Network pharmacology-based study on mechanism of Zhi-Huang-Zhi-Tong powder in rheumatoid arthritis treatment / 中国药理学通报

Aim To discover the potential active compounds and possible mechanisms in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment with Zhi-Huang-Zhi-Tong powder (ZHZTP) by using network pharmacology and in vitro study. Methods The active ingredient targets and disease targets of Zhihuang Zhitong Powder were searched and screened by database; they intersected to get a common target; and the "drug-component-target" relationship network diagram was constructed for GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of the overlapping genes; then the core components were docked with the core targets. Finally, based on the inflammation model of HUVECs in vitro, the efficacy and mechanism of Zhihuang Zhitong powder were verified by MTT method, plate scratch test and Western blot. Results Active compounds involved in RA treatment were screened in the present study, and the top two were ursolic acid and emodin, all playing crucial roles in RA treatment with ZHZTP. Additionally, the key target was AKTA, TNF and IL-6. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that ZHZTP regulated BP, MF and CC, and also focused on regulating AKTA, TNF and IL-6 signaling pathway. Molecular docking showed that interactions between key active compounds and key targets were stable. In vitro ZHZTP significantly inhibited cell viability and migration of TNF-a-stimulated HUVECs, and the involved mechanism may be associated with PI3K/AKT/m-TOR signaling. Conclusions The present study reveals that the potential active compounds of ZHZTP are ursolic acid and emodin, and moreover, the involved mechanisms of ZHZTP for RA treatment are associated with PI3 K/AKT/m-TOR signaling.

Advances in online two-dimensional liquid chromatography for natural product screening / 药学学报

As a treasure resource of novel drug lead compounds, how to rapidly and high-efficiently screen and isolate active components from natural products is critical. Thanks to its high resolution, high automation and flexible integration, online two-dimensional liquid chromatography has great potential for screening active ingredients from complex matrices by integrating a highly specific bio-recognition process into a two-dimensional liquid chromatography system before, on or after the column separation. This review comprehensively summarized recent developments, applications and shortcomings of online two-dimensional liquid chromatography for natural product screening from different integration modes, including pre-column, on-column and post-column screening methods.

Bioprospecting macroalgae, marine and terrestrial invertebrates & their associated microbiota / Bioprospecção de macroalgas, invertebrados marinhos e terrestres e microbiota associada

Abstract The present review aims the discussion of the impact of the bioprospection initiative developed by the projects associated to BIOprospecTA, a subprogram of the program BIOTA, supported by FAPESP. This review brings a summary of the main results produced by the projects investigating natural products (NPs) from non-plants organisms, as examples of the success of this initiative, focusing on the progresses achieved by the projects related to NPs from macroalgae, marine invertebrates, arthropods and associated microorganisms. Macroalgae are one of the most studied groups in Brazil with the isolation of many bioactive compounds including lipids, carotenoids, phycocolloids, lectins, mycosporine-like amino acids and halogenated compounds. Marine invertebrates and associated microorganisms have been more systematically studied in the last thirty years, revealing unique compounds, with potent biological activities. The venoms of Hymenopteran insects were also extensively studied, resulting in the identification of hundreds of peptides, which were used to create a chemical library that contributed for the identification of leader models for the development of antifungal, antiparasitic, and anticancer compounds. The built knowledge of Hymenopteran venoms permitted the development of an equine hyperimmune serum anti honeybee venom. Amongst the microorganisms associated with insects the bioprospecting strategy was to understand the molecular basis of intra- and interspecies interactions (Chemical Ecology), translating this knowledge to possible biotechnological applications. The results discussed here reinforce the importance of BIOprospecTA program on the development of research with highly innovative potential in Brazil.

Resumo A presente revisão discute o impacto das iniciativas de bioprospecção desenvolvidas pelos projetos associados ao BIOprospecTA, subprograma do programa BIOTA, apoiado pela FAPESP. Esta revisão traz um resumo dos principais resultados produzidos pelos projetos de investigação de produtos naturais (PNs) de organismos não vegetais, como exemplos do sucesso desta iniciativa, com foco nos avanços alcançados pelos projetos relacionados a PNs de macroalgas, invertebrados marinhos, artrópodes e microrganismos associados. As macroalgas são um dos grupos mais estudados no Brasil com o isolamento de muitas substâncias bioativas, incluindo lipídios, carotenóides, ficocolóides, lectinas, aminoácidos do tipo micosporina e substâncias halogenadas. Invertebrados marinhos e microrganismos associados têm sido estudados de forma mais sistemática nos últimos trinta anos, revelando substâncias únicas, com potentes atividades biológicas. Os venenos de insetos himenópteros também foram amplamente estudados, resultando na identificação de centenas de peptídeos, que foram utilizados para criar uma biblioteca química que contribuiu para a identificação de modelos para o desenvolvimento de substâncias antifúngicas, antiparasitárias e anticancerígenas. O conhecimento construído dos venenos de himenópteros permitiu o desenvolvimento de um soro equino anti-peçonha de abelha. Dentre os microrganismos associados a insetos, a estratégia de bioprospecção foi compreender as bases moleculares das interações intra e interespécies (Ecologia Química), traduzindo esse conhecimento para possíveis aplicações biotecnológicas. Os resultados aqui discutidos reforçam a importância do programa BIOprospecTA no desenvolvimento de pesquisas com alto potencial inovador no Brasil.

Extract from Zanthoxylum piperitum Induces Apoptosis of AGS Gastric Cancer Cells Through Akt/MDM2/p53 Signaling Pathway / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To determine the effect of Zanthoxylum piperitum extracet (ZPE) on apoptosis and analyze anticancer substances in ZPE, changes in proteins related to apoptosis, and pathological changes in tumors in mouse.@*METHODS@#Fifteen 4-week-old female BALB/c nu/nu mice were divided into 3 groups depending on ZPE dose, with 5 in each group. AGS gastric carcinoma cells (1 × 10@*RESULTS@#High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that ZPE contained organic sulfur compounds such as alliin and S-allylcysteine. MTT assay results revealed that ZPE (10-85 µ g/mL) could effectively inhibit the growth of AGS gastric cancer cells at higher concentrations (P<0.05, P<0.01). The annexin V & dead cell staining assay and cell cycle arrest assay confirmed a dose-dependent increase in the apoptosis rate and G@*CONCLUSION@#ZPE decreases AGS cell proliferation and induces apoptosis by inhibiting Akt and MDM2 expression.

Research progress in synthetic biology of active compounds in Chinese medicinal plants / 中国中药杂志

Mecicinal plants boast abundant natural compounds with significant pharmacological activity, and such compounds, featuring diversified and complex structures, can be used for research and development of drugs. At present, these natural compounds are directly extracted from herbs which, however, suffer from damaged wild resources and shortage of planting resources attributing to the increasing demand. Moreover, the low content in medicinal plants and complex structures are another challenge to the research and development of drugs. Heterologous synthesis with synthetic biology methods is a solution that has attracted wide attention. Synthetic bio-logy for the production of natural active compounds in Chinese medicinal plants involves the exploration of key enzymes in compound bio-synthetic pathways from plants, analysis of enzyme functions and mechanisms, and reconstruction and optimization of biosynthetic pathways in microorganisms for efficient synthesis of compounds. This study briefed the development process of synthetic biology and the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, and summarized the related strategies of synthetic biology such as the reconstruction and optimization of metabolic pathways, regulation of fermentation process, and strain improvement, and the latest applications of heterogeneous synthetic biology in the production of natural compounds from Chinese medicinals. This study is expected to serve as a reference for the efficient production of terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and other active compounds from Chinese medicinal plants with strategies of synthetic biology.

Antioxidant activities of 10 active compounds from Clematis filamentosa Dunn. and their protective effects on H / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the protective effects of the 10 compounds from Clematis filamentosa Dunn, on H

Brazilian Theraphosidae: a toxicological point of view

The Theraphosidae family includes the largest number of species of the Mygalomorphae infraorder, with hundreds of species currently catalogued. However, there is a huge lack on physiologic and even ecologic information available, especially in Brazil, which is the most biodiverse country in the world. Over the years, spiders have been presented as a source of multiple biologically active compounds with basic roles, such as primary defense against pathogenic microorganisms or modulation of metabolic pathways and as specialized hunters. Spider venoms also evolved in order to enable the capture of prey by interaction with a diversity of molecular targets of interest, raising their pharmaceutical potential for the development of new drugs. Among the activities found in compounds isolated from venoms and hemocytes of Brazilian Theraphosidae there are antimicrobial, antifungal, antiparasitic and antitumoral, as well as properties related to proteinase action and neuromuscular blockage modulated by ionic voltage-gated channel interaction. These characteristics are present in different species from multiple genera, which is strong evidence of the important role in spider survival. The present review aims to compile the main results of studies from the last decades on Brazilian Theraphosidae with special focus on results obtained with the crude venom or compounds isolated from both venom and hemocytes, and their physiological and chemical characterization.(AU)

Brazilian Theraphosidae: a toxicological point of view

Abstract The Theraphosidae family includes the largest number of species of the Mygalomorphae infraorder, with hundreds of species currently catalogued. However, there is a huge lack on physiologic and even ecologic information available, especially in Brazil, which is the most biodiverse country in the world. Over the years, spiders have been presented as a source of multiple biologically active compounds with basic roles, such as primary defense against pathogenic microorganisms or modulation of metabolic pathways and as specialized hunters. Spider venoms also evolved in order to enable the capture of prey by interaction with a diversity of molecular targets of interest, raising their pharmaceutical potential for the development of new drugs. Among the activities found in compounds isolated from venoms and hemocytes of Brazilian Theraphosidae there are antimicrobial, antifungal, antiparasitic and antitumoral, as well as properties related to proteinase action and neuromuscular blockage modulated by ionic voltage-gated channel interaction. These characteristics are present in different species from multiple genera, which is strong evidence of the important role in spider survival. The present review aims to compile the main results of studies from the last decades on Brazilian Theraphosidae with special focus on results obtained with the crude venom or compounds isolated from both venom and hemocytes, and their physiological and chemical characterization.

Application of Cell Membrane Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry in Screening of Active Ingredients of Traditional Chinese Medicines / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The chemical components (groups) contained in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and its compound preparations are the material basis for its curative effect, because of the integrity of the action of TCM and the complexity of its compositions and mechanism. The separation and analysis of chemical constituents in TCM and its compound prescriptions by various methods is always a key problem to be solved in the research of disease prevention and treatment of TCM. The binding of drug molecules to receptors at the cellular level was explored to provide a new idea for the screening of active components of TCM or its compound preparations. Traditional methods have some drawbacks, such as cumbersome operation, time-consuming, waste of solvents and irreversible adsorption of samples. The basic information of pharmacological parameters cannot be given in the separation process, and the active ingredients cannot be efficiently and accurately located. At present, cell membrane chromatography (CMC), one of the methods, is used to study the interaction between drug molecules and receptors, and can combine the existing chromatography and mass spectrometry technology, cell biology and receptor pharmacology, and correctly reflect the interaction between active parts, active components and cell membrane and membrane receptors, so it has unique advantages in screening effective parts, separation of active components and high-throughput screening from complex TCM system. The principles and characteristics of CMC, the cell membrane model in the field of active ingredient selection of TCM and its research status in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were reviewed, and its development prospects and future research methods were discussed, which provides theoretical basis and practical guidance for the research and utilization of CMC in the field of TCM.

Selection of high altitude planting area of Angelica sinensis based on biomass, bioactive compounds accumulation and antioxidant capacity / 中草药

Objective: To select the high altitude planting area for improving the quality of Angelica sinensis based on biomass, bioactive compounds accumulation and antioxidant capacity in rhizome. Methods: The experiments were conducted on dry weight (DW), bioactive compounds content and antioxidant capacity in two-year old rhizome of A. sinensis grown at different altitudes (2 100, 2 500, and 2 900 m), under controlling plants reproduced from the seeds of the same plant, the same levels of water and fertilizer in soil. Results: Higher altitude was adverse to rhizome biomass, however, the compounds content (DW and per plant basis) and antioxidant capacity were significantly promoted at higher altitude compared to lower altitude site; On a per plant basis, the content of ferulic acid, soluble sugar, phenolics and flavonoids in rhizome of un-bolted plants grown at 2 900 m respectively was 2.06, 1.13, 1.34 and 1.15 fold greater than that of 2 100 m; The antioxidant capacity also increased with higher altitude. Comprehensive analysis showed that total content of main bioactive compounds in rhizome of un-bolted plants increased with higher altitudes ranging from 2 100 to 2 900 m. Conclusion: Higher-altitude cultivation can significantly enhance bioactive compounds accumulation in rhizome. The biosynthesis and accumulation of bioactive compounds were regulated by low temperature and light. These findings will provide theoretical references for improving production and quality of rhizome as well as large-scale cultivation.

Need for the standardization of medicinal plant drugs / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Abstract@#In the past 30-40 years, the use of herbal medicines, preparations and herbal finished products have extensively increased worldwide. The lifestyle and life quality of the world population have changed with the following longevity. People become a concern to use effective, qualitative, safety, with fewer side effects naturally derived medicine and products for healthcare, to protect and cure various diseases. Therefore, it is very essential to develop standards for medicinal plant materials and crude drugs, including herbal medicine and finished products. Many factors influence the quality, safety, efficiency, availability and popularity of herbal medicine. Among them, the quality of medicinal plant materials and supplementary compounds are very important.</br> In this paper, the reasons and requirements for the standardization of medicinal plant materials and crude drugs, permissible and limited quantities of the quality and quantity of biologically active compounds, as well as and contaminants and residues are described.

Advances in chromatography-based methods for screening active compounds from natural products / 药学学报

Natural products have been a major source of leading compounds in drug discovery. How to effectively screen active compounds from complex matrix remains an interesting topic. In this review, we comprehensively summarized advanced liquid chromatography based approaches in natural products screening, including pre-column, on-column and post-column screening methods. Their advantages, disadvantages and prospect are also discussed.

Discussion on research ideas for process in vivo of chemical compositions from Ziziphi Spinosae Semen and its quality marker / 中草药

Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (ZSS), one of the major traditional Chinese medicine varieties, has been used as a sedative medicine in China for thousands of years. The classical application of ZSS is nourishing heart and tranquilizing mind, tonifying the liver, arresting the sweat and promoting the production of the body fluid. Up to now, extensive chemical studies have also been conducted, suggesting the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and triterpene acids. Given the chemical diversity of ZSS, it is generally considered that the biological activity and pharmacological effect were accomplished by an array of phytochemicals. Due to complicated chemical composition of ZSS, compounds can be absorbed into circulation and then converted into even more metabolites. This review summarizes the recent advances in pharmacokinetics, absorption, and distribution, as well as biotransformation and/or metabolism of chemical compounds from ZSS, which might greatly contribute to supply the research target and scientific basis in clarifying the effective substance basis and the quality marker (Q-marker) of ZSS.

Study on active components of Fufang Huangbai Ye for diabetic foot treatment by UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS and network pharmacology / 中国中药杂志

Chemical constituents of the Fufang Huangbai Ye( FFHB) were analyzed and identified by UPLC-ESI-LTQ-OrbitrapMS. The analysis was performed on an Waters HSS T3 reverse phase column( 2. 1 mm×100 mm,1. 8 μm). The mobile phase consisting of 0. 1% aqueous formic acid( A) and acetonitrile( B) was used with gradient elution,and the flow rate was 0. 3 mL·min~(-1).Based on the information of the accurate mass,the multistage fragment ions,the mass spectrometric data of the standard substance and the relative reference literature,the structure of the chemical constituents in FFHB were identified. Based on the identified compounds,network pharmacology study,including target prediction,functional enrichment,and molecular docking was applied to screen out the main active substances for treatment of diabetes foot and explore the potential mechanism. The results showed that a total of 138 compounds were identified,including 28 alkaloids,16 flavonoids,11 phenylethanoid glycosides,9 cycloolefins,11 cyclohexylethanol derivatives,28 phenolic acids and derivatives,3 lignans,4 terpenes,28 volatile oils and the others. Further,36 active substances for diabetes foot were screened out,and the functional enrichment showed the potential mechanism of FFHB were mainly seven functional items including inflammatory response,growth factor activity. This study combining the UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS technology and the network pharmacology provide a useful reference and basis for active compounds,quality control markers and the pharmacological mechanism of FFHB for diabetic foot treatment.

Biosurfactant production by fungi as a sustainable alternative / Produção de biossurfactantes por fungos como uma alternativa sustentável

A wide variety of bacteria is far more exploited than fungi as biosurfactants (BS) or bioemulsifiers (BE), using renewable sources. BS are considered to be environmentally safe and offer advantages over synthetic surfactants. However, the BS yield depends largely on the metabolic pathways of the microorganisms and the nutritional medium. The production of BS or BE uses several cultural conditions, in which a small change in carbon and nitrogen sources affects the quantity of BS or BE produced. The type and quantity of microbial BS or BE produced depend mainly on the producer organism, and factors such as carbon and nitrogen sources, trace elements, temperature and aeration. The diversity of BS or BE makes it interesting to apply them in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries, agriculture, public health, food processes, detergents, when treating oily residues, environmental pollution control and bioremediation. Thus, this paper reviews and addresses the biotechnological potential of yeasts and filamentous fungi for producing, characterizing and applying BS or BE.(AU)

Uma grande variedade de espécies bacterianas é bem mais explorada que os fungos como agentes biossurfactantes (BS) ou bioemulsificantes (BE), usando fontes renováveis. Os BS são considerados ecologicamente seguros e oferecem vantagens sobre os surfactantes sintéticos. Entretanto o rendimento de BS depende grandemente das vias metabólicas dos micro-organismos e do meio nutricional. A produção de BS ou BE utiliza várias condições culturais, em que uma pequena alteração nas fontes de carbono e nitrogênio afeta a produção de BS. O tipo e a quantidade de BS ou BE microbianos produzidos dependem principalmente do organismo produtor e de fatores como fontes de carbono e nitrogênio, oligoelementos, temperatura e aeração. A diversidade de BS ou BE torna-os interessantes para aplicação nos campos farmacêutico, cosmético, da agricultura, da saúde pública, em processos alimentares, detergentes, no tratamento de resíduos oleosos, no controle de poluição ambiental e na biorremediação. Assim, a presente revisão aborda o potencial biotecnológico de leveduras e fungos filamentosos para produção, caracterização e aplicações de BS ou BE.(AU)

Profile of new natural active compounds in 2014 / 中草药

The standardization of compound nomenclature is of vital importance. The principles of standardization include scientificity, systematization, monosemy, openness, and back-translatability. The standardized compound names should also be cross-translatable from roots of the words and easy to remember. The article indexed 592 new active natural compounds, referencing 222 papers from 11 leading foreign periodicals and four domestic journals. The names of new compounds in the paper may be controversial, but the nomenclature was complied with the above principles of standardization.

Influence of different germination stage on plant biomass and active compounds of Scutellaria baicalensis germchit / 中国中药杂志

This paper is aimed to study plant biomass and active compounds of Scutellaria baicalensis germchit in different five stages (from germination to transplant). The length of shoot and root, the diameter and the weight of root were determined. HPLC method was used to determine the content of active compounds (baicalin, scutellarin, wogonoside, baicalein, wogonin). According to the results, various biological indicators increased with the germination of seedling. However, the drying rate of the root declined to 27.96% from 32.90%. The contents of scutellarin and baicalein increased firstly, and then decreased. The maximums of them were 3.22,3.89 mg•g⁻¹ while the data of shoot/root was 0.35. The maximums of the contents of baicalin and wogonoside were 107.39,16.11 mg•g⁻¹ while the data of shoot/root was 0.23 and 0.06. The contents of wogonin gradually increased to the maximum of 0.88 mg•g⁻¹ while the data of shoot/root was 0.50. In conclusion, the contents of baicalin, scutellarin, wogonoside, baicalein and wogonin reached or approached the maximum at germination stage while the data of shoot/root was 0.35. The rate of shoot and root can be used as a judging index of active compounds for S. baicalensis germchit.

Antiemetic activity of effective extract and bioactive compounds in ginger / 中国中药杂志

To investigate the antiemetic effect of the active extract (ginger ether extract, GEE) and its bioactive compounds in ginger, the pica vomiting model in rats and the gastric emptying model in mice were used to observe the antiemetic effect of GEE in cisplatin-induced pica and gastric emptying, and the main components in GEE were detected by RP-HPLC; in vitro, the antagonist effect of GEE and the four components in it were explored by the contraction of guinea-pig ileum induced by SR57227A and carbachol. The results showed that the amount of Kaolin ingested by rats were declined significantly in all the three groups of GEE (25,50,100 mg•kg⁻¹) (P<0.01), while cisplatin-induced gastric emptying in mice was also suppressed in all the three groups (P<0.01), and 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol,10-gingerol and 6-shogaol were found mainly in GEE by RP-HPLC; the maximum contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum could be reduced by addition of GEE (2.3, 4.6, 11.5 mg•L⁻¹), 6-gingerol,8-gingerol,10-gingerol or 6-shogaol (1, 2, 5 μmol•L⁻¹) when the concentration of SR5727A was 1×10⁻⁵ mol•L⁻¹ and that of carbachol was 1×10⁻⁴ mol•L⁻¹ (P<0.05, P<0.01). In conclusion, 5-HT3 and M3 receptors could be antagonized by GEE and its bioactive compounds 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol and 6-shogaol, which may be correlated with the antiemetic mechanism of ginger maybe related to it.

Active compounds from Baoyuan decoction with myocardial protection activities and their potential targets / 中国中药杂志

Baoyuan decoction (BYD) is a classical Chinese formula for coronary heart disease with Qi deficiency, blood stasis tonifying Qi and Yang deficiency. However, the chemical material basis and underlying action mechanisms of BYD still lack systemic study. In order to clarify the active compounds and the potential action mechanisms of BYD, the oxygen-glucose deprivation/recovery (OGD/R)-induced H9c2 cells injury models was used to screen the monomeric compounds of BYD with myocardial protection activity. PubChem's BioAssay database was then used to analyze the potential targets of active monomeric compounds, classify the predicted biological targets, and analyze the internal relation between active compounds of BYD and biological targets. The screening results showed that BYD aqueous extract and 17 monomeric compounds could significantly increase the survival rate of OGD/R-induced H9c2 myocardial cells. The results of virtual targets screening study showed that 15 monomeric compounds and the potential mechanisms for myocardial protection were related to oxidative stress pathway, calcium ion pathway, mitochondrial protection, anti-apoptosis, etc. These results verified that BYD had myocardial protection effect, which was obtained by network regulation of multi-components and multi-targets. All these results provide the theoretical basis and references for the clinical usage of BYD in treatment of coronary heart disease.

Poluição por resíduos contendo compostos farmaceuticamente ativos: aspectos ambientais, geração a partir dos esgotos domésticos e a situação do Brasil / Pollution from wastes containing pharmaceutical active compounds: environmental aspects and the situation of Brazil

O tratamento e a disposição adequada do esgoto doméstico representam uma preocupação universal, em função do seu reconhecido potencial poluente, Os sistemas de tratamento objetivam a remediação de parâmetros físico-químicos que fazem parte da legislação, Nos últimos anos, entretanto, outro tipo de poluição tem sido evidenciada, envolvendo micropoluentes capazes de provocar efeitos deletérios em concentrações da ordem de µg L-1 e ng L-1, Dentro deste contexto se destacam os compostos farmaceuticamente ativos (PhACs), os quais, veiculados pelo esgoto, contaminam praticamente todos os compartimentos ambientais, O estudo de tecnologias avançadas de tratamento de efluentes, com o objetivo de incrementar a remoção de PhACs tem sido realizado especialmente em países desenvolvidos, No Brasil o foco principal do tratamento de águas residuárias ainda está voltado para o tratamento básico, uma vez que o acesso a este serviço não está acessível a toda a população, o que torna a poluição por micropoluentes um problema secundário, Neste cenário, são discutidos antecedentes relacionados com o consumo de fármacos, a sua presença no esgoto, a usual baixa capacidade de remoção apresentada pelos sistemas convencionais de tratamento e, consequentemente, sua relação com a contaminação do meio hídrico...

The proper treatment and disposal of sewage are a universal concern, according to their recognized potential pollutant. In general, many treatment systems aim to remediate physical and chemical parameters that are part of the legislation. In recent years, however, another type of pollution has been evidenced involving micropollutants able to cause deleterious effects in concentrations of the order of mg L-1 and ng L-1. In this context the pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs), which, conveyed by sewage, contaminate virtually all environmental compartments are highlighted. The study of advanced wastewater treatment, with the goal of enhancing the removal of PhACs has been conducted mainly in developed countries. In Brazil, the main focus of wastewater treatment is still facing the basic treatment, since access to this service is not accessible to the entire population, which makes pollution from micropollutants a secondary problem. In this scenario are discussed antecedents related to the consumption of pharmaceuticals, their presence in the sewage, the usual low removal capacity presented by the conventional treatment systems and, therefore, its relationship with the contamination of the water...