation for violent behavior, the participants were found to be more favorable to the use of control methods to manage it. Regarding management visions, they agreed on the use of control measures that may indicate factors such as lack of knowledge of nurses to use non-physical management and shortage of human resources in health services. Conclusion: This study provides support for the elaboration of educational strategies so that the nurse can acquire knowledge and safety in the interventions against patients who present violent behavior, suggesting that new researches have to be done on this phenomenon still little explored in the Brazilian and Latin American context.

Analysis of Epidemiological Factors and Clinical Variations to Determine Whether Violent Behavior Appears in Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorder Patients / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to identify variables and determine their correlation with violent behavior in trauma- and stressor-related disorder diagnostic patients. METHODS: A one-year retrospective study (2012 to 2013) was performed on 91 trauma- and stressor-related disorder diagnosed patients at Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital. Study data were obtained from previous medical records. The subjects were divided into two groups based on the presence of violent behavior. RESULTS: Of the 91 trauma- and stressor-related disorder diagnosed patients, 33 patients exhibited violent behavior during their clinical course. Sociodemographic factors of age and marital status and their socioeconomic-environmental status were variables significantly related with the presence of violent behavior. Clinical data from Structured Clinical Interview for DSM, Post Traumatic Growth Inventory, and Social Support Scale scores were significantly associated with violence in trauma- and stressor-related disorder patients. CONCLUSION: In the clinical course of subjects with trauma- and stressor-related disorder, appearance of violent behavior should be monitored and approached in multiple ways to address socio-demographic, clinical, and psychological problems. Monitoring of significantly related variables and treatment compliance should be considered part of an appropriate therapeutic strategy for trauma- and stressor-related disorder patients.

Suicidal Behavior, Violent Behavior, and Neurocognitive Function in Child and Adolescent Mood Disorder Patients

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the association between current suicidal or violent behavior and deficits of specific neurocognitive variables in child and adolescent inpatient samples diagnosed with mood disorder. METHODS: A retrospective review of the charts of mood disorder patients hospitalized at Samsung Medical Center between April 2004 and April 2015 was conducted. Child and adolescent patients aged between 10 and 18 years old and those who finished neurocognitive function testing during their hospitalization were included. Among them patients whose full scale IQ was between 85 and 115 were selected (N=111). Participants were first divided into two age-groups-group Y (10≤age≤15, N=54) and group O (16≤age≤18, N=57)-because neurocognitive function test tools were different according to age [Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) for 10 to 15-year-old patients, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) for 16 to 18-year-old patients]. They were then divided according to their suicidal or violent behavior-non suicidal/violent group (NG), suicidal group (SG), violent group (VG), and both suicidal/violent group (BG). The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was checked for measurement of participants' behavior and the Gordon Diagnostic System was checked for measurement of their attention efficiency. Kruskal-Wallis Test and Tukey test was used to determine the differences in neurocognitive function between groups. RESULTS: O-SG patients showed lower scores on the comprehension subscale of WAIS-III than O-NG patients (χ2=8.454, p=.015). O-VG patients showed lower scores on the block design subscales of WAIS than O-SG patients (χ2=7.496, p=.024). Y-VG patients showed higher scores in aggressive behavior, externalizing problems, and total problems scores of CBCL. CONCLUSION: This study showed relationship between specific neurocognitive deficits and suicidal or violent behavior. These relationships were significant in relatively older adolescents.

Tratamiento farmacológico del paciente adulto con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia que presenta conducta violenta o agitación / Pharmacological Treatment for Adult Diagnosed With Schizophrenia With Agitation or Violent Behavior

Objetivos: Determinar cuál es la intervención farmacológica más efectiva y las recomendaciones para la toma de decisiones en el manejo de adultos con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia que presentan conducta violenta o agitación. Método: Se elaboró una guía de práctica clínica bajo los lineamientos de la Guía Metodológica del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social para identificar, sintetizar, evaluar la evidencia y formular recomendaciones respecto al manejo y seguimiento de los pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia. Se adoptó y actualizó la evidencia de la guía NICE 82. Se presentó la evidencia y su graduación al grupo desarrollador de la guía (GDG) para la formulación de las recomendaciones siguiendo la metodología propuesta por el abordaje GRADE. Resultados: Se recomienda el uso de medicamentos parenterales en todo paciente agitado que no responda a las medidas de persuasión. Los medicamentos con mejor evidencia con respecto a efectividad (control de conducta violenta) son haloperidol y benzodiacepinas, administradas de manera conjunta o individual, la olanzapina también es una opción teniendo en cuenta que solamente se debe usar en instituciones donde hay psiquiatra disponible 24 horas y la ziprasidona se puede considerar como un medicamento de segunda línea. No hay evidencia suficiente y las disponible es de baja calidad, con respecto a efectos secundarios asociados a la olanzapina y ziprasidona. Conclusión: La conducta violenta en los adultos con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia representa un riesgo para ellos mismos y para quienes están a su alrededor, por lo cual se hace necesaria la implementación oportuna de intervenciones dirigidas a tranquilizar al paciente, con el fin de prevenir desenlaces potencialmente negativos. Se recomienda al clínico iniciar estas intervenciones con medidas verbales de persuasión, que en caso de no ser efectivas, es apropiado el uso de medicamentos parenterales: haloperidol y benzodiacepinas como primera linea y olanzapina y ziprasidona como segundas opciones.

Objectives: To determine the most effective pharmacological intervention and to bring recommendations for decision-making in the management of adults with schizophrenia with violent behavior or agitation. Methods: A clinical practice guideline was elaborated under the parameters of the Methodological Guide of the Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social to identify, synthesize and evaluate the evidence and make recommendations about the treatment and follow-up of adult patients with schizophrenia. The evidence of NICE guide 82 was adopted and updated. The evidence was presented to the Guideline Developing Group and recommendations, employing the GRADE system, were produced. Results: It is recommended the use of parenteral drugs in all agitated patient who does not respond to the measures of persuasion. The drugs with better evidence on effectiveness (control of violent behavior) are haloperidol and benzodiazepines, administered jointly or individually. Olanzapine is also an option considering that should only be used in institutions where a psychiatrist is available 24 hours. Ziprasidone can be considered as a second-line drug. The information about the side effects associated with these drugs is insufficient and has low quality. Conclusion: Violent behavior in adults with schizophrenia represents a risk for themselves and for those around them, so the opportune implementation of interventions aimed to calm the patient, in order to prevent potential negative outcomes is necessary. It is recommended to initiate these interventions with measures of verbal persuasion, and if these measures are not effective, appropriate use of parenteral drugs: haloperidol and benzodiazepines as first-line and olanzapine and ziprasidone as second choices.

The analysis on correlation between childhood physical abuse and monoamine oxidase A polymorphisms in domestic violence / 中国神经精神疾病杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of the interaction between environmental factors and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene polymorphism in Han and Uygur on alcoholics in Xinjiang. Methods The data of childhood abuse and domestic aggressive behaviors were collected from 284 patients with alcohol dependence from Xinjiang using self-made questionnaires, Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS) and Barratt Impulsivity Scale-11 (BIS-11). The meth?ods of PCR and DNA sequencing technique were conducted to detect rs1137070 single nucleotide polymorphism loci of MAOA gene. Logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust for interaction effects of gene and childhood abuse on domestic violence. Results The scale evaluation identified 143 patients with and 138 patients without domestic violence. Childhood abuse and gene were both risk factors in domestic violence. The interaction effect of childhood abuse with rs1137070 was significant. the relative excess risk, the interaction attribution ratio and the interaction index were 1.00,0.14 and 1.20, respectively. Conclusions The interactions between genes and environmental risk factors may contribute to the domestic violence in Han and Uygur on alcoholics in Xinjiang.

A cross-sectional study on physicaly violent behavior among youth males in Chengdu, Sichuan province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the prevalence of physically violent behavior among 18-34 years old males in Chengdu.Methods 2 151 males aged 18-34 years was recruited in Chengdu,using a multistage stratified random sampling method."Men' s health and modem lifestyles survey questionnaire" was adopted to collect information on demography,physical violent behavior,attitude and reactions to violence.Results Self-reported prevalence of physical violent behavior since 15 years of age among those 18-34 year-old males was 51.8％.17.8％ of the young males reported having violent behavior in the past 5 years,but the prevalence declined progressively with age (P＜0.01).People who were religious or remained single had higher prevalence rates than those non-religious,married or having regular sex partners (P＜0.01).Prevalence seemed relatively high in students or workers at service/commercial fields,with rates as 24.5％ and 20.3％.Conclusion Data from our study suggested that physical violence was an important problem among young males in Chengdu.Factors as being young,single,divorced or widowed were associated with self-reported violent behavior.People who were religious,being students or working at the service/commercial fields seemed to be under high risk of carrying physical violence.

El ciclo de la violencia en consumidores de sustancias tóxicas / The cycle of violence in substance abusers

Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo de 46 pacientes consumidores de sustancias tóxicas, pertenecientes al área de salud del Policlínico Docente "Ernesto Guevara de la Serna" de Santiago de Cuba, de enero a julio del 2013, con vistas a valorar la influencia de los factores socioculturales en el desarrollo de la violencia y la adicción a las drogas. La totalidad de la serie fueron hombres, con predominio del grupo etario de 20-30 años y la escolaridad media, quienes procedían de familias con dificultad en sus relaciones y habían sido víctimas de violencia física, psicológica o sexual en su niñez o adolescencia. En cuanto a la victimización la habían realizado fundamentalmente los padres y maestros dentro del domicilio y la escuela, respectivamente; asimismo, la mayoría de los pacientes exhibían conductas violentas o antisociales que ejercían sobre algunos miembros de su familia y otras personas de su entorno, de modo que reproducían los comportamientos aprendidos en la infancia. El consumo de sustancias tóxicas se inició desde la adolescencia, para mantenerse prolongadamente durante varios años.

A descriptive study was carried out in 46 patients, belonging to the health area of "Ernesto Guevara de la Serna" Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, from January to July 2013, to assess the influence of the sociocultural factors in the occurrence of violence and drug abuse. The entire series were men, with prevalence of the group aged 20-30 years and average education, who came from families with difficulties in their relationships and had been victims of physical, psychological or sexual violence in their childhood or adolescence. Parents and teachers were the main perpetrators at home and school, respectively. Also, most patients had violent and antisocial behaviors exerted on family members and other people of their environment, so they repeated behaviors learned in childhood. The substance abuse began in adolescence and has been held for several years.

Purpose in Life/Ikigai and Moderate Exercise may Prevent and Improve Violent Behavior: with Consideration of the Traits of Neurotransmitters and Hormones.

The prefrontal lobe, which is more evolved in humans compared to other mammals, has extensive connections with many other areas of the brain including the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala. The prefrontal lobe functions include ambition, cognition, emotions, information evaluation, mental integration, voluntary activity, and organized response. Violent behavior is related to aggression, with less serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid interaction, more dopamine, and more testosterone. Violent behavior is reinforced by negative experiences including viewing of violence in childhood and successful problem solving by violence. Every person has a natural and intrinsic need to establish the meaning of life, relative to ambition. Purpose in life (PIL)/ikigai means an attitude to establish the meaning of life. The term PIL/ikigai has been commonly used in daily life for many years in Japan. PIL/ikigai contributes to a greater ability to cope with stress, i.e., greater pleasure and comfort as well as less anxiety and confusion during stressful situations. This process leads to increasing serotonin and decreasing testosterone. PIL/ikigai is reinforced by positive experiences, including being moved by persons and events, success in challenging events, spending time in beautiful natural surroundings, and warm-hearted human relations. Moderate aerobic exercise, e.g., walking and running, causes pleasure. This process results in improvement of the autonomic nervous system, i.e., optimal balance between the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system, and optimally balanced secretions of dopamine, -endorphin, and serotonin. PIL/ikigai, performing aerobic exercise and violent behavior are prefrontal lobe functions. Prefrontal lobe function develops even during adulthood as the result of experiences. Thus, PIL/ikigai and moderate aerobic exercise may prevent and improve violent behavior.

The relationship of violent behavior with polymorphism of norepinephrine transporter gene, childhood abuse and their interaction effect in male adolescents / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the relationship between the rs3785143 polymorphism of norepinephrine transporter gene,and investigate the influence of interaction effect between NET gene polymorphism and childhood abuse in adolescents with violent behavior.Methods Adolescent male offenders were divided into violent group (124 samples) and nonviolent group (120 samples).The rs3785143 polymorphisms of NET gene were measured by used SNaPshot SNP technology in 244 samples.Chi-square test was used to compare the distribution difference between three groups of each gene type and the allele frequency distribution.Results ①There was no statistically significant difference among violent group and nonviolent group in the genotype and allele frequencies of rs3785143 polymorphism (x2=0.753,0.022; all P＞0.05).②64.5％ violent adolescents have experience of childhood abuse,and 35.5％ had no history of abuse ;48.3％ nonviolent adolescents have experience of childhood abuse,and 51.7％ had no history of abuse(x2=6.50,P＜0.05).③There was not significant interaction between NET gene polymorphism and childhood abuse((OR=0.386,P＞0.05) 95％ CI (0.457-4.739)).Conclusions The NET gene polymorphism is not associated with violent behavior in male adolescents,and there was not interaction between NET gene polymorphism and childhood abuse.

Teoría de la mente de un grupo de personas vinculadas al conflicto armado y en proceso de resocialización / Theory of mind in a group of people involved in the armed conflict and in process of resocialization

La teoría de la mente es la capacidad de inferir, predecir y atribuir estados mentales a otras personas. Este constructo ha sido estudiado desde numerosas patologías, como el autismo, la esquizofrenia y el síndrome de Down. Estudios recientes han mostrado que las alteraciones de la teoría de la mente pueden ser observadas en los diferentes cuadros clínicos derivados de alteraciones del lóbulo frontal, como la personalidad antisocial. Algunos autores plantean que un aspecto esencial de la teoría de la mente es la empatía. Sin embargo, este constructo no ha sido estudiado en población normal colombiana con conductas violentas y delictivas que han estado vinculadas al conflicto armado. Este artículo tiene como propósito describir algunas características de la ToM en sujetos que estuvieron vinculados al conflicto armado en Antioquia con manifestaciones sintomáticas relacionadas con comportamientos violentos y delictivos.

The Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to infer, predict, and attribute mental states to others. This construct has been studied for many illnesses, such as autism, schizophrenia, and Down syndrome. Recent studies have shown that an impaired ToM can be observed in various clinical conditions resulting from alterations of the frontal lobe, such as antisocial personality. Some authors argue that an essential aspect of the ToM is empathy. However, this construct has not been studied in Colombian normal population with violent and criminal behaviors that have been linked to an armed conflict. This paper aims to describe some characteristics of the ToM in subjects who were involved in the armed conflict in Antioquia, with symptomatic manifestations related to violent and criminal behavior.

A leitura das emoções e ocomportamento violento mapeado no cérebro / Reading emotions and violent behaviors on the brain

O presente ensaio faz uma interpretação de estudos neurocientíficos que relacionam lesões e funções neurofisiológicas ao comportamento emocional violento, tecendo considerações sobre o impacto dessas hipóteses em campo, seja na justiça criminal, na educação ou em outras áreas. Embora até mesmo autores das neurociências afirmem não haver evidências suficientes de que o potencial criminoso possa ser ligado diretamente a funções discretas do cérebro, e ainda ser controverso o apoio em exames neurocriminológicos em julgamentos criminais, há uma tendência atual de mapear cérebros para intervir precocemente no intuito de prevenir a violência. Analisa-se com cautela o investimento em políticas de escaneamento e intervenção nos cérebros de crianças e adolescentes que apresentem comportamento desajustado ou violento. Com base em alguns equívocos históricos, como os estigmas sociais realçados pelo lombrosionismo e pela frenologia, e, também, com base em premissas psicanalíticas e contribuições construtivistas, critica-se a apropriação imediatista dos achados neurocientíficos no que concerne às origens da violência, ressaltando a irredutibilidade do aporte linguístico, social e histórico como planos potenciais de formação e transformação da subjetividade.

This essay makes an interpretation of the neuroscience's theories that relate neurophysiologic functions and brain damages to the violent behavior in order to present some critical points about the use of these hypotheses in some work fields as criminal justice, education or any others. Although even neuroscientists acknowledge there aren't enough proves that criminal behavior could not be linked to discrete brain's functions, and also being controversial the use of neuroimages in criminal judgments, there is a present tendency to map children and teenager's brains to intervene as early as possible to prevent violence. It analyzes with caution these investments in brain scan polices. It remembers the core of historical mistakes made by Criminal Anthropology and Phrenology in XIX century, to advertise the risk of reducing the multiplicity of human emotions and violent reactions to neural causes, supposedly determining a criminal potential. In such sense, supported by psychoanalytical and constructivist premises, this work criticizes the reductionism of such a criminal neuroscience, showing the irreducibility of the linguistic, social and historical contribution as the potential plans for formation and transformation of subjectivity.

Why are adolescents violent? / Por que os adolescentes são violentos?

This article discusses how adolescents become violent from the perspective of human development, in which the process of formation of the child and the youth depends on diverse biological, psychological e social variables that constitute the context of life of these individuals. The ecological perspective of human development opposes simple cause-effect relations between antisocial adversities and behaviors and believes that factors such as gender, temperament, cognitive ability, age, family, social environment and culture combine in a complex way influencing the behavior of the child and the adolescent. Some conclusions point to the fact that violence in adolescence usually starts from a combination of early difficulties in relationships associated with a combination of temperamental difficulties. It is concluded that the young seem to be as bad as the social environment surrounding them.

O artigo discute como adolescentes tornam-se violentos a partir de uma perspectiva do desenvolvimento humano na qual o processo de formação da criança e do jovem depende de diversas variáveis biológicas, psicológicas e sociais que constituem o contexto de vida desses indivíduos. A perspectiva ecológica do desenvolvimento humano contraria simples relações de causa-efeito entre adversidades e comportamentos anti-sociais e acredita que fatores como gênero, temperamento, competência cognitiva, idade, família, entorno social e cultura combinam-se de forma complexa, influenciando o comportamento da criança e do adolescente. Algumas conclusões apontam para o fato de que a violência na adolescência usualmente começa a partir de uma combinação de dificuldades precoces nos relacionamentos, associadas a uma combinação de dificuldades temperamentais. Além disso, coloca-se que os jovens parecem ser tão maus quanto é o seu entorno social.

Crime e doença psiquiátrica: perfil da população de um hospital de custódia no Rio de Janeiro / Crime and mental disorders: profile of a group of inmates in a custody hospital in Rio de Janeiro

Objetivos: Estudar a população internada em um hospital de custódia no Rio de Janeiro quanto a aspectos demográficos, diagnósticos e criminais. Métodos: Todos os internos cumprindo medida de segurança detentiva no Hospital de Custódia e Tratamento Psiquiátrico Heitor Carrilho, em dezembro de 2007, (n = 177) foram avaliados pelo censo sociodemográficoaplicado por psiquiatras da instituição e tiveram seus prontuários analisadosquanto a diagnóstico, tratamento psiquiátrico prévio e tipo de crime. Foi avaliada a relação entre vítima e perpetrador nos homicídios. Resultados: A população é preferencialmente masculina (80%), solteira (72%), com 30 a 39 anos de idade (34%), baixa escolaridade (69%) e inativa (56%). Os diagnósticos mais prevalentes foram transtornos psicóticos (67%), seguidospor retardo mental (15,2%), transtornos em virtude de uso de substâncias psicoativas (7,3%), de personalidade (4,5%) e outros (6,2%). A maioria (71%) já havia recebido tratamento psiquiátrico prévio. O homicídio foi o crime mais comum (44%), seguido por crimes contrao patrimônio (26%), crimes sexuais (11%), crimes relacionados a entorpecentes (11%) e outros. O homicídio intrafamiliar predominou entre os psicóticos e os portadores de retardo mental. Os últimos cometeram proporcionalmente mais crimes sexuais do que os primeiros. Conclusão: O perfil da população foi compatível com o descrito para outras populações de internos em hospitais de custódia no país.

Objetives: To study the hospital population in a custody hospital in Rio de Janeiro with regard to demographical, diagnostic and criminal aspects. Methodology: Inmates serving detentional security measures in Custody and Psychiatric Treatment Heitor Carrilho Hospital (Hospital de Custódia e Tratamento Psiquiátrico Heitor Carrilho) in december 2007 (n=177) were evaluated in a social-demographic questionnaire applied by staff psychiatrists at the Hospital andhad their medical records analyzed according to the diagnosis, previous psychiatric treatment and crime category. The relationship between perpetrators and victims in homicides was evaluated. Results: the population is mainly masculine (80%), single (72%), between 30 to 39 years old(34%), low-education (69%) and unemployed (56%) The most prevalent diagnosis were psychotic disorders (67%) followed by mental retardation (15,2%), disorders due to the use of psychoactive substances (7,3%), personality disorders (4,5%), among others. Most of them (71%) had been under previous psychiatric treatment. Murder was the most common crime (44%) followed by crimes against property (26%), sex crimes (11%), related to drugs (11%) and others. Intrafamiliar murder was prevailing amongst mentally retarded population and psychotics. The former generallycommitted more sex crimes than the latter. Conclusion: The population profile was compatible with the description of other inmate populations in custody hospitals across the country.

Relationship between executive function deficits and violent behaviors in male adolescents / 上海第二医科大学学报

Objective To explore the roles of executive function deficits in adolescent violent behaviors. MethodsAccording to the findings of general state questionnaire,modified overt aggression scale and interview,93 male juvenile delinquents were randomly divided into violent antisocial group(n=47) and nonviolent antisocial group(n=46).Besides,50 male adolescents in vocational schools were served as normal controls.All the participants were subjected to Wechsler adult intelligence scale(WAIS) test,Wisconsin card sorting test(WCST),Stroop color-word test(CWT) and Tower of Hanoi(TOH) test. Results There was no significant difference in IQ between violent antisocial group and nonviolent antisocial group(P0.05).In CWT,violent antisocial group and nonviolent antisocial group had significant difference with normal control group in number of correct responses of Stroop interference effects(SIE)(P0.05).In TOH,the total time spent in violent antisocial group and nonviolent antisocial group was significantly longer than normal control group(P0.05). Conclusion There exists executive function deficits in male adolescents with unlawful acts,and violent behaviors may have a closer relationship with executive function deficits.