RESUMO
Objective: Genetic reationships betwen Swertia mileensis and its relatives have been researched using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics methods in order to provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of medicinal plant resources of genus Swertia. Methods: Infrared spectrum information of Swertia mileensis, Swertia cincta, Halenia elliptica, Swertiaion nervosa, Swertia punicea, and Swertia binchuanennsis was collected and used in this study. Original infrared spectra data were pretreated by these methods including automatic baseline correction, automatic smoothing, ordinate normalization, multiplicative scatter correction and second derivative, and analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Results: Absorption area of relationship between Swertia mileensis and its relatives ranged from 900-400 cm-1, 1 310-900 cm-1, 1 500-1 310 cm-1, 1 800-1 500 cm-1, 2 800-3 000 cm-1, and 3 000-3 500 cm-1. Absorption peaks of the second derivative of fingerprint region in 400 to 1 000 cm-1 were distinct, and the absorption peaks as well as peak numbers, intensities and patterns among species were quite different. Analysis of preprocessed IR data showed that PCA analysis of six Swertia species was superior to PLS-DA analysis. The results of HCA analysis showed that Swertia mileensis was closely related to Swertia cincta and Swertia nervosa. Conclusion: FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics method could discriminate different species of genus Swertia and display the closely genetic relationship of Swertia mileensis and its relatives, furthermore, this research would provide a fast and effective method for studying genetic relationship of genus Swertia.
RESUMO
Objective: The genetic relationship between Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis and its relatives has been researched using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics methods in order to provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of medicinal plant resources of genus Paris L. Methods: The infrared spectrum information of 50 samples of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, P. polyphylla var. alba, P. mairei, P. vietnamensis, and P. axialis var. axialis was collected. The original infrared spectra data were pretreated by automatic baseline correction, automatic smoothing, ordinate normalization, multiplicative scatter correction and second derivative, and analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Results: The common peaks of 1 653, 1 156, 1 082, 1 021, 925, 851, 759, 572 and 524 cm-1 in original spectra data of 50 samples might be relative to the contents of flavonoids, starches and glycosides. The absorption peaks of 1 535 and 1 369 cm-1 belonged to P. mairei and P. axialis var. axialis, respectively which could be distinguished from other three species. By PCA and PLS-DA, the former one which could accurately distinguish five species of wild genus Paris L. presented a better classification result than the latter. HCA and vector included angle cosine analysis could reflect the genetic relationship of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis and its wild relatives. P. polyphylla var. alba and P. vietnamensis had closed relationship with P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis while P. mairei and P. axialis var. axialis were relative far. Conclusion: FT-IR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics methods can distinguish different species of genus Paris L. and display the genetic relationship between P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis and its wild relatives, clearly. Furthermore, it could provide a fast and effective method for the study of plant genetic relationships and a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of medicinal plant resources of genus Paris L.
RESUMO
Mature wheat grain contain 8-20% proteins. The storage proteins of wheat determine the characteristics and unique properties of its flour in the process of pasta and bread-making and eventually the quality of the finished products obtained. The storage proteins play an integral role in determining the visco-elastic properties of wheat dough, a feature of high quality wheat. The genes, encoding storage proteins as well as factors that may affect their deposition, such as molecular chaperones and foldase enzymes, are of particular interest to wheat industry. Genomic, cDNA and promoter sequences of the three homoeologous gene encoding the “typical” PDI has been already cloned and characterized. Recently, eight new non-homoeologous wheat genes were cloned and characterized in bread wheat. Study characterizing the variability in a 700 bp region comprising 600 bp of 5’ upstream putative promoter region and 100 bp of the first exon of the typical PDI gene in 15 accessions of Triticum urartu (AA), Aegilops speltoides (BB) and Aegilops taushcii (DD), from diverse origin and Triticum aestivum cv Chinese Spring (AABBDD) has also been completed recently. This review explains how functional and evolutionary genomics tools aid in the study of a gene family and its promoter.
RESUMO
Genetic diversity and kin relationships among wild and cultivated populations of the pejibaye palm (Bactris gasipaes, Palmae) using microsatellite markers. The genetic diversity of the peach palm (Pejibaye, Bactris gasipaes Kunth) was evaluated using four nuclear DNA microsatellites in an effort to elucidate the evolution and domestication of this crop. A total of 258 samples from seven wild populations and eleven races were analyzed. All loci were polymorphic and a total of 50 alleles were identified. Average genetic diversity (0.67) and genetic differentiation among populations (Fst=0.16) were high when all populations were considered. Genetic differentiation was lower when the populations were grouped according to their origin into Western and Eastern populations (Fst=0.13 for both). Gene flow was slightly higher among Western populations (Nm=1.71) than among Eastern populations (Nm=1.62). The Putumayo, Yurimaguas, Vaupés, Tucurrique and Guatuso races seem to have been subjected to intense human selection. Hybrid populations exist in Azuero, Tuira, Cauca, Vaupés, Puerto Ayacucho and Solimoes, probably resulting from exchange and introgressions among sympatric wild and cultivated populations. Genetic distance (Dm) was estimated to determine the degree of relationship among populations using the neighbor-joining method; the wild populations from Maracaibo were used as the outgroup. The populations were divided into three general groups: Maracaibo (B. caribaea, B. macana var veragua and B. macana var arapuey), Eastern Amazon (Tembe, Pará and Acre) and a third group with two subgroups, Western (Azuero, Chontilla, Tuira, Cauca, Tucurrique and Guatuso) and Upper Amazon (B. dahlgreniana, Puerto Ayacucho, Solimoes, Vaupés and Putumayo). The genetic relationships strongly support the hypothesis that peach palm was brought into cultivation independently in no less than three areas: the Western Andes (extending into lower Central America); Upper...
Se evaluó la diversidad genética en cuatro microsatélites de ADN de pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) para relacionarlos con su evolución y domesticación. Se analizaron 258 muestras procedentes de siete poblaciones silvestres y once razas cultivadas. Todos los loci eran polimórficos y se identificaron 50 alelos en total. La diversidad genética fue alta (0.67). Todas las poblaciones reunidas obtuvieron una alta diferenciación genética (Fst=0.16), pero cuando se separaron en poblaciones occidentales y orientales fue menor (Fst=0.13 para ambas). El flujo genético presente en las poblaciones occidentales fue mayor (Nm=1.71) que en las orientales (Nm=1.62). Por otra parte, se encontró que las razas de Putumayo, Yurimaguas, Vaupés, Tucurrique, y Guatuso aparentemente han sido sometida a una intensa selección humana. Además, la existencia de poblaciones híbridas es el resultado del intercambio entre pueblos del neotrópico e introgresiones con poblaciones silvestres y cultivadas. Se estimó la distancia genética Dm para generar un dendograma por el método del vecino más cercano. Definimos tres grupos de poblaciones: Maracaibo (B. caribaea, B. macana var veragua y B. macana var arapuey), Amazonía Oriental (Tembe, Pará y Acre) y el grupo compuesto por dos subgrupos, Occidental (Azuero, Chontilla, Tuira, Cauca, Tucurrique y Guatuso) y Alto Amazonas (B. dahlgreniana, Puerto Ayacucho, Solimões, Vaupés y Putumayo). La relación genética coincide con la hipótesis de que la palmera del pejibaye ha sido domesticada independientemente por lo menos en tres regiones.