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Aims@#The occurrence of multiple pathogenic Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are important nosocomial and hazardous infection clinically challenge worldwide. Thus, the aim of this study was to screen for the virulent genes profiles to ascertain their prevalence in swiftlets in Borneo. @*Methodology and results@#The Enterococci, E. coli and P. aeruginosa bacteria were isolated from the swiftlets’ faeces and air inside swiftlet houses, which located in the Southern, Central and Northern regions of Borneo. The isolates were identified to the species level by 16S rRNA sequencing assay. Specific primers were designed for detection of the potential virulence genes in E. faecalis (ace, AS, efaA and gelE), E. coli (stx) and P. aeruginosa (oprL) by PCR assay. A total of 38 Enterococci, 26 of E. coli and 2 of P. aeruginosa fecal and airborne bacteria were identified. Sixty-seven percent of E. faecalis isolates were detected positive for four virulence genes, 27% possessed three (AS, efaA, gelE) genes and 6% possessed two (ace, AS) genes. There were no stx genes detected among all the E. coli isolates. The oprL gene was detected in all the P. aeruginosa isolates. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Virulence genes are important in the pathogenesis of both clinical and avian infections which considered to be a serious public health threat. The high incidence of virulence genes detection in E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa indicates these genes were widely disseminated among the bacteria found in swiftlet houses, suggesting the important issues in the pathogenesis of infections and diseases which may cause potential health risks to humans.
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Objective To get knowledge of the molecular epidemiological characteristics of human derived Brucella isolated in Hohhot,and to provide experimental basis in guiding prevention and treatment of Brucella infection.Methods Twenty-seven Brucella isolates derived from patients in Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolian Medical University from 2013 to 2015 were identified by routine bacteriological methods and molecular methods.Multiple-locus variable number tandem repeats analysis (MLVA-16) was used to detect molecular typing and do cluster analysis.Sixteen virulent genes were detected and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results Twenty-seven Brucella isolates were identified as Brucella melitensis (B.melitensis) by routine bacteriological methods and PCR.Out of them,six isolates were B.melitensis biovar 1,and twenty-one isolates were B.melitensis biovar 3.MLVA-16 analysis showed that seven genotypes were obtained from nine Brucella isolates,which showed significant difference in variable number of tandem repeats,which suggested that they originated from sporadic outbreak.Moreover,two isolates were clustered into the same clade,which suggested they were epidemiologically correlated and may be derived from the same origin.Sixteen virulent genes were detected in all of the twenty-seven isolates.Conclusions Brucella isolates from patients in Hohhot are mainly B.melitensis biovar 3 and B.melitensis biovar 1,and the distribution profile of multiple virulence genes is similar.Some isolates have showed epidemic correlation,and the epidemic mechanism should be further explored.