RESUMO
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders. It is characterized by emotional,cognitive,and physical symptoms which can also cause severe disability and dis-ease burden. The current study found that patients with MDD have cognitive impairment in both acute and remission phases,which seriously affect the prognosis of patients. The impairment of visual cognitive function greatly affects the social function of MDD patients and the current researches showed that visual cognitive im-pairment of MDD patients is closely related to the functional connection in the brain,which can be reflected by different degrees of neuroimaging changes in the frontal, occipital, temporal, and parietal regions. The change of visual cognitive function in patients with MDD is mainly influenced by the frontal lobe and the oc-cipital lobe,which may be related to the large number of visual cortex in the anatomy of the two brain re-gions. The activation of the frontal lobe may be positively related to the patient's visual cognitive impairment;the reduction of the occipital lobe activity may have an impact on the visual process and may be the starting factor for cognitive impairment. The active enhancement of the parietal region plays an important role in the visual short-term memory. In addition,the temporo-parietal junction is also found to be involved in the pro-cessing of visual and working memory,and the activation of temporal lobe and parietal lobe can be observed. This review summarizes recent researches at home and abroad and reveals the visual perception of MDD pa-tients in different ways in each different brain regions.
RESUMO
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders.It is characterized by emotional, cognitive, and physical symptoms which can also cause severe disability and disease burden. The current study found that patients with MDD have cognitive impairment in both acute and remission phases, which seriously affect the prognosis of patients. The impairment of visual cognitive function greatly affects the social function of MDD patients and the current researches showed that visual cognitive impairment of MDD patients is closely related to the functional connection in the brain, which can be reflected by different degrees of neuroimaging changes in the frontal, occipital, temporal, and parietal regions.The change of visual cognitive function in patients with MDD is mainly influenced by the frontal lobe and the occipital lobe, which may be related to the large number of visual cortex in the anatomy of the two brain regions. The activation of the frontal lobe may be positively related to the patient's visual cognitive impairment; the reduction of the occipital lobe activity may have an impact on the visual process and may be the starting factor for cognitive impairment. The active enhancement of the parietal region plays an important role in the visual short-term memory. In addition, the temporo-parietal junction is also found to be involved in the processing of visual and working memory, and the activation of temporal lobe and parietal lobe can be observed.This review summarizes recent researches at home and abroad and reveals the visual perception of MDD patients in different ways in each different brain regions.
RESUMO
Resumen La enfermedad de Alzheimer/AD es un trastorno neurodegenerativo progresivo que afecta la memoria y todas las funciones cognitivas con una edad de inicio tardío o precoz, y se presenta con una muy baja frecuencia por causa genética por alteración en el gen de la PPA, PS1 O PS2. El elemento etiológico mayor conocido es genético, con múltiples factores de susceptibilidad en interacción con factores medioambientales. Las guías de diagnóstico para la AD incluyen evaluaciones psicológicas, psiquiátricas y neurológicas con función cerebral, y no incluyen estudios de la función visual como parte del protocolo diagnóstico, siendo fuerte la evidencia de cambios oculares en retina y en algunas funciones visuales que aparecen aun sin el deterioro cognitivo característico de esta enfermedad. Objetivo: Describir las características cognitivas y oculares en la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión documental de literatura científica en las bases de datos PubMed, Science Direct, Hinari y Ebsco Ebsco, Proquest, entre otras, con un periodo de búsqueda de los últimos 10 años, mediante los términos mesh "Alzheimer Disease and ocular changes", "visual cognitive alteration in Alzheimer" "retina and alzheimer disease". Resultados: La AD presenta un proceso neurodegenerativo con deterioro cognitivo, que se presenta en todas las regiones de la corteza cerebral, iniciándose en corteza del hipocampo y amígdala cerebral desde donde progresa a la circunvolución para-hipocampal, lóbulos temporales y frontales. Conclusiones: Varios estudios han demostrado que la AD presenta alteraciones en memoria, lenguaje, orientación visoespacial, acompañada por cambios estructurales en cerebro y en la retina al reducir el espesor de las células ganglionares, de las capas de fibras nerviosas y al contener cuerpos de inclusión con proteína beta amiloide (Aβ) y demuestran además que el diagnóstico de alteraciones funcionales por la acumulación de Aβ es un marcador precoz de la AD.
Abstract Alzheimer's disease / AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects memory and all cognitive functions with a late or early onset age, and occurs with a very low frequency due to genetic causes due to alteration in the PPA gene.,PS1 or PS2. The largest known etiological element is genetic, with multiple susceptibility factors in interaction with environmental factors. Diagnostic guidelines for AD include psychological, psychiatric and neurological evaluations with brain function, and do not include studies of visual function as part of the diagnostic protocol, with strong evidence of ocular changes in the retina and in some visual functions that appear even without the cognitive deterioration characteristic of this disease. Objective: To describe the cognitive and ocular characteristics in Alzheimer's disease. Methodology: A documentary review of scientific literature was made in the databases PubMed, Science Direct, Hinari and Ebsco Ebsco, Proquest, among others, with a search period of the last 10 years, through the terms mesh "Alzheimer Disease and ocular changes "," visual cognitive alteration in Alzheimer "" retina and alzheimer disease". Results: AD presents a neurodegenerative process with cognitive deterioration, which occurs in all regions of the cerebral cortex, beginning in the cortex of the hippocampus and cerebral tonsil where it progresses to the para-hippocampal gyrus, temporal and frontal lobes. Conclusions: Several studies have shown that AD presents alterations in memory, language, visuospatial orientation, accompanied by structural changes in brain and retina by reducing the thickness of ganglion cells, the layers of nerve fibers and containing inclusion bodies with protein beta amyloid (Aβ) and further demonstrate that the diagnosis of functional alterations due to the accumulation of Aβ is an early marker of AD.