Effects of virginiamycin and galbanum (Ferula gummosa boiss) on performance, carcass traits, immune system and blood parameters of broiler chickens / Efectos de la virginiamicina y el gálbano (Ferula gummosa boiss) sobre la producción, características de la canal, sistema inmune y parámetros sanguíneos en pollos de engorde / Efeitos na adição na dieta do virginiamicina e do gálbano (Ferula gummosa boiss) no desempenho, características da carcaça, sistema imunológico e fatores sanguíneos de frangos de corte

Abstract Background: Some medicinal plants can stimulate growth in poultry. Objective: To compare the effects of dietary addition of virginiamycin antibiotic and galbanum plant (Ferula gummosa) on the performance, carcass characteristics, immune system, and blood factors of broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 250 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to five treatments with five replicates (10 birds per replicate). The treatments were: control (basal diet), virginiamycin (basal diet plus 0.1 g virginiamycin/kg of diet) or one of three levels of galbanum powder (2.5, 5, and 10 g galbanum/kg of diet). Results: Body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio improved in the groups containing galbanum compared to the other groups (p<0.05). The percentage of liver, heart and abdominal fat decreased in the treatments containing 5 and 10 g galbanum compared to the control (p<0.05). Spleen weight and antibody titers against Newcastle disease and SRBC were significantly increased in the treatment containing 10 g of galbanum compared to the other treatments (p<0.05). The addition of galbanum powder resulted in a significant decrease in serum cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and LDL (p<0.05). Additionally, galbanum increased serum total protein, albumin, globulin, and HDL (p<0.05). Conclusion: Galbanum improves performance and the immune system of broiler chickens, and has similar growth promoting effects as virginiamycin.

Resumen Antecedentes: Algunas plantas medicinales pueden estimular el crecimiento de las aves. Objetivo: Comparar los efectos de añadir virginiamicina y gálbano (Ferula gummosa) a la dieta sobre la producción, características de la canal, sistema inmune y parámetros sanguíneos de pollos de engorde. Métodos: Un total de 250 pollos machos de engorde Ross 308 con un día de vida se asignaron aleatoriamente a cinco tratamientos (5 réplicas y 10 aves por réplica). Los tratamientos fueron: control (dieta basal), virginiamicina (0,1 g virginiamicina/kg dieta) y tres niveles de gálbano en polvo (2,5, 5 y 10 g galvano/kg dieta). Resultados: La ganancia de peso, el consumo de alimento y el índice de conversión mejoraron en los tratamientos que contenían gálbano comparados con los otros grupos (p<0,05). los porcentajes de grasa hepática, cardíaca y abdominal se redujeron significativamente en los tratamientos que contenían 5 y 10 g/kg de gálbano comparados con el control (p<0,05). El peso del bazo y la producción de anticuerpos contra las enfermedades de Newcastle y SRBC aumentaron significativamente en el tratamiento con 10 g/kg de gálbano en comparación con los otros tratamientos (p<0,05). La adición de gálbano resultó en una disminución significativa de los niveles de colesterol, triglicéridos y LDL (p<0,05), mientras que los niveles séricos de proteína total, albúmina, globulina y HDL aumentaron significativamente (p<0,05). Conclusión: Los resultados mostraron que el gálbano mejora la producción y refuerza el sistema inmune en pollos de engorde, y promueve el crecimiento de forma similar a la virginiamicina.

Resumo Antecedentes: Algumas plantas medicinais podem estimular o crescimento dos pássaros. Objectivo: Comparar os efeitos da adição na dieta do antibiótico virginiamicina e do gálbano (Ferula gummosa) no desempenho, características de carcaça, sistema imunológico e fatores sanguíneos de frangos de corte. Métodos: Um total de 250 frangos de corte, machos Ross 308, de um dia de idade foram aleatoriamente divididos em 5 tratamentos e 5 repetições (10 aves por repetição). Os tratamentos foram: grupo controle (dieta base), grupo com adição de antibiótico virginiamicina (0,1 g virginiamicina/kg de dieta) e três outros grupos com diferentes níveis gálbano em pó (2,5, 5 e 10 g galvano/kg de dieta). Resultados: O ganho de peso corporal, o consumo de ração e a taxa de conversão melhoraram nos grupos contendo 5 e 10 gramas de gálbano em comparação com os outros grupos (p<0,05). As diferenças no percentual de gordura hepática, cardíaca e abdominal diminuíram significativamente nos tratamentos contendo 5 e 10 g de gálbano em comparação ao controle (p<0,05). O peso do baço e os títulos de anticorpos gerados contra a doença de Newcastle e SRBC foram significativamente aumentados no tratamento contendo 10 gramas de gálbano em comparação com os outros tratamentos (p<0,05). A adição de gálbano em pó resultou em diminuição significativa do colesterol sérico, triacilglicerol e LDL (p<0,05) e, por outro lado, aumento significativo da proteína sérica total, albumina, globulina e HDL (p<0,05). Conclusões: Os resultados mostraram que a erva medicinal gálbano melhora o desempenho e estimula o sistema imunológico em frangos de corte e pode ser considerada um factor de crescimento em frangos de corte em comparação com o antibiótico virginiamicina.

Efficacy of virginiamycin for the control of periodontal disease in calves / Eficácia da virginiamicina no controle de doença periodontal em bezerros

Periodontal diseases are multifactorial infectious processes caused by complexes of microorganisms, with damage to health, production, and animal welfare. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of virginiamycin in the prevention and control of two early forms of periodontal disease: gingivitis and necrotizing gingivitis. Ten weaned calves, aged four to six months, were permanently kept in a single lot under the same rotational grazing regime in a newly reformed area of Panicum maximum. Five of the calves were orally administered 340mg of virginiamycin (Virginiamycin Group) daily for a period of 18 weeks, while the remaining five calves (Control Group) remained under the same food management but did not receive virginiamycin. During this period, animals underwent 18 weekly evaluations regarding periodontal health, with monitoring and recording of clinical parameters of the eight deciduous incisor teeth on the labial and lingual faces. At approximately two-week intervals, nine collections of subgingival sulcus material from five sites of the four right incisor teeth of each animal were performed and subjected to microbiological evaluation using polymerase chain reaction with primers of 25 microorganisms considered potentially pathogenic. After 1440 periodontal clinical evaluations of incisor teeth of the 10 calves, a total of 395 episodes of gingivitis were recorded, of which 267 occurred in the Control Group and 128 in the Virginiamycin Group. Similarly, 89 episodes of necrotizing gingivitis were recorded; 58 in the Control Group and 31 in the Virginiamycin Group. Comparison of between-group means found significant differences for teeth with gingivitis and necrotizing gingivitis (t test; p<0.05). The total number of teeth with gingivitis (p<0.01) and necrotizing gingivitis (p<0.01) in Control Group was significantly higher than that of gingivitis (p<0.01) and necrotizing gingivitis (p<0.05) in the Virginiamycin Group. There was a positive correlation between total occurrence of gingivitis and necrotizing gingivitis in the Virginiamycin Group by Pearson's test. Virginiamycin had a protective effect on treated animals compared with the Control Group (OR = 0.36: CI (95%) = 0.27-0.43). In the Control Group, Actinomyces israelli (4.74%), domain Archaea (1.58%), Eikenella corrodens (1.05%), Fusobacterium nucleatum (27.37%), class Mollicutes (5.26%); Porphyromonas endodontalis(5.26%); Porphyromonas gulae(0.53%), Prevotella buccae (6.32%), Prevotella loescheii (3.68%), Prevotella nigrescens (8.42%), Prevotella oralis (1.58%), Tannerella forsythia (0.53%), and Treponema denticola (4.21%) were detected at healthy sites, and gingivitis or necrotizing gingivitis samples. In the Virginiamycin Group, A. israelli (3.41%), domain Archaea (0.98%), F. nucleatum (9.27%), class Mollicutes(4.39%), P. endodontalis (4.39%), P. gulae (0.49%), P. buccae (8.29%), P. loescheii (6.83%), P. nigrescens (15.61%), P. oralis (1.46%), Selenomonas sputigena (0.49%), T. forsythia (0.49%), and T. denticola (2.44%) were detected. In conclusion, virginiamycin administered at a dosage of 340mg/animal/day significantly reduced the occurrence of gingivitis and necrotizing gingivitis in cattle maintained on reformed pastures, and was revealed to have action against periodontal bacterial microbiota considered to be potentially pathogenic.(AU)

As doenças periodontais são processos infecciosos multifatoriais causados por complexos de micro-organismos, que provocam danos à saúde, produção e ao bem-estar animal. O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de avaliar a eficácia da virginiamicina na prevenção e controle de duas formas de doença periodontal; a gengivite e a gengivite necrosante. Assim, dez bezerros desmamados, com idade entre 4 e 6 meses, foram mantidos permanentemente em lote único e sob o mesmo regime de pastejo rotacionado em área reformada de Panicum maximum. Cinco bezerros receberam via oral 340mg de virginiamicina (Grupo Virginiamicina) diariamente, por um período de dezoito semanas, enquanto o Grupo Controle permaneceu sob o mesmo manejo alimentar, mas sem receber a virginiamicina. No período, os animais passaram por 18 avaliações semanais quanto à saúde periodontal, com monitoramento e registro dos parâmetros clínicos dos oito dentes incisivos decíduos, nas suas faces labial e lingual. Em intervalos aproximadamente quinzenais foram realizadas nove coletas de material do sulco subgengival de cinco sítios de quatro dentes incisivos direitos de cada animal para avaliação microbiológica, com o emprego da reação em cadeia da polimerase e com iniciadores de 25 micro-organismos considerados potencialmente patogênicos. Ao final das 1440 avaliações clínicas periodontais dos dentes incisivos dos dez bezerros, pôde-se registrar um total de 395 episódios de dentes com gengivite, nos quais 267 foram registrados no Grupo Controle e 128 no Grupo Virginiamicina. De forma semelhante, do total de 89 registros de gengivite necrosante, 58 foram no Grupo Controle e 31 no Grupo Virginiamicina. Na comparação entre médias dos grupos as diferenças encontradas para dentes com gengivite e gengivite necrosante foram significativas pelo teste t (p<0,05). Assim, o total de dentes com gengivite (p<0,01) e gengivite necrosante (p<0,01) no Grupo Controle, foi significativamente superior ao de gengivite (p<0,01) e gengivite necrosante (p<0,05) do Grupo Virginiamicina. Houve correlação positiva entre o total de ocorrência de gengivite e gengivite necrosante no Grupo Virginiamicina pelo teste de Pearson. A virginiamicina possuiu um efeito protetor nos animais tratados em comparação com o controle (OR = 0,36: IC (95%) = 0,27-0,43). Na avaliação microbiológica do Grupo Controle foram detectados nas amostras de sítios sadios, com gengivite ou com gengivite necrosante Actinomyces israelli (4,74%), domínio Archaea (1,58%), Eikenella corrodens (1,05%), Fusobacterium nucleatum (27,37%), classe Mollicutes (5,26%), Porphyromonas endodontalis (5,26%), Porphyromonas gulae (0,53%), Prevotella buccae (6,32%), Prevotella loescheii (3,68%), Prevotella nigrescens (8,42%), Prevotella oralis (1,58%), Tannerella forsythia (0,53%) e Treponema denticola (4,21%). Enquanto no Grupo Virginiamicina foram detectados: A. israelli (3,41%), domínio Archaea (0,98%), F. nucleatum (9,27%), classe Mollicutes (4,39%), P. endodontalis (4,39%), P. gulae (0,49%), P. buccae (8,29%), P. loescheii (6,83%), P. nigrescens (15,61%), P. oralis (1,46%), Selenomonas sputigena (0,49%), T. forsythia (0,49%) e T. denticola (2,44%). Em conclusão, a virginiamicina administrada na dosagem de 340mg/animal/dia reduziu significativamente a ocorrência da gengivite e gengivite necrosante em bovinos mantidos em pastos reformados e revelou ter ação frente à microbiota bacteriana periodontal considerada potencialmente patogênica.(AU)

Identification of novel inhibitors of the streptogramin group A acetyltransferase via virtual screening / 药学学报

Virginiamycin acetyltransferase D (VatD) plays a vital rule in streptogramins resistance by chemically inactivating streptogramin A. Therefore, it is desirable to discover novel small molecular weight inhibitors of VatD via state-of-the-art virtual screening techniques. This "cocktail" strategy by combining VatD inhibitor with streptogramins may provide new therapeutic opportunity for resistant bacteria infections. Structure-based virtual screening method (molecular docking) was applied to rank and score a chemical database containing 300 000 commercially available compounds against the VatD substrate binding site. Twenty six out of the 200 top scored compounds from the docking calculation were selected and submitted to the VatD enzymatic inhibition assay. The plasmid pRSET B/vatD was constructed and transformed into E.coli (trxB) host cells for over-expression, and VatD enzyme was purified and validated by showing acetyltransferase activity to Virginiamycin M1. Three out of these 26 tested compounds showed enzymatic inhibition on VatD with IC50 168.6, 91.0 and 55.2 μmol·L-1, separately. Other compounds could not be dissolved in the system and/or had little effect on the enzyme (IC50>200 μmol·L-1). To our knowledge, it is first time that small molecular weight organic compounds were identified as VatD inhibitors. It is expected that the VatD inhibitors identified at present study could serve as lead compounds for the further development of the novel therapeutic agents to overcome streptogramins resistance.

Studies on Mutagenesis of Virginiamycin Producing Strain X-435 / 微生物学通报

Streptomyces sp.X-435 isolated from a soil sample collected in the suburbs of Beijing was proved to be a produce Virginiamycin.To improve the productivity of the Virginiamycin of Streptomyces sp.X-435,the spores of strain X-435 were treated with UV.The three types of colony,strawhat,wrinkled,blad,were isolated on Gaose's medium plates after mutation.Among them,the colonies of strawhat type exhibited positive mutation and were picked up as objects of screening.After five generation of mutation,the mutant F5-25-u-28 was selected which potency of Virginiamycin was about 20times higher than that of the beginning strain by flask fermentation and was also genetic stable.