Vitamin B12 – A brief overview.

Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin naturally present in some foods, added to others as a dietary supplement. Vitamin B12 exists in several forms and contains mineral cobalt. Compounds with Vitamin B12 activity are collectively called cobalamins and active forms are Methylcobalamin and 5 deoxyadenosylcobalamin.

Comparative Analysis of Gastrointestinal Microbiota Between Normal and Caudal-Related Homeobox 2 (Cdx2) Transgenic Mice

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Caudal-related homeobox 2 (Cdx2) is expressed in the human intestinal metaplastic mucosa and induces intestinal metaplastic mucosa in the Cdx2 transgenic mouse stomach. Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia commonly lead to gastric achlorhydria, which predisposes the stomach to bacterial overgrowth. In the present study, we determined the differences in gut microbiota between normal and Cdx2 transgenic mice, using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). METHODS: Twelve normal (control) and 12 Cdx2 transgenic mice were sacrificed, and the gastric, jejunal, ileac, cecal and colonic mucosa, and feces were collected. To quantitate bacterial microbiota, we used real-time qRTPCR with 16S rRNA gene-targeted, species-specific primers. RESULTS: The total numbers of bacteria in the gastric, jejunal, ileac, cecal, and colonic mucosa of the Cdx2 transgenic mice were significantly higher than those of the normal mice. The Bacteroides fragilis group and also Prevotella were not detected in the stomach of the normal mice, although they were detected in the Cdx2 transgenic mice. Moreover, the Clostridium coccoides group, Clostridium leptum subgroup, Bacteroides fragilis group, and Prevotella were not detected in the jejunum or ileum of the normal mice, although they were detected in the Cdx2 transgenic mice. The fecal microbiota of the normal mice was similar to that of the Cdx2 transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed the differences in composition of gut microbiota between normal and Cdx2 transgenic mice, which may be caused by the development of gastric achlorhydria and intestinal metaplasia in Cdx2 transgenic mice.

Floating drug delivery system.

The aim of writing this review on gastro retentive and floating drug delivery system was to compile the new literature with the principle mechanism of floatation to acquired gastric retention. Various attempts have been made to develop gastroretentive delivery systems such as high density system, swelling, floating system. In floating multiple unit and single unit system are design and their classification and formulation aspect is cover in detail. These systems are very helpful to different problem solve during the formulation of different dosage form. In this review the gastric physiology and reported intra gastric delivery system have briefly been presented.

Efecto de la erradicación del helicobacter pylori sobre la secreción ácida gástrica

Introducción: La infección por Helicobacter pylori afecta la secreción ácida gástrica. La inflamación antral generalmente se asocia con una hipersecreción ácida gástrica. Cuando el cuerpo gástrico se afecta, la secreción ácida está atenuada. Examinamos los efectos la erradicación del H. pylori sobre la secreción ácida gástrica. Métodos: Estudiamos 66 pacientes con gástricos crónica inducida por H. Pylori. Los pacientes se clasificaron histológicamente por el hallazgo de la biopsia y se estudio la secreción ácida gástrica antes y 16 semanas después de la erradicación. La severidad de la atrofia gástrica lo indicó la aclorhidria total. Resultados: La secreción ácidos se recupero hacia la normalidad tanto en los hipersecretores y en los hiposecretores de una manera significativa. Sin embargo, en la atrofia gástrica severa no hubo recuperación en el tiempo durante el cual se hizo la investigación. Conclusión: La secreción ácida gástrica tiende a retomar a la normalidad después de la erradicación del H. Pylori, aunque los mecanismos precisos por lo cual sucede esto aún no está clara. En el caso de la secreción o no sucede o requiere tiempos mayores a 4 meses.

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori infection affects gastric acid secretion. The antral inflammation is generally associated with gastric acid hypersecretion. When the gastric body is affected, acid secretion is attenuated. We examined the effects of the eradication of the H. pylori on gastric acid secretion. Methods: We studied 66 gastric patients with chronic gastritis induced by H. Pylori. Patients were histologically classified through biopsy findings and the study of gastric acid secretion before and 16 weeks after the eradication. The severity of gastric atrophy indicated total achlorhydria. Results: acid secretion returned to normal levels in both, patients with hypersecretion and with hyposecretion in a significant manner. Nevertheless, in severe gastric atrophy there was no recovery in the time elapsed during the investigation. Conclusion: gastric acid secretion tends to return to normal levels after H.Pylori eradication, although the precise mechanisms involved are not yet clear. In case secretion does not happen, time required is longer than 4 months.

A clinical study of the influence of three types of subtotal gastrectomy on intragastric bacterial growth / 第三军医大学学报

0.05).Large amounts of E.coli and intestinal aerobics such as Veillonella spp.,Bacteriodes fragilis,and Clostridium spp.were detected in patients with B-Ⅰ and B-Ⅱ especially the latter but not found in those with PAFPG.These findings suggest that intragastric bacterial overgrowth,can exist in the hypoacidic stumps in the first one to three years afte conventional gastrectomy especially after B-Ⅱ,no such occurrence is found in those after PAFPG since it only moderately reduces the intragastric acidity.