Morphometric traits of the heart in standard and mutational colour variants of American mink ( Neovison vison ) / Características morfométricas del corazón en las variantes de color estándar y mutacional del visón americano ( Neovison vison )

The aim of this study was to estimate the values of morphological traits of myocardium in American minks. The study was conducted on 342 male mink hearts and 416 female mink hearts. Mink coat coloration resulting from mutation or crossbreeding of mutational variants with each other and sex were assumed as a source of variation. Carcass, lung and heart weights, heart height, width, depth and circumference, as well as left and right ventricular wall weights and thickness at two locations were determined. The values of 10 indices characterising the relative size of the heart were estimated. The results showed no normal distribution of the heart traits examined. The greatest average heart weight was characteristic of male mutational colour variant minks (17.40 ± 2.34 g). These hearts were heavier by more than 8 % than those of male standard colour variant minks. The hearts of male mutational colour variant minks were characterised by the greatest left and right ventricle weights (P≤0.01) compared to those of male standard colour variant minks, in which in turn the greatest left and right ventricle wall thickness was larger than that in standard colour variant minks. It was found that a greater difference calculated between mean left ventricle wall thickness and mean right ventricle wall thickness in standard colour variant minks may provide more evidence of its adaptation to a greater effort, referring thus to their evolutionary history than to the occurrence of signs of multistage myocardial hypertrophy.

El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar los valores de los rasgos morfológicos del miocardio en el visón americano. El estudio se realizó en 342 corazones de visón macho y 416 corazones de visón hembra. La coloración de la capa de visón resultante de la mutación o el cruce de variantes mutacionales entre sí, y el sexo se asumieron como una fuente de variación. Se determinaron los pesos de la canal, los pulmones y el corazón, la altura del corazón, el ancho, la profundidad y la circunferencia, así como los pesos y el grosor de las paredes de los ventrículos izquierdo y derecho en dos ubicaciones. Se estimaron los valores de 10 índices que caracterizan el tamaño relativo del corazón. Los resultados no mostraron una distribución normal de los rasgos de los corazones examinados. El mayor peso promedio del corazón fue característico de los visones de variante de color mutacional macho (17,40 ± 2,34 g). Estos corazones eran más pesados en más de un 8 % que los de los visones con variante de color estándar machos. Los corazones de los visones de variante de color mutacional macho se caracterizaron por los mayores pesos de los ventrículos izquierdo y derecho (P≤0,01) en comparación con los de los visones de color estándar machos, en los que a su vez el mayor grosor de las paredes de los ventrículos izquierdo y derecho fue mayor que el de las variantes de colores estándar. Se observó que una mayor diferencia entre los grosores medio de las paredes de los ventrículos izquierdo y derecho en las variantes de color estándar, puede proporcionar más pruebas de su adaptación a un mayor esfuerzo, refiriéndose así a su historial evolutivo, pese a la aparición de signos de hipertrofia miocárdica multietapa.

Visual performance: validation of the inventory of visual efficiency in students / Desempenho visual: validação do inventário de eficiência visual em estudantes

Purpose: Translate and adapt the COVD-QoL questionnaire to Portuguese language and culture and assess the psychometric properties of the translated questionnaire. Methods: The questionnaire was adapted according to the methodology recommended by the literature. The final version of visual symptoms and quality of life questionnaire adapted to Portuguese (QSL-QOL) was applied in 130 volunteers, aged 18 to 30 years and 36 subjects completed the questionnaire at two different times. Results: The results showed good internal consistency for the full version with 30 items (α = 0.894) and for the short version with 19 items (0.858). The test re-test revealed an average of differences between the first and second evaluation of 0,917 points (SD = ± 4.813) which indicates a minimum bias between the two applications. Conclusions: The Portuguese version of COVD-QoL showed good psychometric properties and has been shown to be applicable to the Portuguese population, to evaluate visual discomfort associated with near vision in higher education students.

Objetivo:Traduzir e adaptar transculturalmente o questionário COVD-QoL para a língua portuguesa e avaliar as propriedades psicométricas do questionário traduzido.Métodos:O questionário foi adaptado segundo a metodologia recomendada pela literatura. A versão final do questionário de sintomas e eficiência visual adaptado à língua portuguesa (IEV – Inventário de eficiência visual) foi aplicada em 130 indivíduos, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 30 anos e 36 sujeitos responderam ao questionário em dois momentos distintos.Resultados:Os resultados evidenciam uma boa consistência interna tanto para a versão completa, com 30 itens (α = 0,894) como para a versão curta, com 19 itens (0,858). O teste reteste revelou uma média de diferenças entre a primeira e a segunda avaliação de 0,917 pontos (SD=±4,813) o que indica um viés mínimo entre as duas administrações.Conclusão:O questionário traduzido, apresentou boas propriedades psicométricas e demonstrou ser aplicável à população portuguesa, para se avaliar a eficiência visual associada à visão de perto, em estudantes do ensino superior.

An attempt to determine the size of biometric differences in the skull of two colour variants of American mink (Neovison vison) / Un intento de determinar la magnitud de las diferencias biométricas del cráneo de dos variedades de color del visón americano (Neovison vison)

This study aimed at answering the question whether production of new colour variants of American mink in mink farms using mutations may entail changes in skull morphology and relationships between the bone elements building it. Analyses were made on the skulls of 56 eight-month-old males and females of two American mink colour variants (standard Brown and mutant Sapphire) from the same farm. Mean values, standard deviations and coefficients of variation were determined for carcass weight, cranial and mandibular weights and 7 dorsal surface, 8 lateral surface and 11 basal surface traits of the skull. The values of 24 cranial and mandibular indices and the values of sexual size dimorphism (SSD), i.e. a coefficient describing differences between sexes, were calculated. It was demonstrated that mutant colour variants of American mink may be a significant source of variation (P0.05 and P0.01) for some traits of skull morphology and relationships between respective bone elements of viscerocranium and neurocranium.

El objetivo de este estudio fue responder a la pregunta de si la producción de nuevas variedades de color del visón americano en granjas mediante mutaciones puede causar cambios en la morfología del esqueleto de la cabeza y en las relaciones mutuas de los elementos óseos que lo construyen. Los estudios se realizaron en 56 machos y hembras de ocho meses de dos variedades de color del visón americano (bronce estándar y zafiro por mutación) derivados de la misma granja. Se determinaron valores medios, DE y coeficiente de variación para peso corporal, del cráneo y la mandíbula, además de 7 rasgos de la superficie del dorso, 8 de la superficie lateral y 11 características de la base del cráneo. Fueron calculados los valores de 24 índices craneales y mandibulares, junto al valor de la magnitud del dimorfismo sexual, i.e. un coeficiente de las diferencias entre los sexos. Se demostró que las variedades mutantes de color del visón pueden ser fuente significativa (p0,05 y p0,01) de variación para algunas características morfológicas del esqueleto de la cabeza y relaciones entre elementos óseos del víscero y neurocráneo.

Associação de alterações cromáticas e uso de anticoncepcionais orais / Association of color vision alterations and the use of oral contraceptives

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar, em mulheres em idade fértil, a associação entre o uso de anticoncepcionais (ACO) orais de baixa dosagem e alterações na visão de cores. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídas no estudo 30 mulheres, 16 usuárias de ACO oral há menos de cinco anos (Grupo I) e 14 usuárias de anticoncepcionais orais há mais de cinco anos (Grupo II). Foram utilizados os testes de Ishihara, City University Color Vision Test e D 15 dessaturado. RESULTADOS: Não foram observados padrões característicos de distúrbio da visão cromática em nenhum teste dos dois grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Na amostra estudada, o uso de ACO oral de baixa dosagem não influenciou a visão de cores, independente do tempo de uso.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the association between oral low-dose contraceptives and color vision alterations. METHODS: Were included in the study 30 women, sixteen used oral contraceptive for less than five years (Group I) and 14 used it for more than five years (Group II). The Ishihara, City University Color Vision Test, and the D 15 desaturated tests were used. RESULTS: No characteristic alterations in the chromatic perception were found in any of the groups. CONCLUSION: In the studied sample, low-dose oral contraceptive has not influenced color vision, independent of the time of use.

A comparison of the results of congenital red-green color defects mesured by Color Perception Tests

124 cases with congenital red-green color defects were examined using hahn`s color vision test, double 15 hue test, and Nagel`s anomaloscope. In the Neitz anomaloscope test, 5 cases(4%) showed protanomaly, 1 case(1%) extreme protanomaly, 16 cases (13%) protanopia, 45 cases(36%) deuteranomaly, 52 cases(42%) deuteranopia, and 5 cases (4%) normal state. 5 cases(4%) of protan was classified by degree of color defects, 1 case with mild defect, 1 case with moderate defect, and 3 cases with severe defect by the Hahn`s color vision test. 14 cases (10.4%) of deutan eye the following:5 cases in mild, 6 cases in noderate, and 3 cases in severe defect. 105 cases (85.6%) were the unclassified type. In comparision with Hahn`s color vision test and anomaloscope, the concordance rate was 57.1%(8/14) in only mild and severe color defect of deutan. In the Double 15 hue test, 29 cases (23%) showed in 60.9%(25/41) in deutan. By the degree of color defect, 6 cases showed medium response, 23 cases strong response in protan. 4 cases showed medium, 37 cases strong response in deutan. The concordance rates are 57%(13/23) in protan and 68%(25/37) in deutan in strong response. We conclude that Neitz anomaloscope test is better method than Hahn`s color vision test and double 15 hue test in qualitative and qualntitative dignosis of cogenital red-green color defects.