Consideraciones bioéticas en el manejo de la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica: Una aproximación al quehacer fonoaudiológico

Introducción: La esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA) es la forma más común de enfermedad degenerativa de motoneurona en la edad adulta y es considerada una enfermedad terminal. Por lo mismo, el accionar del fonoaudiólogo debe considerar el respeto a los principios bioéticos básicos para garantizar una asistencia adecuada. Objetivo: Conocer aquellas consideraciones bioéticas relacionadas al manejo y estudio de personas con ELA para luego brindar una aproximación hacia el quehacer fonoaudiológico. Método: Se efectuó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus y SciELO. Se filtraron artículos publicados desde 2000 hasta junio de 2023 y fueron seleccionados aquellos que abordaban algún componente bioético en población con ELA. Resultados: Aspectos relacionados al uso del consentimiento informado y a la toma de decisiones compartidas destacaron como elementos esenciales para apoyar la autonomía de las personas. Conclusión: Una correcta comunicación y una toma de decisiones compartida son claves para respetar la autonomía de las personas. A su vez, la estandarización de procedimientos mediante la investigación clínica permitirá aportar al cumplimiento de los principios bioéticos de beneficencia y no maleficencia, indispensables para la práctica profesional.

Introduction: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common form of degenerative motor neuron disease in adulthood and is considered a terminal disease. For this reason, the actions of the speech therapist must consider respect for basic bioethical principles to guarantee adequate assistance. Objective: To know those bioethical considerations related to the management and study of people with ALS to then provide an approach to speech therapy. Methodology: A bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, and SciELO databases. Articles published from 2000 to June 2023 were filtered and those that addressed a bioethical component in the population with ALS were selected. Results: Aspects related to the use of informed consent and shared decision-making stood out as essential elements to support people's autonomy. Conclusion: Proper communication and shared decision-making are key to respecting people's autonomy. In turn, the standardization of procedures through clinical research will contribute to compliance with the bioethical principles of beneficence and non-maleficence, essential for professional practice.

Qualitative Study on the Cognition Status of Organ Donors’ Family Members to Advance Care Planning / 中国医学伦理学

Discussing the cognition, attitude and influencing factors of the family members of organ donors towards advance care planning (ACP) to provide a basis for the further promotion of ACP in the field of organ donation. Using qualitative research methods, 8 family members of organ donors were selected purposefully for semi-structured interviews, and the 7-step of Colaizzi was used to analyze and summarize the themes of the interview data. The results showed that the cognition status of the family members of organ donors of ACP could be summarized into 3 themes: problems faced by ACP implementation, positive recognition of the implementation of ACP, factors affecting the promotion of ACP. Organ donors’ family members are unfamiliar with the concept of ACP and have unclear cognition, but think that the implementation of ACP is of positive significance. It is suggested to further strengthen the publicity of ACP, medical autonomy, death education, so as to promote the development of ACP and improve the willing to donate organ.

Portuguese Advance Directives-a twist against futility? A cross sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Advance Directive documents allow citizens to choose the treatments they want for end-of-life care without considering therapeutic futility. OBJECTIVES: To analyze patients' and caregivers' answers to Advance Directives and understand their expectations regarding their decisions. DESIGN AND SETTING: This study analyzed participants' answers to a previously published trial, conceived to test the document's efficacy as a communication tool. METHODS: Sixty palliative patients and 60 caregivers (n = 120) registered their preferences in the Advance Directive document and expressed their expectations regarding whether to receive the chosen treatments. RESULTS: In the patient and caregiver groups, 30% and 23.3% wanted to receive cardiorespiratory resuscitation; 23.3% and 25% wanted to receive artificial organ support; and 40% and 35% chose to receive artificial feeding and hydration, respectively. The participants ignored the concept of therapeutic futility and expected to receive invasive treatments. The concept of therapeutic futility should be addressed and discussed with both the patients and caregivers. Legal Advanced Directive documents should be made clear to reduce misinterpretations and potential legal conflicts. CONCLUSION: The authors suggest that all citizens should be clarified regarding the futility concept before filling out the Advance Directives and propose a grammatical change in the document, replacing the phrase "Health Care to Receive / Not to Receive" with the sentence "Health Care to Accept / Refuse" so that patients cannot demand treatments, but instead accept or refuse the proposed therapeutic plans. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT05090072 URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05090072.

Diretivas antecipadas de vontade e cuidados paliativos: percepção brasileira / Advance directives and palliative care: Brazilian perception / Voluntades anticipadas y cuidados paliativos: percepción brasileña

Resumo As diretivas antecipadas de vontade são consideradas um componente fundamental do planejamento de cuidados de saúde, recurso comumente empregado por equipes de cuidados paliativos. Dada a importância da rede de cuidado para o paciente com doença incurável e que ameaça sua vida, este estudo tem o objetivo investigar a compreensão que profissionais da saúde, pacientes e cuidadores têm da temática, além de apreender como o tema é conceituado, identificar convergências e divergências nos discursos e discutir como essas noções podem influenciar na qualidade do cuidado. Optou-se pela revisão integrativa da literatura científica, em que foram selecionados e analisados oito artigos. Com isso, priorizou-se dividir a discussão em três tópicos descritivos e analisá-los criticamente. Desse modo, fica evidente a necessidade de continuar a debater essa temática a fim de garantir o desenvolvimento de condutas centradas no paciente, que contemplem suas condições socioeconômicas e seus valores pessoais.

Abstract Advance directives are considered a fundamental component of health care planning, a resource commonly used by palliative care teams. Given the importance of the care network for patients with incurable and life-threatening diseases, this study aims to investigate the understanding that health professionals, patients, and caregivers have of the subject, in addition to understanding how the subject is conceptualized, identifying convergences and divergences in the discourses and how these notions can influence the quality of care. We opted for an integrative review of the scientific literature, in which eight articles were selected and analyzed. Priority was given to dividing the discussion into three descriptive topics and analyzing them critically. Thus, the need to continue debating this topic is evident in order to ensure the development of patient-centered behaviors that take into account their socioeconomic conditions and personal values.

Resumen Las directivas anticipadas se consideran fundamentales en la planificación de la atención de la salud, un recurso comúnmente utilizado por los equipos de cuidados paliativos. Dada la importancia de la red de atención para pacientes con enfermedad incurable y potencialmente mortal, este estudio pretende investigar la comprensión que los profesionales de salud, pacientes y cuidadores tienen sobre el tema, además de comprender cómo se conceptualiza el tema, identificar convergencias y divergencias en los discursos y discutir cómo estas nociones pueden influir en la calidad de la atención. Se realizó una revisión integradora de la literatura científica, en la que se seleccionaron y analizaron ocho artículos. Así, se dio prioridad a dividir la discusión en tres temas descriptivos y analizarlos críticamente. Se evidencia la necesidad de seguir debatiendo este tema para garantizar el desarrollo de comportamientos centrados en el paciente, que incluyan sus condiciones socioeconómicas y valores personales.

Diretivas antecipadas de vontade como temática da educação médica / Advance directives as a topic in medical education / Voluntades anticipadas como tema de la educación médica

Resumo A pesquisa investigou o conhecimento de professores e alunos do internato médico acerca das diretivas antecipadas de vontade, que visam assegurar os direitos dos pacientes de registrar sua preferência pelos cuidados médicos a que serão submetidos quando estiverem incapacitados de tomar decisões. Trata-se de estudo transversal, descritivo, observacional, com abordagem majoritariamente quantitativa, que contou com a participação de 30 professores do curso de medicina e 121 acadêmicos de medicina vinculados a duas instituições de ensino localizadas em Belém/PA. Os resultados revelaram lacunas no conhecimento a respeito do tema, apontando a necessidade de uma abordagem mais aprofundada durante a formação e a prática médica. Conclui-se que é necessário intensificar a divulgação de diretivas antecipadas de vontade no âmbito do ensino médico, de forma a favorecer a autonomia e o compartilhamento das decisões.

Abstract This study investigated the knowledge of medical professors and students during internship regarding advance directives, a device that aims to ensure the right of patients to record their preference for medical care they will be subject to when incapable of making decisions. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study with a mostly quantitative approach, of which participated 30 professors and 121 medical students from two teaching institutions in Belém/PA. The results identified gaps in the knowledge about the topic, pointing to the need for a deeper approach during medical training and practice. It is concluded that the divulging of advance directives in medical training should be more intense to favor autonomy and share decision making.

Resumen Esta investigación analizó el conocimiento de profesores y estudiantes de medicina sobre las directivas anticipadas, cuyo objetivo es garantizar los derechos de los pacientes a expresar su preferencia por la atención médica cuando ya no son capaces de comunicarse. Se trata de un estudio transversal, descriptivo, observacional, con enfoque mayoritariamente cuantitativo, en el que participaron 30 profesores de medicina y 121 estudiantes de medicina de dos instituciones de enseñanza situadas en Belém/PA. Los resultados revelaron vacíos en el conocimiento sobre el tema, lo que demuestra la necesidad de un abordaje en profundidad durante la formación y la práctica médica. Se concluye que hay una necesidad de intensificar el conocimiento de las voluntades anticipadas en la formación médica para favorecer la autonomía y la toma de decisiones compartida.

Is there interest of Mexican adults in being prepared should they develop Alzheimer's or other dementia? / ¿Existe interés en adultos mexicanos de preparase en caso de llegar a padecer Alzheimer u otra demencia?

Abstract Introduction Alzheimer's disease, as well as other dementias, cause a progressive deterioration of cognitive functions, preventing patients from making decisions and having control over themselves in an advanced stage of the disease. Objective To explore some expectations, wishes and preferences in a sample of mature adults should they develop Alzheimer or other dementia. Method We surveyed 368 mature Mexican adults without dementia using a large survey created by the authors and used in a previous study; data were collected in some public places where mature people were invited to participate. The survey was completed from July 2019 to August 2020. Results Although most participants had considered they might suffer from dementia in the future, less than half had communicated their wishes to their relatives about future medical treatments in case they could no longer decide for themselves; very few had prepared a written advance directive. Most participants agreed that patients should know their initial diagnosis, mainly to be able to prepare themselves. The main reason given by those who would prefer to hide the diagnosis was to avoid suffering. Discussion and conclusion Our results highlight the need for health professionals to promote discussion with people about the possibility of suffering from dementia, as well as the importance of making decisions in advance, and letting their relatives know about them.

Resumen Introducción La enfermedad de Alzheimer, así como las otras demencias, causan un deterioro progresivo de las funciones cognitivas, evitando que en una etapa avanzada de la enfermedad los pacientes puedan tomar decisiones y tener control sobre sí mismos. Objetivo Explorar algunas expectativas, deseos y preferencias en una muestra de adultos maduros en caso de que llegaran a desarrollar Alzheimer u otra demencia. Método Encuestamos a 368 adultos mexicanos maduros sin demencia usando una encuesta creada por los autores y utilizada en un estudio anterior; los datos se recopilaron en algunos lugares públicos donde se invitó a las personas a participar. La encuesta se aplicó de julio de 2019 a agosto de 2020. Resultados Aunque la mayoría de los participantes había considerado que podría sufrir demencia en el futuro, menos de la mitad había comunicado sus deseos a sus familiares sobre futuros tratamientos médicos en caso de que ya no pudieran decidir por sí mismos; muy pocos habían preparado una voluntad anticipada por escrito. La mayoría de los participantes estuvo de acuerdo en que los pacientes deben conocer su diagnóstico inicial, principalmente para poder prepararse. La principal razón aducida por quienes preferirían ocultar el diagnóstico fue el deseo de evitar sufrimiento. Discusión y conclusión Nuestros resultados destacan la necesidad de que el personal de salud promueva la discusión con las personas sobre la posibilidad de padecer demencia, así como la importancia de tomar decisiones por anticipado e informar de ellas a sus familiares.

Adecuación del esfuerzo terapéutico: retos en pediatría / Adequacy of therapeutic effort: Challenges in pediatrics

La adecuación del esfuerzo terapéutico reemplaza la expresión limitación terapéutica y se define como la decisión de no iniciar medidas diagnósticas y terapéuticas o de suspenderlas en respuesta a la condición del paciente, para evitar conductas potencialmente inapropiadas y redireccionar los objetivos de tratamiento hacia el confort y el bienestar. En la población pediátrica, esta decisión es aún más desafiante debido a la naturaleza de la relación médico-paciente-familia y a la escasez de guías que orienten su implementación. La adecuación del esfuerzo terapéutico está enmarcada en principios éticos y legales, pero existen diversos retos a nivel práctico. Cada proceso de adecuación es único y dinámico, y debe abordarse contemplando a quién realizarlo, cuándo, cómo y con qué medidas.

The term "therapeutic limitation" has been replaced by "adequacy of therapeutic effort" and is defined as the decision to withhold or withdraw diagnostic and therapeutic measures in response to the patient's condition, avoiding potentially inappropriate behaviors and redirectong treatment goals towards comfort and well-being. In the pediatric population, this decision is even more challenging given the nature of the physician-patient-family relationship and the paucity of guidelines to address treatment goals. The adequacy of therapeutic effort is framed by ethical and legal principles, but, in practice, there are several challenges. Each adequacy process is unique and dynamic, and should be addressed by taking into account with what measures, how, when, and in whom it should be implemented

Bioethics and advance directives in psychiatric in the hospital context / Bioética y directrices anticipadas en psiquiatría en el contexto hospitalario

Abstract Introduction Mental health services have been a focus of human rights advocates and recent legal reforms in some Latin American countries, which have called for a change from the paradigm of hospitalization to one of accompanying and supporting the person with mental health issues, which make it possible to apply the Advance Directives in Psychiatry (PADs). This change will require time, as well as economic, material, and human resources, and transformations in attitudes, culture, and society, but the implementation of PADs cannot be postponed: they must be used to protect the autonomy of the persons affected, within a bioethical framework. Objective Identify possible bioethical conditions in the prevailing conventional hospital context in Latin America that allow for an implementation of PADs. Method A participant-observer study was carried out in two psychiatric hospital services from June to September 2022. Results A thematic analysis found three themes: 1) clinical care, 2) patient predisposition, and 3) medical-legal questions. This study considered part of theme 2, including the following sub-themes: a) patient self-perception, b) biography/narrative versus diagnostic classification, and c) negotiation. Discussion and conclusion Prominent among the sub-themes discussed are recognition of the values of autonomy and its elements in all of the expressions of the person with mental illness, as well as actions of the physician or health care team in synergy with supported decision-making, a distinctive feature of the anticipatory process of the PAD.

Resumen Introducción La atención de la salud mental se ha visto emplazada por los Derechos Humanos y las recientes reformas legales en algunos países latinos, que instan a cambiar el paradigma asistencial de la hospitalización al del acompañamiento y apoyo en la toma de decisiones de la persona en condición mental, que posibilitan la aplicación de las Directrices Anticipadas en Psiquiatría (DAP). Este cambio implica tiempo, recursos económicos, materiales y humanos, transformaciones actitudinales, culturales y sociales. No obstante, la implementación de las DAP no puede postergarse, deben aplicarse basadas en el respeto a las personas en un marco bioético. Objetivo Identificar las condiciones bioéticas posibles en el contexto hospitalario convencional, imperante en los países de América Latina, que permitan la implementación de las DAP. Método Se llevó a cabo una observación participante en dos servicios de hospitalización psiquiátrica, entre junio y septiembre de 2022. Resultados A través de un análisis temático se obtuvieron tres temas: 1) atención clínica, 2) predisposición de los pacientes y 3) asuntos médicos-legales. Este estudio consideró sólo una parte del tema 2 con sus subtemas: a) Autopercepción de los pacientes, b) biografía/narrativa versus clasificación y c) negociación. Discusión y conclusión En los subtemas discutidos se resalta el reconocimiento a los valores de la autonomía y sus elementos presentes en todas las manifestaciones de la persona con enfermedad mental, se reconoce también el actuar del médico o equipo de salud en sinergia con la toma de decisiones apoyada, que distingue el proceso anticipatorio de las DAP.

Ethical principles and dilemmas in the discourse of healthcare practitioners involved with end-of-life care based on the Advanced Directives Document / Principios y dilemas éticos en los discursos de los profesionales de la salud familiarizados con la atención al final de la vida a partir del documento de voluntades anticipadas

Abstract Introduction: The Advanced Directives Document (ADD) is an efficient tool to plan for future medical care in case of a potential loss of autonomy. Ethical dilemmas arise in end-of-life care, including the principle of respect for autonomy and potential beneficence involved in health care, leading to moral distress of practitioners. Objective: To identify the ethical principles and dilemmas arising from the discourse of healthcare practitioners involved with end-of-life care based on the ADD. Methods: Qualitative study with a hermeneutics approach based on 253 answers to the following exploratory question: Are you willing to respect the ADD of an unconscious patient when you think that the patient may benefit otherwise? Results: Most practitioners acknowledge their respect for the ADD as an ethical obligation, whilst a minority consider it a legal right. For the large majority of practitioners, the ethical principles of respect for the ADD are recognized under the ethical theory of liberal individualism. Respect for autonomy is associated with the principle of non-maleficence and the value of human dignity. The principle of beneficence and the quality of life concept were presented as genuine moral dilemmas. A reversible clinical condition, the request for euthanasia, the family and the legibility of anticipated directives were submitted as apparent moral dilemmas. Conclusions. During the end-of-life decision making process, there are other valid ethical considerations beyond principlism. The dilemmas identified show the ethical complexity healthcare practitioners face based on the ADD.

Resumen Introducción: El Documento de Voluntades Anticipadas (DVA) es una herramienta eficaz para planificar la futura atención médica ante la posible pérdida de autonomía. En la atención al final de la vida surgen dilemas éticos; entre los cuáles se destacan el principio de respeto a la autonomía y la posible beneficencia que implica la atención en salud que conlleva angustia moral en los profesionales. Objetivo: Identificar los principios y dilemas éticos que emergen de los discursos de los profesionales de la salud familiarizados con la atención al final de la vida a partir del DVA. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo con enfoque hermenéutico de 253 respuestas a la pregunta exploratoria: ¿Está usted dispuesto a respetar un DVA en paciente inconsciente cuando usted cree que el paciente se beneficiaría de lo contrario? Resultados: Los profesionales en su mayoría reconocen el respeto al DVA como obligación ética, para una minoría como un derecho legal. Para la mayoría, los principios éticos de respeto al DVA se reconocen bajo la teoría ética del individualismo liberal. El respeto al agente autónomo se correlaciona con el principio de no maleficencia y el valor de la dignidad humana. El principio de beneficencia y el concepto de calidad de vida fueron expuestos como auténticos dilemas morales. La condición clínica reversible, la solicitud de eutanasia, la familia y la legibilidad de las voluntades anticipadas fueron expuestos como aparentes dilemas morales. Conclusiones: En el proceso de toma de decisiones al final de la vida existen otras perspectivas éticas válidas más allá del principialismo. Los dilemas identificados muestran la complejidad ética a la que se enfrentan los profesionales de la salud a partir del DVA.

Advantage and progress of model-induced drug development in traditional Chinese medicine / 中国药房

Model-induced drug development （MIDD） is a mathematical and statistical method for constructing， validating and utilizing disease model， drug exposure-response model and pharmaceutical model to promote drug development. With the development of pharmaceutical technology， MIDD is widely used in the field of traditional Chinese medicine and has high practical value. This article summarizes the relevant literature at home and abroad， and finds that MIDD has the advantages of improving the research and development efficiency of traditional Chinese medicine， quickly identifying the applicable population of traditional Chinese medicine， predicting the interaction of drugs， and optimizing the dosage. MIDD has been applied in the studies of effective components of traditional Chinese medicine， quantitative design of prescription， dosage form and preparation process， pilot scale- up， quality and safety， regulatory decision-making and evaluation， etc.

Nurses′ experience and reality dilemma in advance care planning:a qualitative meta-synthesis / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To systematically evaluate and integrate the qualitative research of the practical experience and practical difficulties of advance care planning (ACP), so as to provide a reference for subsequent clinical nurses to better carry out ACP.Methods:PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database were collected the qualitative research on the practical experience and practical difficulties of nurses′advance care planing, and the search time was the database establishment until August 1, 2022. Literature quality evaluation was conducted by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) (2016), and the results were summarized using Meta integration method.Results:A total of 13 studies were included, and 39 studies were summarized into 11 new categories, forming 4 integrated results: nurses′ cognition of ACP practice, emotional experience of nurses′ ACP practice, personal factors that hinder ACP practice, and external environmental factors that hinder ACP practice.Conclusions:In ACP practice, nurses should be actively guided to have positive cognitive and emotional experience to improve their competence in ACP practice. At the same time, government departments should be united to support, integrate hospitals, society and other forces to formulate coping strategies against obstacles, so as to promote the development and practice of ACP.

Effect of decision aid tools for advance care planning in patients with cancer: a Meta-analysis / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To systematically evaluate the effect of decision aid tools for advance care planning (ACP) in patients with cancer.Methods:Randomized controlled trials about the effect of decision aid tools for ACP in patients with cancer were retrieved from Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, VIP, China National Knowledge Internet and Wanfang Data. The retrieval time was from inception to February 23, 2022. Literature screening, quality evaluation and data consolidation were carried out independently by two researchers. Then, RevMan 5.3 software was used for Meta analysis.Results:A total of 13 researches were included, involving 2 151 cancer patients. Meta-analysis showed that the signing of advance directives ( OR=1.81, 95% CI 1.22-2.69, Z=2.95, P<0.01) and knowledge scores related to ACP( MD=0.58, 95% CI 0.35-0.81, Z=4.90, P<0.01) in experimental group was higher than that in control group, but receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation treatment before death ( MD=0.33, 95% CI 0.21-0.53, Z=4.64, P<0.01) and the level of decision confliction ( MD=-3.69, 95% CI-6.43--0.95, Z=2.64, P<0.01) in experimental group was lower than those in control group, and the differences were statistically significant. Conclusions:Existing evidence shows that decision aid tools can improve cancer patients′ awareness of ACP, help patients to join in ACP discussions and sign advanced directives, reduce patients' preference for cardiopulmonary resuscitation treatment before death and reduce decision-making conflicts.

Advances in Allogeneic Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells / 中国医学科学院学报

Autologous chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)T-cell therapy has improved the prognosis of hematological malignancies.Nevertheless,allogeneic CAR-T cells have potential advantages over the autologous approach available on the market.However,allogeneic CAR-T cells may cause life-threatening graft-versus-host disease(GVHD)or be rapidly eliminated by the host immune system.In this review,we analyze the different sources of T cells for optimal allogeneic CAR-T cell therapy,describe the different approaches,and introduce the gene editing measures to produce allogeneic CAR-T cells with limited potential for GVHD and improved anti-tumor effect.

Behavioral Intention Scale for End-of-life DiscussionsReliability and Validity Using a Web-based Survey

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the behavioral intention scale for end-of-life discussions. Methods: The scale items were developed according to the Theory of Planned Behavior. The drafts of the scale were created by Item-Level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and a preliminary test. In the main study, we administered a cross-sectional questionnaire on the web to the participants 20–79 years of age (n=860), living in Tokyo and six surrounding prefectures, and a retest one week later (n=665). We examined item analysis, calculation of a reliability coefficient (intraclass correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha coefficient), construct validity, and concurrent validity of the scale. Results: Six factors identified by an exploratory factor analysis were; outcome evaluation, perceived power, control beliefs, motivation to comply, normative beliefs, and behavioral beliefs. The alpha coefficient of the overall scale was .96. The effect size that was determined based on known-groups validity and the correlation coefficient determined on the basis of concurrent validity were moderate. Conclusions: The reliability and validity of the scale were generally confirmed.

Advance Care Planning by Rehabilitation Professionals: an Experience with a Patient with Nonmalignant Respiratory Disease

We herein report a case of a 76-year-old male patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease whose advance care planning (ACP) was facilited by rehabilitation staff by utilizing dialogue in rehabilitation settings, mainly in the context of conditioning and self-management during pulmonary rehabilitation. When a rehabilitation professional is involved in ACP, it is easy to be involved in the so-called ACP in the broad sense. Compared to other professions, rehabilitation professionals have more time being with a patient for dialogue and can discuss the patient's values and future concerns from a life-centered perspective. To promote ACP in the practical settings, rehabilitation professionals, who have the advantage of having more time for dialogue than other professions, need to be involved in ACP by taking advantage of repeated opportunities for dialogue.

Research advances in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma and paranganglioma / 现代泌尿外科杂志

Pheochromocytoma and paranganglioma (PPGL) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor. In recent years, the continuous development of multimodal imaging, pathonomics, genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, metabolism and proteomics have provided us with ideas to better understand the complex transfer mechanism of PPGL. This paper will review the precise typing system of PPGL, current research advances in the diagnosis and clinical prognosis.

Ethical Investigation of the Living Will and the Comparison and Enlightenment of Chinese and Japanese Practical Experience / 中国医学伦理学

The revised revision of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone Medical Regulations passed in 2022 is an important institutional innovation in China, while many problems still need to be solved in the specific practice and application. This paper compared the practical development characteristics of the living will system between China and Japan, and analyzed the relationship between doctor-patients relationship under the intervention of the living will system and the symbolic representation mechanism of living will by using the semiotics theory. According to the links of "addresser-symbolic text" and "symbolic text-addressee", the six types of problems faced by current living will system in China were discussed, and the relevant experience and enlightenment were summarized to provided reference for the development of the living will system in China.

Application Status and Research Progress of Palliative Care in Patients with End-stage Renal Disease / 中国医学伦理学

End-stage renal disease is the final stage of chronic kidney disease, and research on palliative care for end-stage renal disease patients in China is still in its infancy. The research content of palliative care for end-stage renal disease at home and abroad mainly includes identification and management of symptoms, advance care planning, psychosocial and spiritual support, and ethical issues in dialysis decision-making. However, practical experience is still insufficient. By focusing on the overview, development status, patient needs, as well as implementation forms and models of palliative care for endstage renal disease patients, this paper summarized the research progress and application status of related research, with a view to providing references for future domestic research and clinical practice in this field.

Progress in the Application of Various Theoretical Models in Advance Care Planning / 中国医学伦理学

Advance care planning (ACP) is an important part of hospice care, a core index of high-quality palliative care, and one of the effective indicators for improving the life quality of end-of-life patients. By reviewing the progress of various theoretical models and their applications in ACP, including planned behavior theory, behavioral change wheel theory, self-determination theory, prospect theory, change theory, and cultural suitability theory, this paper delved into the advantages and limitations of each theoretical model and analyzed its research prospects in future ACP clinical practice to promote researchers’ correct understanding of the role of different theoretical models in various types of studies, with a view to providing new ideas for clinical research on ACP.

Feasibility Analysis of Constructing the Advance Medical Directive System for the Elderly in China / 中国医学伦理学

Advance medical directive has been implemented in many countries and regions, has also been widely concerned by medical and ethical circles in China, and has gradually entered the public consciousness. The phenomenon of loneliness, disability and dementia of the elderly is gradually increasing, which reflects the importance of advance medical directive in this large group. Therefore, this paper focused on the main body of medical decision-making patients, patients’ families and medical staff to describe the development status of medical decision-making in China, and analyze the reasons for obstacles in the promotion of advance medical directive in China from cultural, social and economic factors. By comparing the system, culture and medical insurance payment methods of the advance medical directive system in China and western countries, this paper explored the feasibility of constructing this system in China, and put forward that the construction of the advance medical directive system in China should be prepared in the cultural, economic and other aspects, so as to better improve the life quality of the elderly at the end of life in the future, and also provide some useful reference for its promotion in China’s medical practice.