Phytosociological survey of weeds in the grapevine

Viticulture is expanding in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Weed management is essential for the crop, so knowing the floristic composition of weeds in the vineyards makes this practice sustainable. This study aimed to evaluate the floristic composition of weed populations in grape crops in two seasons, considering different altitudes. The experiment was performed in four properties located in Santa Teresa, ES, Brazil, two of which were at altitudes above 500 m of and two below 500 m, in the winter (2018) and summer (2019) seasons. Weeds were identified with the square inventory method. The phytosociological analysis was based on absolute and relative parameters of frequency, density, dominance, importance value index, and relevance index, besides the diversity, evenness, and similarity indices. Fifty species, 41 genera, and 19 families were identified. The most representative families regarding the number of species were Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Malvaceae. In properties with higher altitudes, the species with the highest IVI was Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm., in both seasons. In properties with lower altitudes, the highest IVI values were found for Malvastrum coromandelianum L. in the winter and Commelina benghalensis and Portulaca oleracea L. in the summer. The areas below 500 m of altitude showed the highest diversity and evenness indices. The proximity between the areas in both regions contributed to the increased similarity index. Altitude and time of the year contribute to the composition of the infesting community.

Yield and physicochemical characteristics of 'BRS Magna' and 'Isabel Precoce' grapes influenced by pruning in the SãoFrancisco river valley / Produtividade e características físico-químicas das uvas 'BRS Magna' e 'Isabel precoce' influenciadas pela poda no Vale do São Francisco

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance and physicochemical characteristics of 'BRS Magna' and 'Isabel Precoce' grapes influenced by two types of pruning. The experiment was carried out during two growing seasons in a commercial vineyard of Petrolina, PE, in the period 2013-2014. Treatments were represented by two cultivars, 'Isabel Precoce' and 'BRS Magna', and two types of pruning, with selection during plant formation (P1) and without selection (P2) of lateral branches, using a randomized experimental block design, in subdivided plots and four replicates. After pruning P2, the amount of buds kept on vines was greater than after pruning P1, favoring an increase in yield. However, the sizes of bunches and berries, content of soluble solids, and titratable acidity were not influenced by the pruning type. In general, the sizes of bunches and berries in 'BRS Magna' were larger than in the 'Isabel Precoce' cultivar. Conversely, content of soluble solids and titratable acidity varied among cultivars as a function of production cycle and type of pruning; however, within the standards described for both cultivars and accepted by the Brazilian legislation.

RESUMO: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o desempenho produtivo e características físico-químicas das uvas 'BRS Magna' e 'Isabel Precoce' submetidas a dois tipos de poda. Um experimento foi realizado durante dois ciclos de produção, nos anos de 2013 e 2014, em um vinhedo comercial em Petrolina, PE. Os tratamentos foram representados por duas cultivares copa, 'Isabel Precoce' e 'BRS Magna', e dois tipos de poda, com seleção de ramos laterais na formação da planta (P1) e sem seleção de ramos laterais (P2), utilizando delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. A quantidade de gemas mantidas na videira após a poda é mais elevada na poda P2, favorecendo o aumento da produtividade, mas o tamanho dos cachos e das bagas e o teor de sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável não foram influenciados pelo tipo de poda. O tamanho dos cachos e das bagas da cultivar 'BRS Magna' é, de modo geral, maior que os de 'Isabel Precoce'. Por outro lado, o teor de sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável variaram entre as cultivares em função do ciclo de produção e do tipo de poda, estando dentro dos padrões descritos para ambas cultivares e aceitos pela legislação brasileira.

Normalized difference vegetation index obtained by ground-based remote sensing to characterize vine cycle in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada obtido por sensor remoto de superfície para caracterização do ciclo de videiras no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

ABSTRACT The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) obtained by remote sensing is widely used to monitor annual crops but few studies have investigated its use in perennial fruit crops. The aim of this study was to determine the temporal NDVI profile during grapevine cycle in vineyards established in horizontal training systems. NDVI data were obtained by the ground-based remote sensing Greenseeker in Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon vineyards located in the Serra Gaúcha region, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from September to June in the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 vegetative seasons. The grapevine canopies were managed in horizontal training systems (T-trellis and Y-trellis). The results indicated that the temporal NDVI values varied during the grapevine cycle (0.33 to 0.85), reflecting the changing in vigor and biomass accumulation that resulted from the phenological stages and management practices. The temporal NDVI profiles were similar to both horizontal training systems. The NDVI values were higher throughout the cycle for Cabernet Sauvignon compared to Chardonnay indicating Cabernet Sauvignon as the cultivar with greater vegetative vigor. The NDVI obtained by ground-based remote sensing is a fast and non-destructive tool to monitor and characterize the canopy in real time, compiling into a single data several parameters related to vine development, like meteorological conditions and management practices that are difficult to be quantified together.

RESUMO O índice de vegetação por diferença normalizada (NDVI), obtido por sensoriamento remoto, tem sido amplamente empregado no monitoramento de culturas agrícolas produtoras de grãos, porém poucos são os estudos em fruticultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a evolução temporal do NDVI obtido por sensor remoto de superfície ao longo do ciclo de videiras em sistemas horizontais de condução do dossel vegetativo. Dados de NDVI foram obtidos com sensor remoto Greenseeker em vinhedos na região da Serra Gaúcha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de setembro a junho nas safras 2014/2015 e 2015/2016. Os vinhedos das cultivares Chardonnay e Cabernet Sauvignon eram conduzidos em sistema horizontal (latada e lira). Os resultados indicaram que houve variabilidade temporal do NDVI ao longo do ciclo (de 0,33 a 0,85), a qual refletiu as alterações no acúmulo de biomassa e vigor vegetativo decorrentes das principais etapas fenológicas e práticas de manejo. A evolução temporal do NDVI foi semelhante nos sistemas latada e lira, ambos caracterizados pela condução horizontal do dossel vegetativo. Os valores de NDVI para 'Cabernet Sauvignon' foram superiores aos de 'Chardonnay' ao longo do ciclo, independe da safra avaliada e do sistema de condução, indicando 'Cabernet Sauvignon' como a cultivar de maior vigor vegetativo. O NDVI, obtido por sensor remoto de superfície, é uma forma rápida e não destrutiva de monitoramento e caracterização do dossel vegetativo em tempo real, compilando em uma única informação o desenvolvimento da videira, o qual é resultado de diversos fatores, edafo-climáticos e de manejo, dificilmente quantificados conjuntamente.

Effect of soil management systems on erosion and nutrition loss in vineyards on steep slopes.

Green cover in vineyards on steep slopes may play an important role in the reduction of soil erosion. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a permanent green cover (PGC) on soil erosion, together with any loss of nutrients, and to compare it with periodic soil tillage (PST). PST took place in the spring (May) and summer (August), in each second area between rows, in a vineyard with permanent green cover. In the case of PST experimental treatments, on average, 1892 kg of soil ha-1 yr -1 eroded, together with the nutrients. In the case of PGC treatments, the amount of soil erosion was only 92 kg ha-1 yr-1. The greater portion of erosive events occurred after tillage in summer, which was accompanied by heavy rainfall and slow renewal of grass cover (slower than in spring). PGC treatment provided a better environment for the activities of soil macroorganisms (i.e., earthworms belonging to the family Lumbricidae), and most of the organisms were close to the soil surface. In PST treatment, the majority of macro-organisms were below the area disturbed by the tillage (between 10 and 20 cm). The results of our investigation indicate that, in order to adjust wine production activities to climatic changes in vineyards with permanent green cover, PST in area between rows is more advisable in spring (end of May) than in summer (first decade of August) owing to an earlier establishment of effective grass cover.

Produção fora de época da videira 'BRS Clara' sob cultivo protegido / Out of season production of 'BRS Clara' seedless grape under protected cultivation

No norte do Paraná, a viticultura diferencia-se de outras regiões produtoras, pois são obtidas, nessa região, duas safras em um ano, uma regular e outra fora de época. Entretanto, o clima quente e úmido da região favorece a ocorrência do míldio (Plasmopara viticola) e uma alternativa para minimizar esse problema é o emprego do sistema de produção de uvas sob cultivo protegido. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produção fora de época da videira 'BRS Clara' sobre os porta-enxertos 'IAC 572 Jales' e 'IAC 766 Campinas', submetida à diferentes tipos de cultivo protegido. O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, em arranjo fatorial 7x2 (sete tipos de cultivo protegido e dois porta-enxertos). Os tratamentos foram: a. sombrite sem fungicidas para míldio; b. sombrite com fungicidas para míldio (padrão de controle da região); c. cobertura plástica sem fungicidas para míldio; d. cobertura plástica e 50 por cento de redução do padrão de fungicidas para míldio; e. cobertura plástica e 75 por cento de redução do padrão de fungicidas para míldio; f. cobertura plástica com fosfito e cobre; e g. cobertura plástica sem fungicidas. Os porta-enxertos 'IAC 766' e 'IAC 572' são indicados para a produção da uva sem semente 'BRS Clara' na região norte do Paraná; o emprego da cobertura plástica permite a redução de até 75 por cento do número de aplicações de fungicidas no cultivo da uva 'BRS Clara', mas essa cobertura, por si só, não é suficiente para prevenir a ocorrência de míldio nos cachos, em condições de umidade elevada.

The viticulture of the north of Parana state differs from other regions, because in this area two crops are obtained a year, a regular and an out of season ones. However, the hot and humid climate of the region favors the occurrence of downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), an alternative to minimize this problem is the use of grape production under protected cultivation. The study aimed to evaluate the out of season production of grapevine 'BRS Clara' on 'IAC 572 Jales' and 'IAC 766 Campinas' rootstocks, submitted to different types of protected cultivation. The randomized block design was used as a statistical model with four replications arranged in a factorial 7x2 (seven kinds of protected cultivation and two rootstocks). The treatments were: a. plastic screen without fungicides for downy mildew; b. plastic screen with fungicides for downy mildew (standard control of the region); c. plastic cover without fungicides for downy mildew; d. plastic cover and 50 percent of reduction of the standard fungicides for downy mildew; e. plastic cover and 75 percent of reduction for the standard fungicide mildew; f. plastic cover with phosphite and copper and; g. plastic cover without fungicides. The rootstocks 'IAC 766' and 'IAC 572' are suitable for the production of 'BRS Clara' in north of Parana state; the use of plastic cover allows a reduction up to 75 percent of the number of applications of fungicides in 'BRS Clara'; the plastic cover itself is not sufficient to prevent the occurrence of downy mildew in bunches under conditions of high humidity.

Comportamento da uva 'Malvasia Bianca' (Vitis vinifera L. )cultivada em zona subtropical / Production Performance of 'Malvaisa Bianca' grape (Vitis vinifera L. ) grown in Subtropical Regions

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento fenológico e produtivo da uva ‘Malvasia Bianca’ destinada à elaboração de vinhos brancos aromáticos no norte do Paraná. O experimento foi realizado em um vinhedo localizado em Maringá, PR, conduzido em latada em espaçamento de 4,0 x 1,5 m enxertada sobre o IAC 766 Campinas. Foram utilizadas 20 plantas previamente marcadas durante 2 safras consecutivas (2004/2005 e 2005/2006). A fenologia das videiras foi avaliada quanto à duração em dias desuas principais fases. As características químicas do mosto das bagas foram avaliadas por meio de análise semanal do pH, teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez titulável (AT) e relação SST/AT, a partir do início da maturação até 7 dias após a colheita. As características da produção foram avaliadas quanto ao diâmetro médio e massa média das bagas, número médio de cachos por planta, massa médiados cachos e estimativas da produção por planta e produtividade. A duração do ciclo (poda à colheita) na região foi em média 127 dias. Por ocasião da colheita, as médias do pH, teor de SST, AT e relação SST/AT do mosto das bagas foram de 3,6; 21,2 °Brix; 0,6% de ácido tartárico e 36,0, respectivamente. Asbagas apresentaram em média 15,5 mm e 2,2g. Observou-se em média 62 cachos por planta, com massa de 0,3 kg; produção de 20,0 kg/planta e produtividade de 33,3 t/ha. Pelos resultados obtidos, verifica-se que a uva ‘Malvasia Bianca’ apresenta um promissor potencial de cultivo para a elaboração de vinhos brancos aromáticos no norte do Paraná.

The objective of this study was to assess the phenotypic/phenology and production performance of ‘Malvasiva Bianca’ grape used to make white wine at North of Parana State. The experiment was done in one vineyard located in Maringa, PR, conducted pergola system accounting with an space of 4.0 X 1.5 m enxert about IAC 766 Campinas. Twenty plants were used previously identified and market during two consecutive harvest seasons (2004/2005 and 2005/2006). The phenotipic performance of grape viveswas assessed considering duration of time in days of their principal phases. The chemical characteristics of the berries were assessed performing weekly analysis of pH measurements, Total Solutable Solid (TSS), titratable Acidity (AT) and relationship TSS/TA, starting at the biggining of the maturing process until seven days after harvesting. The production characteristics were assessed considering the average diameter and average mass weight of the berry, number on average of clusters per plant, average mass weight of the cluster and estimates of production and productivity on each plant. The duration of production’s cicle (cutting to harvest) in this region was on average 127 days. Due the harvest period, the pH’s average, SST, AT levels and the relationship SST/AT of the berries ranged were 3.6 ; 21.2 °Brix; 0.6% of Tartaric Acid and 36.0 respectively. The berry presented on average 15.5 mm and 2.2g. It was observed on average 62 clusters per plant, with mass weight of 0.3 Kg; production of 20.0 Kg per plant and productivity of 33.3 t/ha. The results showed that the ‘Malvasia Bianca’ grape presents a great potential to be cultivated for further make aromatic white wine at North of Parana State.