Pushing the Boundaries of Hemodialysis: Innovations in Membranes and Sorbents

ABSTRACT Membranes and sorbents play a crucial role in extracorporeal blood purification therapies, which aim to remove harmful molecules and toxins from the blood. Over the years, advancements in hemodialysis (HD) membranes and sorbents have significantly enhanced their safety and effectiveness. This review article will summarize the latest breakthroughs in the development and clinical application of HD membranes and sorbents. We will commence with a concise examination of the mechanisms involved in solute transport across membranes and sorbents. Subsequently, we will explore the evolutionary path of HD membranes, from early cellophane membranes to high-flux membranes, including the development of high-cut-off membranes and the emergence of medium- cut-off membranes. We will discuss each type of HD membrane's advantages and limitations, highlighting the most promising advancements in novel biomaterials and biocompatibility, technologies, research in membrane performance, and their clinical applications. Furthermore, we will delve into the evolution and progress of sorbent technology, tracing its historical development, outlining its key characteristics, examining the mechanism involved in the adsorption process, and exploring its clinical application. This review aims to underscore the growth and future landscape of HD membranes and sorbents in extracorporeal blood purification techniques.

Adsorptive Therapies in Sepsis and Inflammation: Description of the Various Adsorptive Techniques and their Failure to Improve Outcomes

ABSTRACT Blood purification as an adjunctive therapy has been studied for several decades. In this review, we will focus on the most recent studies, particularly on adsorption techniques. These include hemofilters with adsorptive membranes, both endotoxin-specific and non-specific. In addition, we will discuss sorbents that target endotoxins, as well as devices that non-selectively capture viruses and bacteria. For each technique, we will also explore the reasons why blood purification methods have thus far failed to improve survival. Conventionally, reasons for the lack of success in blood purification techniques have been attributed to the need for better patient stratification through bedside measurements of interleukins and endotoxins. The choice of assay is also crucial, with endotoxin activity assays being preferable to other forms of limulus amoebocyte lysate assays. Another critical factor is timing, as administering blood purification at the wrong moment can potentially harm the patient. Mechanistic studies are still lacking for most devices, leaving us to treat patients blindly, except in endotoxin cases. In the context of viruses, especially COVID-19, we require a deeper understanding of the complexities involved in viral replication, as this could significantly impact the efficacy of blood purification techniques. The failures highlighted for each device should be viewed as potential areas for improvement. Despite the challenges, we remain hopeful that these techniques will eventually succeed and prove beneficial in the future.

Nuevas tecnologías de adsorción y factores de influencia para iones Cd (II) y Pb (II) - una revisión

La contaminación por metales pesados es un problema de salud pública y ambiental; la contaminación por plomo (Pb) y cadmio (Cd) causa graves daños a la salud humana y a los ecosistemas, especialmente a los acuáticos. En vista de este problema, el estudio tiene como objetivo buscar en la literatura investigaciones relevantes sobre tecnologías de adsorción para iones Cd (II) y Pb (II), en aguas superficiales y efluentes industriales. La búsqueda de trabajos se realizó en las bases de datos Scopus, Web of Science, CAB, ScienceDirect e Engineering Village, utilizando los términos "Tecnologías de adsorción", "Cd (II)", "Pb (II)", "Adsorción iónica", "Medios de influencia" y "Adsorción de Cd (II) y Pb (II)", y analizados con la ayuda del software Rayyan y el Microsoft Excel. El análisis de los estudios mostró una extensa diversidad de materiales con capacidad adsorbente, como nanocompuestos, aplicación de microorganismos y biomasas vegetales. Entre los materiales adsorbentes destacó el uso de bacterias del género Bacillus sp. y la aplicación de quitosano libre o asociado; los nanocompuestos basados en quitosano mostraron una capacidad de adsorción de hasta el 98% para el ion Pb (II). El uso del macrófito Potamogetón malaianus permite obtener altos resultados en la adsorción de cadmio en agua; por medio de la fitorremediación la adsorción se produce rápidamente (2 h) y logra un equilibrio dinámico en menos de 72 h. La adsorción media para iones Cd (II) es del 94%, con una capacidad de adsorción en equilibrio de 6,296,97 mg/kg. Entre los medios de influencia, el pH, la temperatura, la dosis de adsorbente, el tiempo de contacto y la concentración de iones son los principales factores que interfieren en la actividad adsorbente.

Heavy metal contamination is a public and environmental health problem, lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contamination cause serious damage to human health and ecosystems, especially aquatic. In view of this problem, the study aimed to search the literature for relevant research on adsorption technologies for Cd (II) and Pb (II) ions, in surface water and industrial effluents. The search for works took place in the databases Scopus, Web of Science, CAB, ScienceDirect and Engineering Village, using the terms "Adsorptive Technologies", "Cd (II)", "Pb (II)", "Ion adsorption", "Means of influence" and "Adsorption of Cd (II) and Pb (II)", and analyzed with the help of Rayyan and Microsoft Excel software. The analysis of the studies showed an extensive diversity of materials with adsorbent capacity, such as nanocomposites, application of microorganism, and plant biomasses. Among the adsorbent materials highlighted the use of bacteria of the genus Bacillus sp. and application of chitosan freely or associated, nanocomposites based on chitosan showed adsorptive capacity of up to 98% for Pb ion (II). The use of the macrophyte Potamogetón malaianus allows to obtain high results in the adsorption of cadmium in water, through phytoremediation, adsorption occurs quickly (2 h) and achieves a dynamic equilibrium in less than 72 h. The average adsorption for Cd (II) ions is 94%, with an equilibrium adsorption capacity of 6.29-6.97 mg/kg. Among the means of influence, pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage, contact time and ion concentration are the main factors that interfere in adsorbent activity.

A contaminação por metais pesados é um problema de saúde pública e ambiental, contaminação por chumbo (Pb) e cadmio (Cd) provocam graves danos à saúde humana e aos ecossistemas, principalmente aquático. Em vista dessa problemática, o estudo objetivou buscar na literatura pesquisas relevantes sobre tecnologias de adsorção para íons Cd (II) e Pb (II), em águas superficiais e efluentes industriais. A busca por trabalhos se deu nas bases de dados Scopus, Web of Science, CAB, ScienceDirect e Engineering Village, com uso dos termos "Tecnologias adsortivas", "Cd (II)", "Pb (II)", "Adsorção de íons", "Meios de influência" e "Adsorção de Cd (II) e Pb (II)", e analisados com auxílio do software Rayyan e Microsoft Excel. A análise dos trabalhos demostrou uma extensa diversidade de materiais com capacidade adsorvente, como nanocompósitos, aplicação de microrganismo e biomassas vegetais. Entre os materiais adsorventes de destacou a utilização de bactérias do gênero Bacillus sp. e aplicação de quitosana de forma livre ou associada, nanocompósitos a base de quitosana demostraram capacidade adsortiva de até 98% para íon Pb (II). O uso da macrófita Potamogeton malaianus permite obter altos resultados na adsorção de cádmio em água, através da fitorremediação, a adsorção ocorre rapidamente (2 h) e atinge um equilíbrio dinâmico em menos de 72 h. A adsorção média para íons Cd (II) é de 94%, com uma capacidade de adsorção de equilíbrio de 6,296,97 mg/kg. Entre os meios de influência, o pH, temperatura, dosagem do adsorvente, tempo de contato e concentração de íons são os principais fatores que interferem na atividade adsorvente.

Purification of macroporous adsorption resin and decolorization of ion exchange resin of total saponins of Panax japonicus / 中草药

Objective: To establish a simple and effective extraction method for the preparation of total saponins of Panax japonicas (TSPJ). Methods: Combination of macroporous adsorption and ion exchange resin chromatography was adopted in the present study. For quality evaluation, chikusetsusaponin IVa was used as reference, and vanillin-perchloric acid was applied as chromogenic reagent to determine total saponin content at 545 nm. Results: X-5 macrophous resin offered better adsorption and desorption capacities for TSPJ than other macrophous resins. The optimum purification process was confirmed as follows: The sample solution concentration was 0.2 mg/L; The sample volume was 10 g/g, and eluting with 5 mL of 70% aqueous ethanol solutions on 1 g wet macrophous resin column. Followed this step, decoloring of TSPJ was studied and the decoloring capacity of two different types of ion exchange resins was evaluated. The result showed that 732-type cation exchange resin was the better resin for decolorization of the TSPJ. The total saponin products with higher purity and quality were obtained, with the mass fraction more than 85.0%, and the transfer rate of TSPJ was more than 70.0%. Conclusion: The results show that the total saponins can be separated and purified effectively from P. japonicus. The preparation method is simple, effective, and efficient for large-scale preparation of TSPJ.

Adsorptive Granulocyte and Monocyte Apheresis in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: The First Multicenter Study in China

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC) have elevated levels of activated myeloid-derived leukocytes as a source of inflammatory cytokines. The selective depletion of these leukocytes by adsorptive granulocyte/monocyte apheresis (GMA) with an Adacolumn should alleviate inflammation, promote remission and enhance drug efficacy. However, studies have reported contrasting efficacy outcomes based on patients’ baseline demographic variables. This study was undertaken to understand the demographic features of GMA responders and nonresponders. METHODS: This was a multicenter study in China involving four institutions and 34 patients with active UC. Baseline conventional medications were continued without changing the dosage. The treatment efficacy was evaluated based on the endoscopic activity index and the Mayo score. RESULTS: Thirty of the 34 patients completed all 10 GMA treatment sessions. The overall efficacy rate was 70.59%. The receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the area under the curve was approximately 0.766 for a Mayo score of ≤5.5 with 0.273 specificity and 0.857 sensitivity (Youden index, 0.584) for GMA responders. No GMA-related serious adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The overall efficacy of GMA in patients with active UC who were taking first-line medications or were corticosteroid refractory was encouraging. Additionally, GMA was well tolerated and had a good safety profile.

Electrochemical determination of an anti-hyperlipidimic drug pitavastatin at electrochemical sensor based on electrochemically pre-treated polymer film modified GCE / 药物分析学报

An electrochemically pretreated silver macroporous (Ag MP) multiwalled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode (PAN-Ag MP-MWCNT-GCE) was fabricated for the selective determination of an anti-hyperlipidimic drug, pitavastatin (PST). The fabricated electrochemical sensor was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The fabricated electrode was employed in quantifying and determining PST through differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DPAdSV) and CV. The electrode fabrication proceeded with remarkable sensitivity to the determination of PST. The effect of various optimized parameters such as pH, scan rate (ν), accumulation time (tacc), accumulation potential (Uacc) and loading volumes of Ag MP-MWCNT suspension were investigated to evaluate the performance of synthesized electrochemical sensor and to propose a simple, accurate, rapid and economical procedure for the quantification of PST in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids. A linear response of PST concentration in the range 2.0×10?7–1.6×10?6 M with low detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) limits of 9.66 ± 0.04 nM and 32.25 ± 0.07 nM, respectively, were obtained under these optimized conditions.

Study macroporous adsorptive resins on purification technology of polysaccharides from Lonicera japonica Thunb / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To study the effect of macroporous adsorptive resins on the decoloration technology ofLonicera japonica Thunb. polysaccharides(FLP).Methods The effects of 6 kinds of macroporous adsorptive resins i.e. HPD-400A, AB-8, HPD-750, HPD-100, D3520, D301T, S8 on the decolorization technology ofLonicera japonica Thunb. polysaccharides were compared with single factor test in terms of temperature, polysaccharide concentration, pH, adsorption flow, and eluant.Results The decolorization rate and polysaccharide retention rate of S8 were optimal. The best decoloration conditions were as follows: temperature of 40℃, polysaccharide concentration of 5 mg/ml, pH value of 6, flow rate of 1 ml/min, distilled water with pH=6 as eluant. The adsorption rate was 83.2%,and polysaccharide retention rate was 72.1%.Conclusion High decolorization ratio and the high retention rate ofLonicera japonica Thunb. could be obtained by means of decoloration with S8 macroporous adsorptive resins..

The effects of Germanium biotite on the adsorptive and inhibition of growth abilities against E. coli and Salmonella spp. in vitro / 대한수의학회지

Germanium biotite, a natural mineral, has been used as a feed supplement to reinforce innate immune ability. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of germanium biotite on the adsorptive and inhibition of growth abilities against Escherichia (E.) coli and Salmonella spp. in vitro. Two strains of enterotoxigenic E. coli and four strains of two Salmonella serotypes (Salmonella Derby and Salmonella Typhimurium), major bacterial diarrheal pathogens, were used for this experiment. The absorptive ability of germanium biotite against most Salmonella used in present experiment was observed weakly. The germanium biotite, however, showed significant effect of bacterial growth inhibition in most experiment bacteria. These results suggest that the use of the germanium biotite as feed supplement could alleviate diarrhea following inhibition of bacteria growth. It is also presumed that antibiotics usage for farm animals, considered as causes of antibiotic residue in meat and emerging antibiotic resistance, could be reduced through the use of germanium biotite as a feed supplement, in place of antibiotics used for the prevention of diarrhea.

Progress on brain-targeting non-viral gene delivery systems / 国际药学研究杂志

Brain-targeting non-viral gene delivery systems could efficiently mediate gene drugs to cross blood-brain barrier and reach the diseased regions. Many researches have demonstrated that enhanced brain accumulation and gene expression could be achieved via appropriate mechanisms such as specific ligand-receptor binding function. In this review, progress on brain-targeting non-viral gene delivery systems mainly based on receptor- and adsorptive-mediated mechanisms is reviewed.

Studies on Separation and Purification of Total Flavones from Licorice by Macroreticular Adsorptive Resin / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE: To establish a technical process for the separation and purification of total flavones from Licorice. METHODS: The static absorption capacity of macroreticular adsorptive resins D101、Hz-806、AB-83 for total flavones from licorice were compared. The macroreticular adsorptive resin columns on the Licorice extractives were eluted respectively with different concentrations of ethanol, then the content, the weight of residue and purity coefficient of flavones from Licorice in the eluant were detected. RESULTS: The optimal technological conditions were found in AB-8 as follows: flow rate=3ml/min, sample concentration=1.5 mg/ml, pH=5 and 80% ethanol was used as eluting agent. CONCLUSIONS: AB-8 macroreticular adsorptive resin can effectively separate and purify total flavones from licorice, the purity coefficient thus obtained being over 50%, which meets the requirement of the study of effective components of herbal medicine.

Purification Technology of Camellia Saponin Using D101 Macroporous Adsorption Resin / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study thc purification technology of camellia saponin using D101 macroporous adsorption resin.METHODS:The loading volume of sample and the adsorption quantity of D101 macroporous adsorption resin and the concentration and volume of alcohol in eluting water -soluble foreign substances and total cemallia saponins were investigated taking the content of total cemallia saponins as index.RESULTS:The loading volume of sample of D101 macroporous adsorption resin was 3 fold that of resin D101(or 3 BV,resin bed volume) and its adsorption quantity was 566 mg?g~(-1)(crude drug);3 BV distilled water and 1 BV 20%ethanol were used for the elution of the water-soluble foreign substances,and 3BV of 85%ethanol was used for the elution of total cemallia saponins.CONCLUSION:D101 macroporous resin has good purification efficacy for camellia saponins.The purification process is simple with low cost,and it is applicable for large - scale industrialized production.

Determination of Fluoroacetamide by Polarography / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To establish a polarographic method for detecting fluoroacetamide.Methods On the condition of strong basic solution with high temperature fluoroacetamide was decomposed to form a decomposed product ALC-La-F - complex.In a pH4.90buffer solution containing KNO 3 and hexamethylenetetramine,the decomposed product was determined with com-plex-adsorptive wave at-0.67V by polarography.Re sults The detection limit and linear range of the method was2.0?10 -8 mol/L and5.0?10 -8 -1.2?10 -6 mol/L respectively.The regressive equation was y=3.49x+0.042with a correlation coefficient r=0.9996.The method had been applied to the determination of fluoroacetamide in wheat flour samples satisfyingly.Conclu-sion This method was simple and suitable for the determination of fluoroacetamide in flour.

Enriching and Purifying Achyranthes Bidentata Saponins with Macroporous Adsorptive Resins / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To enrich and purify Achyranthes Bidentata Saponins with macroporous adsorptive resins.MET_HODS:The macroporous adsorptive resin columns on the Achyranthes Bidentata extractives were eluted respectively with water and different concentrations of ethanol,and the elution rate and purity coefficient of Achyranthes Bidentata Saponins were detected.RESULTS:The elution ratio of the portion of Achyranthes Bidentata Saponins that enriched in 50% alcohol eluant was above 58.42%.CONCLUSION:It is feasible to enrich and purify Achyranthes Bidentata Saponins with macroporous adsorptive resins.