RESUMO
A doença cerebrovascular é a maior causa de morte e uma grande causa de incapacidades no Brasil. A taxa de mortalidade no Brasil é uma das mais altas do mundo, principalmente entre os indivíduos com menor condição socioeconômica. A coleta de dados confiáveis e com qualidade sobre as características do acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) é essencial para sua prevenção. Entretanto, existem poucos estudos brasileiros sobre a prevalência da doença. A Organização Mundial de Saúde propõe uma estratégia de vigilância para o acidente vascular cerebral (The WHO STEPwise Approach to Stroke Surveillance) em 3 etapas. A etapa 1 analisa os eventos hospitalizados, a etapa 2, os eventos fatais na comunidade e a etapa 3, os casos de AVC na comunidade que não foram admitidos em hospitais. Por meio de padronização de instrumentos para coleta de dados nas três etapas, esta estratégia permite a comparação de dados sobre a epidemiologia do AVC ao longo do tempo e entre países. Este estudo transversal tem como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de acidente vascular cerebral na área de abrangência do Programa Saúde da Família no Jardim São Jorge, zona oeste do município de São Paulo, por meio da implantação do terceiro passo do WHO STEPS Stroke. Validou-se questionário sobre sintomas de AVC (fraqueza de membros em um dos lados do corpo, paralisia facial, problemas na articulação da fala, alterações de sensibilidade em um dos lados do corpo e alterações visuais) e história prévia da doença. O padrão-ouro utilizado para validação do instrumento foi avaliação por neurologista e revisão de prontuário. Após validação, foram considerados casos de AVC indivíduos com duas ou mais respostas positivas ao questionário com procura a serviços de saúde ou mais de 3, mesmo sem procura a serviços de saúde. Utilizando-se os critérios de positividade acima expostos, a sensibilidade do questionário comparada ao padrão-ouro foi de 72,2%, a especificidade 94,4%, a razão de verossimilhança...
Stroke is the leading cause of death and a major cause of disability in Brazil. Mortality rates are higher compared to other countries mainly among individuals with lower socio-economic status. The search of reliable and good quality data on characteristics of stroke -is essential for stroke prevention. However, there are few Brazilian studies about the prevalence of stroke. The World Health Organization proposes a surveillance strategy to stroke (The WHO STEP wise approach to stroke surveillance). Using standardized questionnaires, it is possible to collect data and compare them over time and among countries. Step 1 aims to collect information on stroke patients admitted to hospitals, Step 2 identifies fatal stroke events in the community and Step 3 estimates community based non fatal stroke events. This crosssectional study aims to evaluate the prevalence of stroke in a poor neighborhood "Jardim São Jorge" assisted by the Family Health Program. A validated questionnaire about stroke symptoms (limb weakness, facial weakness, speech articulation problems, sensibility disturbances and impaired vision) and past diagnosis of stroke were applied to all residents older than 35 years in the area. The gold-standard method was a neurological evaluation and a review of patient medical records. After validation, questionnaire were considered positive when a participant answered positive to two or more questions about stroke symptoms and/or the presence of stroke being confirmed by a physician, or at least three positive questions not confirmed by a physician. The questionnaire presented a sensitivity of 72.2%, a specificity of 94.4%, a positive likelihood ratio of 12.9 and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.29. Of 4,496 individuals with 35 years or more, 3,661 people were screened (81.4%) by the community health workers in their monthly visits to the residences and 577 (15.8%) presented a positive screening and underwent more detailed interview for confirmation of stroke...
Assuntos
Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Prevalência , BrasilRESUMO
Background & objectives: Stroke is a leading cause of deaths, and disabilities in India. Reliable and good quality data on epidemiological characteristics of stroke are essential to plan, implement and evaluate stroke prevention and control programmes. A feasibility study was undertaken in Bangalore to examine the possibility of establishing stroke surveillance and to develop methodology for a larger programme. Methods: The study adapted WHO STEPs-STROKE methodology to collect data on hospitalized stroke events and fatal stroke events in the city of Bangalore. In STEP I, Information was collected from 1,174 stroke patients in three large hospitals and were followed till discharge and 28 days; outcome was measured as death or disability. Stroke cases fulfilling diagnostic criteria, evaluated by neurologists and CT/MRI confirmed cases were included. Brief information on major risk factors was collected from all stroke patients / family members and from medical records by trained research officers. In STEP II, death records of Bangalore Mahanagara Palike for 2004 (n=23,312) were analyzed to identify stroke related deaths. Results: Using WHO-STEPs approach, a methodology was developed for stroke surveillance in a geographically defined population. By STEP 1 method - 7 per cent of medical and 45 per cent of neurological admissions were due to stroke with a fatality rate of 9 per cent at hospital discharge and 20 per cent at 28 days. With a mean age of 54.5 (± 17.0) yr and male preponderance, nearly half had one or more risk factors. Weakness or paresis (92%) was the commonest presentation and ischaemic stroke was most frequent (73.8%). One third of total stroke patients were dependent at both discharge and 28 day follow up. By STEP II method the proportional mortality rate for Bangalore city was observed to be 6 per cent and more than 50 per cent of total stroke deaths had occurred in 10 major hospitals. Interpretation & conclusions: The present study has shown that stroke surveillance is possible and feasible. Institution based (hospitals and vital registry data) stroke surveillance supplemented with periodical population based information can provide comprehensive information on vital aspects of stroke like mortality, risk factors, disability and outcome. There is a need to develop stroke surveillance in a phased manner along with mechanisms to apply data for prevention and control programmes.