Conflitos de segunda ordem no Eixo Leste do Projeto de Integração do Rio São Francisco: análise por meio da metodologia da Cadeia Causal / Second-order conflicts in the East Axis of the São Francisco River Integration Project: an analysis through Causal Chain Methodology

RESUMO Conflitos hídricos são decorrentes da escassez hídrica, sobretudo da ineficiência da gestão hídrica. O Projeto de Integração do Rio São Francisco com as bacias hidrográficas do Nordeste Setentrional (PISF) vem sendo desenvolvido com o objetivo de transpor água para a região semiárida do Brasil. Contudo, os problemas na execução das obras do PISF trouxeram, com a chegada da água, situações que se caracterizam como conflitos de segunda ordem. Esta pesquisa analisa as consequências da chegada acelerada das águas transpostas para o Eixo Leste do PISF, no estado da Paraíba, a fim de evitar o colapso no Reservatório Epitácio Pessoa (REP), responsável pelo abastecimento da cidade de Campina Grande e região. Usuários de água situados a montante do REP tiveram seu abastecimento prejudicado pelas obras do PISF. Metodologicamente, esta pesquisa adota a Análise da Cadeia Causal para identificar as causas do problema. As soluções apontam para a necessidade de finalização dos reparos nos reservatórios localizados a montante do REP e a proteção da população prejudicada.

ABSTRACT Water conflicts are due to water scarcity, especially to the inefficiency of water management. The São Francisco River Basin Integration Project (PISF) has been developed aiming to transfer water to the semiarid region of Brazil. However, the problems in the execution of the PISF works brought, with the arrival of water, second-order conflicts. The research analyzes the consequences of the accelerated arrival of the waters which have been transferred to the East Axis of PISF, in the state of Paraíba, in order to avoid the collapse in the Epitácio Pessoa Reservoir (REP), responsible for supplying the city of Campina Grande and region. Water users upstream of the REP had their supply hampered by the PISF works. Methodologically, the research adopts Causal Chain Analysis to identify the causes of the problem. The solutions point to the need to complete repairs to the reservoirs located upstream of the REP and to protect the affected population.

La gobernanza del agua como marco integrador para el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en Latinoamérica / Water governance as an integrating framework for the fulfillment of the sustainable development goals clean in Latin America

RESUMEN El cumplimiento del Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible, ODS, No 6 "Agua Limpia y Saneamiento", promulgado en 2015 por la ONU, requiere de nuevos enfoques y marcos conceptuales, que articulen e integren, de manera práctica, las intervenciones en el sector de Agua Potable, Saneamiento e Higiene (APSH), con la Gestión Integrada de Recursos Hídricos (GIRH), según los contextos específicos de cada región. En este sentido, la gobernanza del agua proporciona un marco conceptual, que permite analizar y potenciar la integración entre los sectores de APSH con la GIRH, en el marco del cumplimiento de los ODS. Para ello, se documentaron varios casos de estudio en Latinoamérica, donde se observó la integración sectorial, a partir del modelo de funciones de Gobernanza del Agua, desarrollado por Water Governance Facility - WGF. Si bien cada uno de los casos de estudio se enmarcan en alguna función específica de la gobernanza del agua, todos requieren, al menos, de otra función, para poder lograr su finalidad, siendo la "Coordinación", la más relevante, observada para el logro de los resultados obtenidos.

ABSTRACT The fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Goal, SDG, No 6 "Clean Water and Sanitation", promulgated in 2015 by the UN, requires new approaches and conceptual frameworks that articulate and integrate in a practical way the interventions of Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene - WASH, with the Integrated Water Resources Management, IWRM, according to the specific contexts of each territory. In this sense, water governance provides a conceptual framework that allows analyzing and enhancing integration between WASH sectors with IWRM, within the framework of the fulfillment of the SDGs. For this, several case studies in Latin America were documented where sectoral integration was observed, based on the Water Governance Facility model of Water Governance. Although each of the case studies is framed in some specific function of water governance, all require at least one other function in order to achieve their purpose, with "Coordination" being the most relevant observed for the achievement of obtained results.

O uso de estratégias focadas em resultados para o controle da poluição hídrica no Brasil / The use of goal-oriented strategies for water pollution control in Brazil

RESUMO O presente artigo objetivou apresentar uma visão geral sobre o emprego de estratégias focadas em resultados (EFR), tais como a de pagamento por resultados (PPR) e a de pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA), na redução e no controle da poluição hídrica em áreas urbanas e rurais do país. Para isso, considerando-se sempre o objetivo da Gestão Integrada de Recursos Hídricos (GIRH), duas experiências de alcance nacional foram revisitadas: a do Programa Despoluição de Bacias Hidrográficas (Prodes) e a do Programa Produtor de Águas, ambos executados pela Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA), o primeiro iniciado há mais de uma década. Esses programas ilustram abordagens bem-sucedidas de aproximação do poder público com os setores usuários de água, nesse caso, os setores de saneamento e agricultura, respectivamente. Por fim, foram discutidas a aplicabilidade e as perspectivas para a implementação de novas iniciativas de EFR para GIRH no Brasil.

ABSTRACT This paper presents an overview about the use of goal-oriented strategies, such as output-based aid (OBA) and payment for environmental services (PES), for water pollution abatement and control in urban and rural areas throughout the country. Thus, considering the goal of implementing IWRM, two nation-wide experiences are reviewed: the River Basin Clean-Up Program (PRODES) and the Water Producer Program, both run by the National Water Agency (ANA), the former initiated over a decade ago. They illustrate successful ways to bring public authorities and water users together, in this case, sanitation services and landowners, respectively. Finally, it is discussed the applicability and perspectives for carrying out new goal-oriented initiatives aimed at IWRM in Brazil.

DE LO RURAL A LO URBANO: EL CASO DE DOS PROVINCIAS DE LA REGIÓN CAPITAL COMO GEOGRAFÍA DE LA TRANSFORMACIÓN SOCIOAMBIENTAL. PERCEPCIONES DESDE LA COMUNIDAD / FROM THE RURAL TO THE URBAN: THE CASE OF TWO PROVIINCES IN THE CAPITAL REGION AS THE SOCIO ENVIRONMENTAL GEOGRAPHY TRANSFORMATION. INSIGHTS FROM THE COMMUNITY

Objetivo: Presentar algunos hallazgos relacionados con el proceso de integración regional Bogotá-Cundinamarca en el periodo 2000-2010, en particular la dimensión ambiental, en las provincias de sabana occidente y sabana centro que hacen parte de esta región. Metodología: El estudio se basa en el análisis de los cambios presentados en el ambiente natural de los territorios objeto de estudio, durante el periodo de tiempo considerado (2000-2010), desde la perspectiva de los actores del mismo. En este caso, a través de ejercicios de participación en talleres realizados en los municipios objeto de estudio con dichos actores (representados en organizaciones sociales que tienen presencia allí) e incluyó recorridos en dichos territorios. Se pretende construir colectivamente información y conocimiento, planteando una línea del tiempo en la que los actores reconozcan momentos clave con referencia a dos grandes fenómenos que se presentaron: asentamientos humanos (urbanización) y entrada de empresas. Esta línea abarca la primera década del presente siglo. Resultados: La investigación intenta mostrar que dos elementos: asentamientos urbanos y entrada de empresas, son las dinámicas antrópicas que impactan los territorios, olvidando el elemento agua, como eje fundamental sobre el cual debería ordenarse el territorio. De ello se deriva que la misma comunidad reconoce que el ordenamiento del territorio nunca consultó sus intereses.

Objective: regional integration in the period 2000-2010, particularly the environmental dimension in the Western and Central Bogotá-Cundinamarca Savannah. Methodology: The study is based on the analysis of the changes shown in the natural environment of the territories under study during the period considered (2000-2010) from their actors' perception..In this case, through the participation exercises in workshops carried out in the municipalities under study with those actors (represented in social organizations present in the area), and included tours around those territories It is intended to collectively build information and knowledge presenting a timeline in which the actors recognize key moments with reference to two major events: Human Settlements (urbanization) and enterprise arrival. This line comprises the first decade of the current century. Results: The research attempts to show that two elements, urban settlements and enterprises arrival, are the anthropic dynamics that impact the territories forgetting the water element as the fundamental axis from which the territory should be planned. From this it is derived that the community recognizes that land use planning never consulted their interests.

State of Water Governance in Dhaka Metropolitan City of Bangladesh: Evidence from Three Selected Slums.

Improvement of water management and services remains as a key challenge towards ensuring sustainable governance system presently. It is beyond belief that water rich countries like Bangladesh have to face water crisis notwithstanding her location at one of the largest fresh water store houses in the world. Water situation of Dhaka city especially in the poor slum areas is very wretched and under the threat of serious water borne diseases. It is evident from the survey findings commissioned in two slums under Dhaka City Corporation that, absence of governance in water management and services resulted in misappropriation of water and anguishes of the marginal dwellers living in the slums. The paper aims to explain the pattern of water governance at the slums in Dhaka Metropolitan City. It also directs efforts towards exploring causes behind conflicts surrounded by water issue as well as nature of conflict among three parties i.e. slum dwellers, the government and non-government. The study is ended with a set of recommendations in an attempt to ensure better water governance at the slum areas.