India China in Post liberalization

The bilateral relationship between India and China is often marked as rivalry and hostility in therecent past, had been warm and cordial for centuries. India was among a few non communist toaccord recognition to the new regime of China at its very inception in the year 1949. Even aftersigning of Panch Sheel, Chinese forces when continued disturbances on the Indian boarder thatreached at climax in the month of October, 1962, and it mounted a full-fledged armed attack onthe India-China border. In 1963 a treaty was signed between Pakistan and China by whichPakistan handed a large part of the Indian Territory in Kashmir illegally. China also supportedfully Pakistan during India – Pakistan conflict in 1965 and also in 1971. This makes therelationship between countries very toughed. This is the bone of contention for which IndoChina relation is deteriorated. The Chinese perspective towards India underwent a sea changein the later part of the post cold war period. India attempts to open its economy through itsambitious economic liberalization programme. Hence the Indo-China relation is explained in thecontext of Chinese perspective towards India, India China relation in post cold war era,strengthening of Indo-US relation, G-7 matter, economic liberalization, demolition of SovietRussia, South East Asia and their relationship in the context of WTO.

A análise de risco como ferramenta estratégica para o serviço veterinário oficial brasileiro: dificuldades e desafios / Risk analysis as a strategic tool for Brazilian official veterinary service: problems and challenges

O serviço veterinário oficial é responsável por proteger a saúde pública e animal, assegurando a oferta de produtos de origem animal inócuos aos consumidores. Uma ferramenta que auxilia na busca desses objetivos é a análise de risco, que iniciou a ser utilizada na segunda metade da década de 90 pelos serviços veterinários oficiais dos países. Para a realização de uma análise de risco, qualitativa ou quantitativa, inicialmente deve-se identificar o perigo, a qual na área da saúde animal geralmente é o agente patogênico causador de uma doença. A etapa subsequente é a avaliação do risco, na qual devem ser analisados, com suporte de trabalhos científicos ou especialistas na área, as formas possíveis de introdução, exposição e manutenção do agente patogênico na população susceptível, bem como as consequências, biológicas, econômicas, políticas e sociais trazidas pela enfermidade. A terceira etapa da análise de risco refere-se ao manejo dos riscos, que visa propor medidas que mitiguem o risco verificado até o nível desejado, bem como avaliar o custo/benefício de cada medida. A última fase de uma análise de risco é a comunicação dos riscos. Essa etapa é fundamental para o sucesso do estudo e deve ser iniciada juntamente com a análise de risco em si, sempre deixando aberto um canal permanente de comunicação com todos os atores sociais interessados na análise de risco. A análise de risco tornou-se um importante instrumento utilizado pelos gestores dos serviços veterinários oficiais na tomada de decisões, contribuindo para a escolha de alternativas que confiram, cientificamente, o menor risco sanitário. Este trabalho realizou uma revisão da literatura sobre análise de risco objetivando expor sua definição e processo de elaboração, assim como verificar como ela está sendo utilizada, quais limitações e desafios do uso dessa ferramenta pelo serviço veterinário oficial brasileiro.

The official veterinary service is responsible for protecting public and animal health, certifying the supply of safe animal products to consumers. A tool that assists in the pursuit of these goals is the risk analysis, which began to be used in the second half of the 1990s for the official veterinary services of countries. To carry out a risk analysis, qualitative or quantitative, one must initially identify the danger, which in the area of animal health is usually the pathogen causing a disease. The subsequent step is risk assessment, which must be analyzed, supported by scientific studies or experts in the field, the possible ways of introduction, exposition and maintenance of the pathogen in the susceptible population, as well biological, economic, political and social consequences. The third step in the analysis of risk refers to risk management, which aims to propose measures to mitigate the risk to the desired level, and assess the cost/benefit of each measure. The last phase of a risk analysis is risk communication. This step is critical for success of the study and should be initiated along with risk analysis itself, always leaving open a permanent communication with all social actors interested in risk analysis. Risk analysis has become an important tool used by managers of the official veterinary services in decision-making, contributing to the choice of alternatives that give scientifically the lowest animal health risk. This study conducted a review of the literature on risk analysis aimed to expose its definition and development process, as well as to see how it is being used and what limitations and challenges of using this tool by the Brazilian national veterinary service.

Influence of world politics and economics on global health: Analysis of five major cases / 国際保健医療

Until recently, many global health policies and programs were developed and transformed under the influence of world politics and economics. One example is the primary health care strategy established in a political and social context to enhance the sovereignty and human rights of developing countries. However, the initial ideal had to be abandoned after implementation of the structural adjustment policy derived from the context of growing neoclassical economics. The Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) policy was developed entirely based on economical reviews the World Bank initiated. Childhood malnutrition in developing countries remains unresolved due to the politically unequal distribution of food and the strategic selling pressures of multinational food companies. The universal access policy of anti-retrovirus drugs for HIV infection has been impeded by the economical battle for intellectual property rights for the manufacturing and purchasing of these drugs. The World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control was enacted against the marketing strategies of multinational tobacco companies. This paper aims to measure the effects of the intentions of international financing organizations and multinational businesses on the development of global health policies and to discuss the challenges for global health under them.

Brazil fights for affordable drugs against HIV/AIDS

El acceso que tienen los brasileños a los medicamentos esenciales contra el VIH y el sida y otras enfermedades se ve amenazado por las acciones de las compañías farmacéuticas internacionales y por el Gobierno de Estados Unidos de América, según explica un informe reciente de la Oxfam, organización promotora internacional que ha fijado su atención en el problema de los precios de los medicamentos en países en desarrollo. El informe de la Oxfam indica que las grandes compañías farmacéuticas, con el respaldo del Gobierno estadounidense, buscan que el Brasil se vea obligado a comprarles medicamentos patentados muy costosos, en lugar de elaborar fármacos genéricos más baratos dentro del país o de adquirirlos de otros países, como la India. Además, el informe señala que las compañías farmacéuticas se resisten a fijar un techo al costo de sus medicamentos, como quisiera el Gobierno del Brasil. Gran parte del desacuerdo se centra en torno a la Ley de la Propiedad Industrial que entró en vigor en el Brasil en 1996. Tanto el Gobierno de Estados Unidos como las grandes compañías farmacéuticas sostienen que ciertas provisiones de esa ley violan el Acuerdo sobre los Aspectos Comerciales Internacionales de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC). El Gobierno de Estados Unidos le ha pedido a la OMC que convoque un panel de debate para escuchar los argumentos a favor y en contra de la ley brasileña. Si el Gobierno estadounidense gana la partida, el Brasil tendrá que enmendar la ley o enfrentar tarifas adicionales sobre los productos que exporta a Estados Unidos. Además, los 140 países que pertenecen a la OMC tendrán que cerciorarse de que sus propias leyes sean compatibles con el dictamen de la OMC.

Studying world trade rules and participating in international competition / 中华医院管理杂志

The paper first gives an account of the historical backgroumd of the formation of the World Trade Organization and the existing 6 basic principles of it. Then it explains the principles and extent of the opening of the health sector to the outside world and the specific promises made by China in the negotiations involved in its accession to the WTO. Finally the paper speculortes about the effects of Chinas entry into the WTO on domestic hospitals and suggests corresponding strategies.