Analysis of drug promotional literatures in a tertiary care hospital: a cross sectional study

Background: Large numbers of new drugs are introduced into the market every day and pharmaceutical companies are in the business of development and selling of new drug. There are different modes of drug promotion which include visual aids, leave behind leaflets and audio visuals. Drug Promotional Literatures (DPL’s) claim to provide vital and accurate information regarding the drug. To ensure rational use of drugs a set of standards laid by the WHO for ethical drug promotion.Methods: A cross sectional observational study was performed in Department of Pharmacology at a tertiary care teaching hospital of Navi Mumbai. A total of 100 drug promotional literatures were randomly collected from different outpatient departments and were evaluated by using WHO guidelines.Results: None of drug promotional literature fulfilled all WHO criteria. Generic name, Brand name, active ingredients were mentioned in all. The problem causing ingredient was not mentioned in any of the cases. Safety information was not complete, adverse drug reactions were mentioned in only 45% of the cases, contraindications and drug interactions were mentioned in 39% of the cases. Manufacturer details including name and address of manufacturer was mentioned in 67% of the DPL’s. References were mentioned in 80% of the literature out of which 84% were from journal articles.Conclusions: None of the DPL’s satisfied all the WHO criteria. Incomplete information may lead to irrational prescription of drugs. Therefore, more strict regulations need to be implemented and physicians must critically evaluate DPL’s before considering the same for prescribing.

An observational study of various drug promotional advertising brochures: with an emphasis on World Health Organization ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion

Background: Drug promotional literature (DPLs) is an integral approach of pharmaceutical marketing strategy, which can almost influence a physician to prescribe definite variety of medicine from a particular company. The objective was to evaluate the accuracy, consistency, and validity of the information in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion.Methods: This was an observational study, in which total 100 DPLs were sorted out to evaluate whether the information is consistent/relevant with that presented by the criteria laid down by the WHO guidelines; such as nature of claims, pictorial content presented, cited references, the indication and significance of various data such as figure, graphs, table and clinical data.Results: From all the 100 promotional literatures sorted out, all showed the INN name and brand name, amount of active ingredient, dosage form and name and address of manufacturers/distributers was shown in all; adjuvants known to cause problem were not shown. Moreover, approved therapeutic uses were clearly mentioned in 35, 48 were having pictures presented, scientific graphs and clinical data were shown in 19.Conclusions: The results reveal that, majority of DPLs satisfied only half of the WHO criteria for rational drug promotion and none of them fulfilled all the specified criteria. Incomplete or exaggerated information in DPLs may mislead and result in irrational prescription. Therefore, physicians should critically evaluate DPLs regarding updated scientific evidence required for quality patient care.

Drug promotional literatures (DPLs) evaluation as per World Health Organization (WHO) criteria.

This study was aimed to evaluate the drug promotional literatures (DPLs) as per World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and also to evaluate claims, references and pictures presented in DPLs. It was an observational, cross-sectional study conducted at the outpatient department of Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, a tertiary care teaching hospital for period of 2 months. Printed drug promotional literatures for modern drugs were collected as per selection criteria and analyzed. WHO guidelines were not fulfilled in any of the 200 DPLs. Out of 299 claims, most commonly presented claim in 192 DPLs was efficacy (45.15%) followed by pharmaceutical properties (26.75%). 130 (65%) DPLs did not provide any references to support claims while only 70 (35%) DPLs provided references. Most commonly used reference was journal articles 66 (88%) followed by websites 5 (6.66%). Most common source of journal article reference was research article 53 (85.48%) followed by review article 7 (11.29%). 125 (78.61%) DPLs presented with irrelevant pictures while only 25 (15.72%) DPLs presented appropriate pictures. Information on adverse drug reactions, contraindications and drug interactions was missing in most of DPLs. None of the promotional literatures contained all of the information as per WHO guidelines for medicinal drug promotion. They were lacking with scientific and critical information.

The irrational fixed dose combinations in the Indian drug market: an evaluation of prescribing pattern using WHO guidelines.

Background: Evaluation of the pattern of fixed dose combinations (FDCs) prescribing amongst the practitioners in a tertiary care hospital in Central India. Methods: Nine hundred and ninety four prescriptions, containing 639 FDCs were scrutinized in the tertiary care hospital. After excluding the total and the interdepartmental repetitions, the numbers of FDCs were 278, which were considered for final analysis. Inclusion criteria were FDCs from the major out-patient department (OPD) of the tertiary care hospital from January 2011 to December 2011. FDCs from the wards, casualty, infectious disease unit, intensive cardiac care unit (ICCU), tuberculosis and chest and HIV unit were excluded from the study. FDCs were analysed for the different pattern of prescribing and rationalism. Results were expressed as percentages. Results: Out of 639 FDCs, the most commonly prescribed FDCs were B complex (12.20%), pantoprazole plus domperidone (9.55%) and amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid (7.35%). Seventy percent of the FDCs were prescribed to the age group of 21-60 years. The FDCs were maximum from the department of medicine (25.59%), followed by surgery (15.47%) and ENT 13.69%. Out of 278 FDCs, only 5.4% were rational, and rest of the FDCs were irrational. Ninety five percent of all FDCs were brand names. The physicians were unaware of the active pharmacological ingredients (APIs) of 20.86% FDCs. Ninety two percent FDCs were available as over the counter (OTCs). Forty eight percent FDCs were costing from Rs. 0-50. There were 2.87% FDCs whose price was above Rs. 500. Conclusions: Irrational FDCs are prescribed by all the departments. Physicians were ignorant about the essential drugs and FDCs. Patients didn’t have access to rational medicines. Therefore, physicians and regulators should be alerted in time. Regulatory actions or government laws should be made mandatory. Availability and access to 348 essential medicines for basic health care should be the priority of the government. Implementation of central drug standard control organisations (CDSCO) guidelines on industries for manufacture of FDCs must be made compulsory.

'A life threatening scratch on little toe' - at most clinical suspicion the essential key in management of snake bite

Snake bites are one among the under reported clinical emergencies from tropical countries. There are variations in clinical presentation of snake bites and its toxic features differ with the species and type of bite. There are lots of controversies in the treatment guidelines which often makes it difficult to manage. We report the case of a severe hemotoxic snake bite who presented to the outpatient service of our hospital with a trivial foot injury. Even though snakebites are familiar clinical situations for an emergency physician from tropics, we report this case as most are under reported. We also intend to emphasize the excellent outcome of appropriately diagnosed and treated cases of snake bite.

Uso seguro y riesgos microbiológicos del agua residual para la agricultura / Safe use and microbiological risks of wastewater for agriculture

El agua dulce es un recurso vital pero cada día está más escaso debido al crecimiento demográfico, la urbanización y la industrialización, a lo que se suman los conflictos asociados a los cambios climáticos. El propósito de este estudio es aportar información actualizada sobre las guías de la OMS para el uso seguro de las aguas residuales en la agricultura. Se identificaron 33 documentos relacionados con el tema, de ellos se seleccionaron 13 publicados entre 1994 y 2007, que contemplan informes de la UNESCO, guías y manual de la OMS y revisiones críticas del tema. Se resume información sobre las guías de la OMS y la importancia de su incorporación paulatina en Cuba, se destacan, dentro de los Objetivos del Desarrollo del Milenio, aquellos relacionados con el uso seguro de aguas residuales y excretas para la agricultura y acuicultura, que justifican la actual importancia de las nuevas guías propuestas. El uso de aguas residuales en la agricultura puede aportar beneficios, pero su uso no controlado generalmente está relacionado con impactos negativos sobre la salud humana. En Cuba, el reuso del agua es poco utilizado pues si bien la agricultura urbana se ha desarrollado últimamente, se realiza con agua potable. Se debe considerar en el país las guías de la OMS para la futura valoración del uso de las aguas residuales tratadas en la agricultura sin riesgo para la salud y obtener resultados beneficiosos para la población y el ambiente. En resumen, se enumeran aspectos a considerar para el uso seguro de las aguas residuales en la agricultura en Cuba, necesarios para implementar programas nacionales de vigilancia sanitaria y de agricultura con énfasis en los aspectos microbiológicos

Drinking water is a vital but increasingly dwindling resource due to the population growth, housing planning, industrialization associated to new potential demands upon the existing water resources, to which climatic change-related events are added. The objective of this study was to provide updated information on the WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture. A total of 33 documents about this topic were identified; 13 of them published from 1994 to 2007 were selected since they included UNESCO reports, WHO guidelines and manual and critical reviews. Information was summarized on the WHO guidelines and the importance of their gradual application in Cuba. Among the Millennium Development Goals, those related to the safe use of wastewater and excreta for agriculture and aquaculture were underscored because they supported the present importance of the new suggested guidelines. The use of wastewaters in agriculture may bring about benefits, but their use without restriction is generally related to negative impact on the human health. The water reuse is not very common in Cuba; although the agriculture in urban areas has developed in the last few years, it depends on drinking water. The WHO guidelines must be taken into consideration for the future assessment of the use of treated wastewater in agriculture without causing any risk for health, and for the benefits it may bring to the environment and the population as well. In summary, some aspects to be considered to safely use wastewater in the Cuban agriculture, which are also necessary to implement national health and agricultural surveillance programs centered on microbiological aspects, were listed