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INTRODUCTION:Waterborne diseases, especially diarrhea, related to water quality and safety, personal sanitation and hygienehave been still reported very high in developing countries. Globally, there are an estimated 1.4 million casesof hepatitis A every year. The hepatitis A virus is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food and wateror through direct contact with an infectious person. Hepatitis A is associated with a lack of safe water and poorsanitation [2].Dysentery is bloody diarrhea, i.e. any diarrheal episode in which the loose or watery stools contain visiblered blood. Dysentery is most often caused byShigella species (bacillary dysentery) or Entamoeba histolytica(amoebic dysentery) [3].Kharaa and Orkhon River are tributaries of the Selenge River-basin, in which many mining and other industries,agriculture, and residential areas reside. It has become a one pollutant factor for water of the Kharaa andOrkhon rivers. As a result, water of the Tuul, Kharaa and Orkhon River was reported to be highly contaminated(Mongolian Human Development Report 2010: Water and Development report) [4].GOAL:The aim of the research was to study incidence of gastrointestinal infectious diseases among population ofsoums are located in Selenge River Basin.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Data on health statistics 2009-2013 years of gastrointestinal infectious diseases, including dysentery, diarrhea,hepatitis A virus and others, were collected and analyzed.RESULTS:Incidence of dysentery was registered highly among people who live in Mandal soums in 2009-2013 years. Butincidence of dysentery (per 10 000 population 2.82) among population ofMandal soum lower than the Selengeprovince and National average. Incidence of hepatitis A virus was registered highly among people who livein Orkhon (74.46), Orkhontuul (48.86) soums and it was greater than 1.3-2 times than the Selenge provinceaverage. Incidence of diarrhea was registered highly among people who live in Khushaat soum and it wasgreater than 2.18-3.8 times the than Selenge province averageCONCLUSION:Incidences of diarrhea and hepatitis A virus were registered highly in Orkhon, Orkhotuul and Khushaat soumscompared to other target soums and it was greater than 1.3-3.8 times than the Selenge province average.Especially, these diseases were registered highly among 0-16 aged children.
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In July 2005, cases of hepatitis were reported from three villages in Nainital district, Uttarakhand, India. We investigated this cluster to identify the source and propose recommendations. A door-to-door search for cases of acute hepatitis was carried out in the three villages. We described the outbreak by time, place and person and conducted a cohort study to identify the source of infection. In addition, sera from cases were tested. We identified 205 cases among 1238 persons (attack rate: 16%, no deaths) between May and September 2005. Of the 23 sera tested, 21 were positive for IgM antibodies against hepatitis E virus. The attack rate was highest among 15–44 years old (19%). Cases began on May 3, 2005, peaked in July and decreased rapidly. The incidence was highest (23%) in one of the villages predominantly using water from an unprotected spring, which was distributed after stone bed filtration alone. In this village, the attack rate increased from 9% among those not using the spring, to 13.8% among those partly using it (RR [95% CI] 1.6 [0.8-3.4]), and to 29% among those exclusively using it (RR [95% CI] 3.4 [2.0-6.0]). Untreated drinking water from an unprotected spring may have been the source of this outbreak in a rural area. Sources of water supply must be protected and treated, including with chlorination. Reporting and investigation of smaller outbreaks in rural areas should be improved.
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Os Sistemas de Informações em Saúde são importantes ferramentas para definição de prioridades no setor saúde, embora não sejam utilizados de forma sistemática. Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar as potencialidades do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH/SUS) como sistema complementar para vigilância de doenças de notificação compulsória de veiculação hídrica (febre tifóide, cólera e leptospirose), relacionando as internações com as notificações, segundo estados e regiões do país de 1984 a 1998. Trata-se de estudo transversal, utilizando bases de dados do SIH/ SUS, e registros de notificações de casos fornecidos pelo Centro Nacional de Epidemiologia-CENEPI. Os resultados apontam o SIH/SUS como uma fonte complementar para vigilância epidemiológica, já que os mesmos apresentaram comportamento semelhante aos registrados pelo SINAN/CENEPI: tendência de redução destas doenças em todo país, com predomínio das internações nas Regiões Nordeste e Norte, registro de momentos epidêmicos das patologias de veiculação hídrica e um gráfico com registro da doença ao longo do tempo semelhantes nos dois sistemas de informação. As freqüências encontradas no SIH/SUS, revelam a presença de uma política de saneamento em que a oferta e o acesso são desiguais nas Regiões e Estados do Brasil que, por suas características ambientais, fornece cenário favorável ao surgimento de surtos epidêmicos, ou manutenção das doenças em níveis endêmicos.
Health Information Systems are important tools for the definition of priorities for the health sector, although they are not used in a systematic way. This paper has as objective to evaluate the potentialities of the Hospital Information System - SIH/SUS as a complementary system for surveillance of notifiable water-borne diseases (typhoid Fever, cholera and leptospirosis). Hospital admittances were related to case reports, for states and regions of the country, from 1984 to 1998. A cross-sectional study was performed, using the SIH/SUS data bases and case reports provided by the National Center of Epidemiology - CENEPI. The results points SIH/ SUS as a complementary source for epidemiologic surveillance, since similar epidemiologic behavior patterns were observed between the SIH/SUS data and those reported by the Notifiable Diseases Information System - SINAN/CENEPI: tendency of reduction of these diseases in the whole country, with a predominance of admittances in the Northeast and North regions; registration of epidemic moments of water-borne infections and a similar graphic distribution of the diseases along time, for both information systems. The disease frequencies found in SIH/SUS, reveal a sanitation policy that favors unequal offer and access for the regions and states of Brazil. Because of the environmental characteristics of the country, the described situation provides a favorable scenery for the appearance of epidemics or the maintenance of these diseases in endemic levels.