Diversidad de ninfas de Leptohyphidae (Ephemeroptera) en el río Quenane-Quenanito, piedemonte llanero colombiano / Diversity of Leptohyphidae (Ephemeroptera) nymphs in the Quenane-Quenanito river, Colombian plain foothills

Resumen Introducción: Varias presiones antrópicas sufren los ecosistemas acuáticos del piedemonte llanero en Colombia. La respuesta a estresores ambientales aún se desconoce en organismos bioindicadores como Leptohyphidae. Objetivo: Determinar la diversidad de ninfas de Leptohyphidae del río Quenane-Quenanito, en dos periodos hidrológicos contrastantes y su relación con algunas variables fisicoquímicas. Métodos: En diciembre (2014) y febrero (2015) se recolectaron organismos con red Surber en seis estaciones a lo largo del río. Se analizó la diversidad alfa y beta y se aplicó análisis de redundancia y modelos lineales generalizados con el fin de establecer la relación entre los taxones y las variables ambientales. Resultados: Se identificaron 369 organismos pertenecientes a cuatro géneros (Amanahyphes, Traverhyphes, Tricorythopsis y Tricorythodes), dos especies y ocho morfoespecies. Se reporta por primera vez para el departamento del Meta Amanahyphes saguassu. Se registró la mayor diversidad de ninfas en la transición a la sequía y la mayor abundancia en sequía. La diversidad beta señaló que la configuración del ensamblaje cambia a nivel espacial y temporal. Conclusiones: Los organismos de Leptohyphidae prefieren hábitats de corrientes, particularmente en el periodo de sequía, donde hallan alimento (hojarasca, detritos) y refugio para establecerse exitosamente; actividades antrópicas como la urbanización afectan notablemente la diversidad. La alta diversidad registrada en este pequeño río de piedemonte llanero refleja la necesidad de incrementar este tipo de trabajos y esfuerzos de recolección de material de estudio en la región.

Abstract Introduction: Various anthropic pressures affect the aquatic ecosystems of the foothills of Colombia. The response to environmental stressors is still unknown in bioindicator organisms such as Leptohyphidae. Objective: To determine the diversity of Leptohyphidae nymphs of the Quenane-Quenanito river, in two contrasting hydrological periods and its relationship with some physicochemical variables. Methods: In December (2014) and February (2015), organisms were collected with a Surber net at six stations along the current. Alpha and beta diversity was analyzed and redundancy analysis and generalized linear model were applied to establish the relationship between taxa and environmental variables. Results: Were identified 369 organisms belonging to four genera (Amanahyphes, Traverhyphes, Tricorythopsis, and Tricorythodes), two species, and eight morphospecies. Amanahyphes saguassu is reported for the first time for the Meta department. High diversity of Leptohyphidae nymphs was recorded in the transition to drought season and greater abundance in drought. Beta diversity indicated that the configuration of the assemblage changes spatially and temporally. Conclusions: Leptohyphidae organisms prefer fast habitats, particularly in the dry period where they find food (leaf litter, detritus) and shelter to establish themselves successfully; anthropic activities such as urbanization notably affect diversity. The high diversity recorded in this small river in the foothills of the plains reflects the need to increase this type of works and collection efforts of study material in the region.

Pediatric nephrologist-intensivist interaction in acute kidney injury / Interação nefro-intensivista pediátrica na lesão renal aguda

ABSTRACT Introduction: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) have concepts of diagnosis and management have water balance as their main point of evaluation. In our ICU, from 2004 to 2012, the nephrologist's participation was on demand only; and as of 2013 their participation became continuous in meetings to case discussion. The aim of this study was to establish how an intense nephrologist/intensivist interaction influenced the frequency of dialysis indication, fluid balance and pRIFLE classification during these two observation periods. Methods: Retrospective study, longitudinal evaluation of all children with AKI undergoing dialysis (2004 to 2016). Parameters studied: frequency of indication, duration and volume of infusion in the 24 hours preceding dialysis; diuresis and water balance every 8 hours. Non-parametric statistics, p ≤ 0.05. Results: 53 patients (47 before and 6 after 2013). There were no significant differences in the number of hospitalizations or cardiac surgeries between the periods. After 2013, there was a significant decrease in the number of indications for dialysis/year (5.85 vs. 1.5; p = 0.000); infusion volume (p = 0.02), increase in the duration of dialysis (p = 0.002) and improvement in the discrimination of the pRIFLE diuresis component in the AKI development. Conclusion: Integration between the ICU and pediatric nephrology teams in the routine discussion of cases, critically approaching water balance, was decisive to improve the management of AKI in the ICU.

RESUMO Introdução: Os conceitos sobre diagnóstico e conduta da Lesão Renal Aguda (LRA) na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) tem como ponto primordial a avaliação do balanço hídrico. Em nossa UTI, de 2004 a 2012, a participação do nefrologista era sob demanda. A partir de 2013, a participação passou a ser contínua em reunião de discussão de casos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar como a maior interação nefrologista/intensivista influenciou a frequência de indicação de diálise, no balanço hídrico e na classificação pRIFLE durante esses dois períodos de observação. Método: Estudo retrospectivo, avaliação longitudinal de todas as crianças com LRA em diálise (2004 a 2016). Parâmetros estudados: frequência de indicação, tempo de duração e volume de infusão nas 24 horas precedendo a diálise; diurese e balanço hídrico a cada 8 horas. Estatística não paramétrica, p ≤ 0,05. Resultado: 53 pacientes (47 antes e 6 após 2013). Sem diferença significativa no número de internações e nem de cirurgias cardíacas entre os períodos. Após 2013, houve diminuição significativa no número de indicação de diálise/ano (5,85 vs. 1,5; p = 0,000); no volume de infusão (p = 0,02), aumento do tempo de duração da diálise (p = 0,002) e melhora da discriminação do componente diurese do pRIFLE na indicação de LRA. Conclusão: Integração entre equipes de UTI e nefrologia pediátrica na discussão rotineira de casos, abordando criticamente o balanço hídrico, foi determinante para a melhora na conduta da LRA na UTI.

Tasas de suicidio y concentración de litio en agua corriente en Rocha y Montevideo. Primer estudio en Uruguay, período 2019-2020

El suicidio es un fenómeno que además de las pérdidas humanas que involucra, repercute negativamente en familiares y allegados, produciendo a su vez enormes gastos en el sistema sanitario. En Uruguay, la tasa de suicidio no solo ha experimentado un aumento sostenido, representando una preocupación constante para las autoridades, sino que suele ser una de la más altas de Latinoamérica, en 2022 fue de 23,08 cada 100.000 habitantes. Reconociendo que el suicidio es un fenómeno multifactorial grave, diversos estudios han indagado sobre la posible correlación entre la presencia de litio en agua corriente y tasas de suicidio, habiéndose observado una relación inversa, lo que permitiría considerar el litio como eventualmente protector de la conducta suicida. El presente estudio pretende abordar dicha correlación en los departamentos de Rocha y Montevideo, de Uruguay. Los resultados obtenidos no son concluyentes. En cuanto a las concentraciones de litio presentes en agua corriente, en general son menores a las señaladas en otros estudios como protectoras (30 µ/L). Es necesario profundizar en este eje de discusión, como en otros, para obtener un diagnóstico más detallado de este complejo y sentido fenómeno.

Suicide is a phenomenon that, in addition to the human losses it involves, has a negative impact on family members and acquaintances, leading to enormous costs in the healthcare system. In Uruguay, the suicide rate has not only experienced a sustained increase, representing a constant concern for authorities, but it also tends to be one of the highest in Latin America, reaching 23.08 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2022. Recognizing that suicide is a serious multifactorial phenomenon, several studies have investigated the possible correlation between the presence of lithium in tap water and suicide rates, noting an inverse relationship. This suggests that lithium could potentially be considered protective against suicidal behavior. This study aims to address this correlation in the departments of Rocha and Montevideo, Uruguay. The results obtained are inconclusive. Regarding the concentrations of lithium present in tap water, they are generally lower than those indicated in other studies as protective (30 µg/L). It is necessary to delve deeper into this axis of discussion, as in others, to obtain a more detailed diagnosis of this complex and profound phenomenon.

O suicídio é um fenómeno que, além das perdas humanas que envolve, tem um impacto negativo nos familiares e amigos, produzindo enormes gastos no sistema de saúde. No Uruguai, a taxa de suicídio não só tem registado um aumento sustentado, representando uma preocupação constante para as autoridades, mas geralmente é uma das mais altas da América Latina, sendo de 23,08 por 100.000 habitantes em 2022. Reconhecendo que o suicídio é um fenómeno multifatorial grave, vários estudos têm investigado a possível correlação entre a presença de lítio na água encanada e as taxas de suicídio; observa-se uma relação inversa, o que permitiria considerá-lo como um possível protetor do comportamento suicida. O presente estudo visa abordar esta correlação nos departamentos de Rocha e Montevidéu no Uruguai. Os resultados obtidos não são conclusivos. Quanto às concentrações de litio presentes na água corrente, são geralmente inferiores às indicadas em outros estudos como protetoras (30 µ/L). É necessário aprofundar esta área de discussão como em outras linhas de pesquisa, e obter um diagnóstico mais detalhado deste fenômeno complexo e significativo.

Induced acute hyperglycemia modifies the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium by tissue inflammation and tight junction disruption resulting in hydroelectrolytic secretion in an animal model

Abstract Diabetic-metabolic syndrome (MetS-D) has a high prevalence worldwide, in which an association with the rupture of the intestinal epithelium barrier function (IEBF) has been pointed out, but the functional and morphological properties are still not well understood. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of acute hyperglycemia diabetes on intestinal tight junction proteins, metabolic failure, intestinal ion and water transports, and IEBF parameters. Diabetes was induced in male Rattus norvegicus (200-310 g) with 0.5 mL of streptozotocin (70 mg/kg). Glycemic and clinical parameters were evaluated every 7 days, and intestinal parameters were evaluated on the 14th day. The MetS-D animals showed a clinical pattern of hyperglycemia, with increases in the area of villi and crypts, lactulose:mannitol ratio, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and intestinal tissue concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), but showed a reduction in reduced glutathione (GSH) when these parameters were compared to the control. The MetS-D group had increased secretion of Na+, K+, Cl-, and water compared to the control group in ileal tissue. Furthermore, we observed a reduction in mRNA transcript of claudin-2, claudin-15, and NHE3 and increases of SGLT-1 and ZO-1 in the MetS-D group. These results showed that MetS-D triggered intestinal tissue inflammation, oxidative stress, complex alterations in gene regulatory protein transcriptions of intestinal transporters and tight junctions, damaging the IEBF and causing hydroelectrolyte secretion.

Toxoplasmosis outbreak in São Paulo, Brazil: Epidemiology and visual outcome

ABSTRACT Purpose: To describe a 2019 acute toxoplasmosis outbreak in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, and to evaluate the laboratory serological profile for toxoplasmosis for three consecutive years. The ophthalmological manifestations of the patients involved in the outbreak were also studied. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study of a toxoplasmosis outbreak in São Paulo, Brazil, between February and May 2019. Epidemiological data were described, as were the observed ocular manifestations. As part of this study the number of patients with positive IgM toxoplasmosis serology was obtained from a large laboratory network (DASA) for three consecutive years, including the year of the outbreak (2018, 2019, 2020). Results: Eighty-three individuals were identified in the outbreak and two clusters were studied. The clinical picture of at least 77% of the patients, the epidemiological analysis, and the short incubation period (5-8 days) suggested contamination by oocysts. Serological laboratory data analysis revealed an increase of positive toxoplasmosis IgM in 2019 of 73% compared to the previous year. Ophthalmological examination revealed that at least 4.8% of the patients developed toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis, none of whom had been treated during the acute systemic disease. Conclusion: Our findings indicate vegetable contamination as the possible source of this outbreak, a high prevalence of toxoplasmosis in São Paulo during the outbreak period, and a drop in the number of tests during the COVID-19 pandemic. Retinochoroiditis was observed in at least 4.8% of the cases. We confirm the need to implement effective means for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. This may involve raising awareness among the population of the importance of vegetable hygiene, and improved quality control of food and water.

Practice of immersion in hot water to relieve pain in neonatology: an integrative review / Práctica de inmersión en agua caliente para aliviar el dolor en neonatología: una revisión integradora / Prática da imersão em água quente no alívio da dor em neonatologia: revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify immersion use in hot water to relieve pain in newborns. Methods: an integrative literature review, carried out in the PubMed, VHL, EMBASE, Scopus, CINAHL, Cochrane and SciELO databases, with investigations in English, Spanish, French or Portuguese, published between 2002 and 2022. The Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS) and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) were used to answer the following question: what are the uses of hot water immersion in relieving pain in newborns? Results: nine studies were included, mainly Brazilian, experimental, with a predominance of strong and moderate levels of evidence. Hydrotherapy and bath use (immersion and bandaging) was observed, promising interventions in reducing pain scores, assessed using scales, physiological and endocrine parameters. Conclusions: hot water proved to be a promising non-pharmacological intervention in relieving pain in infants in different contexts.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar el uso de la inmersión en agua caliente para aliviar el dolor en recién nacidos. Métodos: revisión integrativa de la literatura, realizada en las bases de datos PubMed, BVS, EMBASE, Scopus, CINAHL, Cochrane y SciELO, con investigaciones en inglés, español, francés o portugués, publicadas entre 2002 y 2022. Se utilizaron los Descriptores de Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS) y los Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) para responder la siguiente pregunta: ¿cuáles son los usos de la inmersión en agua caliente para aliviar el dolor en los recién nacidos? Resultados: fueron incluidos nueve estudios, principalmente brasileños, experimentales, con predominio de niveles de evidencia fuerte y moderado. Se observó el uso de hidroterapia y baños (inmersión y vendaje), intervenciones prometedoras en la reducción de las puntuaciones de dolor, evaluadas mediante escalas y parámetros fisiológicos y endocrinos. Conclusiones: el agua caliente demostró ser una intervención no farmacológica prometedora para aliviar el dolor en neonatos en diferentes contextos.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar o emprego da imersão em água quente no alívio da dor em neonatos. Métodos: revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, BVS, EMBASE, Scopus, CINAHL, Cochrane e SciELO, com investigações em inglês, espanhol, francês ou português, publicadas entre 2002 e 2022. Foram utilizados os Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS) e Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) para responder à seguinte inquietação: quais são os empregos da imersão em água quente no alívio da dor em neonatos? Resultados: foram incluídos nove estudos, principalmente brasileiros, experimentais, predominando o nível de evidência forte e moderada. Foram observados o emprego da hidroterapia e banhos (imersão e enfaixado), intervenções promissoras na redução do escore álgico, avaliados por meio de escalas, parâmetros fisiológicos e endócrinos. Conclusões: a água quente se mostrou uma intervenção não farmacológica promissora no alívio da dor de neonatos em diferentes contextos.

Processos de vulnerabilização em comunidades camponesas afetadas pela transposição do rio São Francisco em Sertânia / Vulnerability processes in peasant communities affected by the transposition of the São Francisco river in Sertânia

Resumo O projeto da transposição do rio São Francisco é parte do conjunto de políticas de acesso à água no semiárido brasileiro e tem incidido sobre os processos de desterritorialização e vulnerabilização na região. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os processos de vulnerabilização em comunidades camponesas, decorrentes das obras da transposição do rio São Francisco. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, com aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas e realização de oficina com camponeses atingidos pela transposição no município de Sertânia (PE). O enfoque teórico-metodológico foi a matriz da reprodução social. Foram identificados diversos processos de vulnerabilização material e simbólica, além de agravos à saúde, como a destruição de reservatórios de água, poços artesianos, cacimbas e terras férteis, a desterritorialização, a incidência de doenças respiratórias agudas, decorrente das escavações para construção dos canais, e processos relativos à saúde mental, relacionando-se à reprodução social e ao modo de vida. A leitura sistêmica ancorada na autoconsciência e na conduta dos processos de vulnerabilização identificou uma ruptura do modo de vida tradicional e efeitos à saúde física e mental dos habitantes da região. Os efeitos negativos desse processo retroagem sobre as vulnerabilidades históricas nos territórios afetados, produzindo novas fragilidades nessas comunidades.

Abstract The project for the transposition of the São Francisco River is part of the set of policies for access to water in the Brazilian semi-arid region and has focused on the processes of deterritorialization and vulnerability in the region. The objective of this study was to analyze the processes of vulnerability in peasant communities, resulting from the transposition of the São Francisco River. This is a qualitative study, applying semi-structured interviews and carrying out a workshop with peasants affected by the transposition in the municipality of Sertânia (PE). The theoretical-methodological approach was the social reproduction matrix. Several processes of material and symbolic vulnerability, in addition to health problems, were identified, such as the destruction of water reservoirs, artesian wells, waterholes and fertile land, deterritorialization, the incidence of acute respiratory diseases, resulting from excavations for the construction of canals, and processes related to mental health, relating to social reproduction and to the way of life. The systemic reading anchored in self-awareness and in the conduct of vulnerability processes identified a break in the traditional way of life and effects on physical and mental health of the region inhabitants. The negative effects of this process retroact on historical vulnerabilities in the affected territories, producing new fragilities in these communities.

Fluoride in Bottled Waters Consumed in Northeastern Brazil

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the fluoride concentration of bottled waters from municipalities in northeastern Brazil. Material and Methods: Bottled mineral waters were purchased in two periods at different commercial places of four large municipalities (João Pessoa, Campina Grande, Patos, and Cajazeiras) in the Paraíba state. The municipalities selected to present the following annual average temperature: João Pessoa 26.5 °C, Campina Grande 23.3 °C, Patos and Cajazeiras 27.5 °C. Fluoride concentration was determined using a combined ion-specific electrode. Readings (in mV) were conducted in triplicates for each standard solution and converted into fluoride concentration (mg F/L) using the Excel® software. Results: A total of 72 samples from six brands of bottled water were analyzed. The fluoride concentrations of all samples were low (0.11-0.21mg/L) but higher than those reported on the label and varied among different batches of the same brand. Conclusion: The fluoride levels in bottled water vary among brands, and these actual values are not stated in the labels.

Comparison between the ion-specific electrode and SPADNS methods for analysis of fluoride concentration in the water supply

The maintenance of adequate fluoride (F) concentration in the public water supply is fundamental for ensuring that the community use of F can reach the maximum benefit for caries control and minimum risk for dental fluorosis. Thus, surveillance systems must use accurate and valid analytical methods to determine F concentration and, according to the literature, give preference to the ion-specific electrode (F- ISE) analysis. Aim: The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of the ISE and SPADNS methods in the determination of the F concentration in the same water sample. Methods: Duplicate water samples were taken from 30 sampling sites in the municipality of Maringá, state of Paraná, monthly for 12 months, totaling 276 samples. An aliquot was analyzed by the FOP-UNICAMP Oral Biochemistry laboratory, using the F- ISE method, and the other one, by the SANEPAR laboratory in Maringá/PR, using the SPADNS method. Descriptive analysis and Pearson's correlation test were applied, with a significant level of p<0.05. Results: Results were expressed as ppm F (mg F/L), and a very strong positive correlation (r= 0.91; p<0.001) was detected between the two methods of analysis. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the determination of f luoride concentration in water can be made with accuracy by the SPADNS method, a standardized analysis protocol

Insegurança alimentar e insegurança hídrica domiciliar: um estudo de base populacional em um município da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Amazonas, Brasil / Food insecurity and household water insecurity: a population-based study in a municipality in the Amazon River basin, Brazil / Inseguridad alimentaria e inseguridad hídrica en los hogares: un estudio de base poblacional en un municipio de la cuenca hidrográfica del río Amazonas, Brasil

Resumo: Este estudo analisa a insegurança alimentar e os fatores a ela associados na área urbana de um município na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Amazonas, Amazônia Ocidental. Trata-se de pesquisa transversal, de base populacional, realizada de agosto a novembro de 2021, com 983 domicílios selecionados por amostragem probabilística estratificada. Empregou-se o modelo de regressão logística multinomial, adotando-se os seguintes critérios: valor de p < 20% na análise bivariada e valor de p < 5% para o ajuste multivariado. Os resultados das análises foram descritos como odds ratios (OR) e intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Foram significantemente associadas à insegurança alimentar leve ou moderada as seguintes variáveis: insegurança hídrica domiciliar, número de moradores ≥ 5 no domicílio, pertencer à classe socioeconômica D ou E, ter pai, mãe ou outro, como chefe da família e ter algum morador beneficiário do Programa Bolsa Família. No modelo de análise para a insegurança alimentar grave constatou-se que viver em insegurança hídrica domiciliar, pertencer à classe socioeconômica D ou E, ter pai, mãe ou outro chefe da família, e tendo este menos que 55 anos, e renda familiar menor que dois salários mínimos aumentaram as chances de insegurança alimentar grave, comparativamente àqueles em segurança alimentar. Em conclusão, verificou-se alta prevalência de insegurança alimentar no Município de Itapiranga, Amazonas, Região Norte do Brasil, associada à situação de vulnerabilidade social e econômica, à falta de serviços públicos e à insegurança hídrica domiciliar.

Abstract: This study analyzed food insecurity and associated factors in the urban area of a municipality in the Amazon River basin, Western Amazon. This is a cross-sectional population-based study conducted from August to November 2021 with 983 households selected by stratified probability sampling. A multinomial logistic regression model was used, adopting the following criteria: p-value < 20% in the bivariate analysis and p-value < 5% for the multivariate adjustment. The results of the analyses were described as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The following variables were significantly associated with mild or moderate food insecurity: household water insecurity; number of residents ≥ 5 in the household; belonging to socioeconomic class D or E; having a father, mother or another as the head of the family; and having any resident as a beneficiary of the Brazilian Income Transfer Program. The analysis model for severe food insecurity showed that living with household water insecurity; belonging to socioeconomic class D or E; having a father, mother or another as the head of the family; age of the head of the family < 55 years; and family income lower that two minimum wages increased the chances of severe food insecurity when compared to those with food security. In conclusion, this study found a high prevalence of food insecurity in the Municipality of Itapiranga, State of Amazonas, North Region of Brazil, associated with social and economic vulnerability, lack of public services, and household water insecurity.

Resumen: Este estudio analiza la inseguridad alimentaria y los factores asociados, en el área urbana de un municipio de la cuenca hidrográfica del río Amazonas, Amazonia occidental. Se trata de una encuesta transversal, de base poblacional, realizada en el período de agosto a noviembre del 2021, con 983 hogares seleccionados mediante muestreo probabilístico estratificado. Se utilizó el modelo de regresión logística multinomial, adoptando los siguientes criterios: valor de p < 20% en el análisis bivariado y valor de p < 5% para el ajuste multivariado. Los resultados de los análisis se describieron como odds ratios (OR) e intervalo de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Las siguientes variables se asociaron significativamente con la inseguridad alimentaria leve o moderada: inseguridad hídrica en el hogar, número de residentes ≥ 5 en el hogar, pertenecer a la clase socioeconómica "D" o "E", tener padre, madre u otra persona como cabeza de familia y tener a algún residente como beneficiario del Programa Bolsa Familia. En el modelo de análisis para la inseguridad alimentaria severa se encontró que vivir en hogar con inseguridad hídrica, pertenecer a la clase socioeconómica D o E, tener padre, madre u otra persona como cabeza de familia, edad del jefe de familia < 55 años, y un ingreso familiar más bajo que dos salarios mínimos aumentó las probabilidades de sufrir inseguridad alimentaria grave, en comparación con aquellos en situación de seguridad alimentaria. En conclusión, se constató una alta prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria en el Municipio de Itapiranga, en el interior del Amazonas, Región Norte de Brasil, asociada a la situación de vulnerabilidad social y económica, a la falta de servicios públicos y a la inseguridad hídrica de los hogares.

Epidemiologia de la Fluorosis Dental en adolescentes de 12 años: Revisión sistemática

La prevalencia de fluorosis dental presenta una gran variabilidad a nivel mundial. Es necesario su análisis como parte de la vigilancia epidemiológica. Objetivo: Conocer la literatura disponible sobre prevalencia de fluorosis dental a la edad de 12 años en relación con el método de fluoruración comunitario utilizado. Metodología: Dos investigadoras realizaron una revisión sistemática de la literatura sin límites temporales siguiendo las pautas PRISMA, utilizando las bases de datos Pubmed, Cochrane, Scopus, BVS y Google Schoolar en idioma inglés, español, portugués e italiano. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 19 artículos de diseño transversal, 16 pertenecientes a comunidades que utilizan agua fluorurada, uno que utiliza sal fluorurada y 2 que comparan resultados entre comunidades que utilizan agua o sal fluorurada. Conclusiones: existe gran variabilidad en los reportes de prevalencia de fluorosis dental. Independientemente del método de fluoruración comunitario utilizado las lesiones de fluorosis de severidad leve son las más prevalentes.

Os relatos sobre a prevalência de fluorose dentária aos 12 anos apresentam grande variabilidade, não havendo unificação quanto ao uso dos índices. Independentemente do meio comunitário de fluoretação e do índice utilizado, a fluorose dentária leve é ​​a mais prevalente. Objetivo: Conhecer a literatura disponível sobre prevalência de fluorose dentária aos 12 anos em relação ao método comunitário de fluoretação utilizado. Metodologia: Dois pesquisadores realizaram uma revisão sistemática da literatura sem limites de tempo seguindo as diretrizes PRISMA, utilizando as bases de dados Pubmed, Cochrane, Scopus, BVS e Google Schoolar em inglês, espanhol, português e italiano. Resultados: Foram incluídos 19 artigos transversais, sendo 16 pertencentes a comunidades que utilizam água fluoretada, un sal fluoretada e 2 que comparam resultados entre comunidades que utilizam água fluoretada ou salgada. Conclusões: Há grande variabilidade nos relatos de prevalência de fluorose dentária. Independentemente do método de fluoretação comunitária utilizado, as lesões de fluorose de gravidade leve são as mais prevalentes.

The prevalence of dental fluorosis presents great variability worldwide. Its analysis is necessary as part of epidemiological surveillance Objective: To know the available literature on the prevalence of dental fluorosis among 12 years-old in relation to the community fluoridation method used. Methodology: Two researchers carried out a systematic review of the literature without time limits following the PRISMA guidelines, using the Pubmed, Cochrane, Scopus, BVS and Google Schoolar databases in English, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian. Results: 19 cross-sectional articles were included, 16 belonging to communities that use fluoridated water, one that use fluoridated salt and 2 that compare results between communities that use fluoridated water or salt. Conclusions: there is great variability in the reports of prevalence of dental fluorosis. Regardless of the community fluoridation method used, fluorosis lesions of mild severity are the most prevalent.

Consistency of information on the provision of water fluoridation in Brazil / Consistência das informações sobre a provisão da fluoretação da água no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to assess the consistency of data regarding the provision of fluoridation in Brazilian municipalities with water supply systems. Methods: Official data from the National Basic Sanitation Survey and the National Information System on Sanitation for 2017 were compared. Results: Out of 5,570 municipalities in Brazil, 4,546 (81.6%) had water supply systems. The agreement between data sources was 84%, with a Kappa of 0.668, indicating substantial agreement. However, the estimates of fluoridation provision exhibited an average discrepancy of 8.1 percentage points, ranging from 1.2 points in the Central-West region to 21.4 points in the Northeast region. Conclusion: To address these inconsistencies, it is essential to enhance information sources, ensuring more reliable data for health, sanitation authorities, and society at large.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a consistência dos dados sobre a provisão de fluoretação em municípios brasileiros com sistemas de abastecimento de água. Métodos: Foram comparados os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saneamento Básico e do Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento referentes a 2017. Resultados: De 5.570 municípios no Brasil, 4.546 (81,6%) possuíam sistemas de água. A concordância entre as fontes foi de 84%, com Kappa de 0,668, indicando substancial concordância. Entretanto, as estimativas de provisão divergiram em média 8,1 pontos percentuais, variando de 1,2 ponto na região Centro-Oeste a 21,4 pontos na região Nordeste. Conclusão: Para superar essa inconsistência, é fundamental aprimorar as fontes de informação, garantindo dados mais confiáveis para as autoridades de saúde, saneamento e para a sociedade em geral.

Monitoring and risk assessment of total α and β radioactivity levels in drinking water in the nine districts of metropolitan Chongqing in 2019-2021 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the radioactivity levels of total α and total β in drinking water in nine districts of Chongqing City from 2019 to 2021, and to provide reference for the risk monitoring of drinking water in the metropolitan areas of Chongqing. Methods The total α and total β radioactivity levels in water samples were determined by the comparative measurement method and the thin source deposit method in GB/T5750.13-2006 “Standard Examination Methods for Drinking Water-Radiological Parameters”. The monitoring results were assessed according to GB5749-2006 “Standards for Drinking Water Quality” and the fourth edition of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Results From 2019 to 2021, the total α activity concentration of the water samples measured in the nine districts of metropolitan Chongqing ranged from 0.002 to 0.039 Bq /L, and the total β activity concentration ranged from 0.015 to 0.190 Bq /L. There was no significant difference in the activity concentration (tα=0.545, Pα=0.591; tβ=-1.438, Pβ=0.163>0.05). From 2019 to 2021, the average value of total α radioactivity decreased year by year and its activity value was relatively low, indicating a low health risk. However, the average value of total β radioactivity increased year by year, which should be paid attention to. Conclusion The total α and total β radioactivity in water samples measured in the present study are lower than the standard recommended limits. The estimated annual average effective dose of radiation caused by drinking water is 0.005-0.010 mSv, which is lower than the limit of 0.1 mSv recommended by WHO, and this radioactivity level will not have an impact on the health of residents. However, the total β radioactivity level of the monitoring points in Banan and Shapingba is relatively high compared to other jurisdictions, and further tracking and monitoring should be carried out.

Optimization of water extraction technology of Xiangqin jiere granules by orthogonal design based on G1-entropy weight compared with BP neural network / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE Optimizing the water extraction technology of Xiangqin jiere granules. METHODS The orthogonal test of 3 factors and 3 levels was designed， and comprehensive scoring was conducted for the above indexes by using G1-entropy weight to obtain the optimized water extraction technology of Xiangqin jiere granules with water addition ratio， extraction time and extraction times as factors， using the contents of forsythoside A， baicalin， phillyrin， oroxylin A-7-O-β-D-glycoside， wogonoside， baicalein and wogonin， and extraction rate as evaluation indexes. BP neural network modeling was used to optimize the network model and water extraction process using the results of 9 groups of orthogonal tests as test and training data， the water addition multiple， decocting time and extraction times as input nodes， and the comprehensive score as output nodes. Then the two analysis methods were compared by verification test to find the best water extraction process parameters. RESULTS The water extraction technology optimized by the orthogonal test was 8-fold water， extracting 3 times， extracting for 1 h each time. Comprehensive score was 96.84 （RSD＝0.90%）. The optimal water extraction technology obtained by BP neural network modeling included 12-fold water， extracting 4 times， extracting for 0.5 h each time. The comprehensive score was 92.72 （RSD＝0.77%）， which was slightly lower than that of the orthogonal test. CONCLUSIONS The water extraction technology of Xiangqin jiere granules is optimized successfully in the study， which includes adding 8-fold water， extracting 3 times， and extracting for 1 hour each time.

Outbreak investigation of a campus bacterial dysentery by water source pollution in Lhasa City / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate risk factors and the nature of the outbreak of bacillary dysentery in Lhasa City, so as to customize targeted prevention and control measures.@*Methods@#Using on site epidemiological investigation, the suspected, probable and confirmed cases of bacillary dysentery in one school and one kindergarten in Lhasa City from June 26 to July 1, 2022 were collected, and additional cases were identified through interview from school staffs and family members, reviewing morning examination records and tracking records of school illness related absence. A case control study was conducted to investigate suspicious meals and drinking raw water, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect Shigella line nucleic acid fragment in the patients feces, anal swabs, retained food, and terminal water.@*Results@#A total of 55 cases were found in two schools, with the prevalence rate of 15.41% in total and 16.71% in students ( n =53), 7.5% in staff ( n =2). The epidemic curve was suggestive of a point source exposure. The prevalence rate among students who walk to school and students who live in the school showed no difference (16.10%，17.09%)( χ 2=0.05, P >0.05), and the prevalence rate was higher among elementary school students than kindergarten students (19.83%，6.67%)( χ 2=7.13, P <0.05). Case control comparisons showed a direct association between drinking raw water and morbidity in the case and control groups during June 24-26 ( OR=4.01, 95%CI =1.75-9.19, P < 0.05). A total of 23 fecal Shigella nucleic acid positives were detected from the two schools, two from the end water in front of the cafeteria door, and two from sludge in the sewage pipe around the wellhead.@*Conclusions@#The outbreak of bacillary dysentery is caused by the contamination of the pipe network water. Health administrative departments should improve the supervision and management of drinking water health safety, and schools should strengthen the management of water supply facilities for effectively prevent of waterborne infectious disease outbreaks.

Role of SIRTl/Nrf2/HO-l pathway in attenuation of learning and memory impairment by sevoflurane postcondition in a mouse model of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the role of SIRT1/Nrf2 / HO-1 in alleviating the cognitive function impairment by sevoflurane treatment in a mouse model of postoperative cerebral reperfusion. Methods C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into five groups: sham operation group, hemorrhagic shock reperfusion group, sevoflurane postconditioning group, sevoflurane postcondition-ing + SIRT1 inhibitor group and sevoflurane postconditioning + Nrf2 inhibitor group. Mice were subjected to Morris water maze test after cerebral ischemia reperfusion. The ATP, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ROS and MDA contents in tissue of mice were detected. SIRT1, Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins in tissue were detected by Western blot. Results After hemorrhagic shock, the learning and memory ability of mice was reduced.ATP and SOD concentration in hippocampus was reduced , MDA and ROS concentration increased, and the SIRT, Nrf2 and HO-1 concentration was reduced. Sevoflurane improved the cognitive dysfunction and oxi-dative damage in postoperative mice, and the neuro-protective effect of sevoflurane on hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation mice was weakened followed with SIRT1 and Nrf2 inhibitors. Conclusion Sevoflurane probably alleviates the oxidative reaction damage and cognitive impairment caused by cerebral reperfusion in mice through SIRT1/Nrf2/H0-1 pathway.

Analysis of uranium concentration in surface water and drinking water in Beijing, China / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To explore the uranium concentration in surface water and drinking water in Beijing, China and the relationship between uranium concentration and gross α activity concentration. Methods Water samples were collected from 16 districts in Beijing. Uranium concentration and gross α activity concentration were measured with WGJ-III trace uranium analyzer and LB6008 six-channel α/β counter using the ultraviolet fluorescence and thick source methods. Results The uranium concentrations in surface water and drinking water were 1.131 and 1.572 μg/L, respectively. The gross α activity concentrations in surface water and drinking water were 0.059 and 0.074 Bq/L, respectively. There were no significant differences in uranium concentration and gross α activity concentration between surface water and drinking water (P > 0.05). The uranium concentration was positively correlated with the gross α activity concentration, with a correlation coefficient of 0.700 (P < 0.05). The gross α activity concentration was determined by the uranium concentration with a determination coefficient of 48%. The committed effective dose of 238U in drinking water was between 3.284 × 10−5 and 1.640 × 10−3 mSv, with an average value of 5.400 × 10−4 mSv. Conclusion The uranium concentration and gross α activity in the surface water and drinking water in Beijing fluctuate and remain in the background range. These values are much lower than the recommended limits of 0.03 mg/L and 0.5 Bq/L stipulated in the GB 5749-2021 Standard for Drinking Water Quality. The annual committed effective dose of 238U through drinking water ingestion is very small.

Analysis of the results of the nationwide interlaboratory comparison of gross α and gross β radioactivity measurement / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To summarize and improve the related technical issues by analyzing the nationwide interlaboratory comparison of gross α and gross β radioactivity measurement over the years. Methods According to the requirements of interlaboratory comparison and the national standards, the gross α and gross β radioactivity in water were measured, and the results were analyzed to identify the influencing factors. Results From 2018 to 2022, our laboratory participated in five nationwide interlaboratory comparisons of gross α and gross β radioactivity measurement. The Z-test values for gross α and gross β measurement ranged from −0.24 to 1.8 and −1.4 to 0.35, respectively. The relative deviations ranged from −4% to 32% and −18% to 6%, respectively. All comparisons were within the acceptable ranges. Conclusion The analysis of comparisons showed that the results were within the acceptable ranges. The relative deviations between the measurement and the reference values have decreased over the years. The summary and improvement of related technologies have improved the measurement accuracy.

Investigation of Effect of Different Processed Products of Atractylodes chinensis Rhizoma on Rats with Spleen Deficiency Based on Pharmacodynamics and Metabolomics / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo clarify the differences in the efficacy and mechanism of different processed products of Atractylodes chinensis rhizoma by the pharmacodynamics and metabolomics studies of raw， bran-fried and rice water-processed products on rats with spleen deficiency. MethodSixty male SD rats were randomly divided into blank group， model group， raw product group（3.75 g·kg-1）， bran-fried product group（3.75 g·kg-1）， rice water-processed product group（3.75 g·kg-1） and Shenling Baizhusan group（6.7 g·kg-1）， with 10 rats in each group. The method of excessive fatigue+improper diet was used to establish a spleen deficiency model in rats. After the end of modeling， except for the blank and model groups， each dosing group was given the corresponding drug suspension， the immune organ coefficients of each group of rats were examined， the levels of interleukin-6（IL-6）， tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α）， immunoglobulin G（IgG）， amylase（AMS）， motilin（MTL）， gastrin（GAS）， Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase（ATPase）， aquaporin 2（AQP2）， AQP3 and AQP8 in rats were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS） combined with orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） were used to search for biomarkers in the plasma samples of spleen-deficient rats by using two criteria［P<0.05 and variable importance in the projection（VIP） value>1］， and to compare the different modulatory effects of the three decoction pieces on the splenic-deficient biomarkers， and metabolic pathway analysis was conducted through the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes（KEGG） database. ResultCompared with the blank group， the thymus index and spleen index of rats in the model group were significantly decreased（P<0.05）， the levels of IL-6， TNF-α， IgG and AQP2 were significantly increased（P<0.05）， the levels of AMS， GAS， MTL， AQP3， AQP8 and Na+-K+-ATPase were significantly decreased（P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， raw products， bran-fried products and rice water-processed products all increased thymus index and spleen index（P<0.05）， decreased IL-6， TNF-α， IgG and AQP2 levels（P<0.05）， and increased AMS， GAS， MTL， AQP3， AQP8 and Na+-K+-ATPase levels to different degrees. A total of 176 differential metabolites were screened in the model group compared with the blank group， of which 75， 72 and 84 biomarkers were called back by the raw products， bran-fried products and rice water-processed products， respectively（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Raw products of A. chinensis rhizoma mainly affected glycine， serine and threonine metabolism. Bran-fried products mainly affected alanine， aspartate and glutamate metabolism， D-arginine and D-ornithine metabolism. Rice water-processed products mainly affected glycine， serine and threonine metabolism， alanine， aspartate and glutamate metabolism， citrate cycle， thiamine metabolism， D-arginine and D-ornithine metabolism. ConclusionRaw products， bran-fried products and rice water-processed products of A. chinensis rhizoma all have good spleen strengthening effects， among which the effects of bran-fried products and rice water-processed products were stronger. Meanwhile， raw products has the strongest dryness， followed by bran-fried products， and the weakest dryness of rice water-processed products. The three decoction pieces are able to significantly modulate metabolic abnormalities in spleen-deficient rats， and the mechanism may be related to amino acid metabolism such as glycine， serine and threonine metabolism as well as alanine， aspartate and glutamate metabolism.

Unlocking the potential of amorphous calcium carbonate: A star ascending in the realm of biomedical application

Calcium-based biomaterials have been intensively studied in the field of drug delivery owing to their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. Calcium-based materials can also deliver contrast agents, which can enhance real-time imaging and exert a Ca2+-interfering therapeutic effect. Based on these characteristics, amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), as a brunch of calcium-based biomaterials, has the potential to become a widely used biomaterial. Highly functional ACC can be either discovered in natural organisms or obtained by chemical synthesis However, the standalone presence of ACC is unstable in vivo. Additives are required to be used as stabilizers or core-shell structures formed by permeable layers or lipids with modified molecules constructed to maintain the stability of ACC until the ACC carrier reaches its destination. ACC has high chemical instability and can produce biocompatible products when exposed to an acidic condition in vivo, such as Ca2+ with an immune-regulating ability and CO2 with an imaging-enhancing ability. Owing to these characteristics, ACC has been studied for self-sacrificing templates of carrier construction, targeted delivery of oncology drugs, immunomodulation, tumor imaging, tissue engineering, and calcium supplementation. Emphasis in this paper has been placed on the origin, structural features, and multiple applications of ACC. Meanwhile, ACC faces many challenges in clinical translation, and long-term basic research is required to overcome these challenges. We hope that this study will contribute to future innovative research on ACC.