Corn silage supplementation for dairy cows grazing annual ryegrass at two pasture allowances / Suplementação com silagem de milho para vacas leiteiras manejadas em duas ofertas diárias em pastagens de azevém anual

Corn silage supplementation for dairy cows grazing in temperate annual pastures has rarely been investigated. The aim of this study is to compare two supplementation levels (0 and 4kg dry matter [DM]/day of a 7:1 mixture of corn silage and soybean meal) in dairy cows strip-grazing annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) at two pasture allowances (PA, low= 25 and high = 40kg DM/d at ground level). The study was carried out according to an incomplete 4 × 3 Latin square design, using 12 cows and three experimental periods of 12 days. The green leaves allowances were only 4.9 and 8.5kg DM/d at the low and high PA, respectively. The total DM intake and milk production increased in supplemented cows compared to un-supplemented cows at the low PA, but were similar between supplementation levels at the high PA. The PI was unaffected by the PA, whereas the substitution rate was 0.68 in cows at the low PA and 1.35 in cows at the high PA. Corn silage supplementation may improve the total DM intake and milk production of dairy cows grazing in temperate annual pastures, but only at a low PA.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos de dois níveis de suplementação (0 e 4kg de matéria seca [MS]/dia de uma mistura de silagem de milho e farelo de soja na razão de 7:1) para vacas leiteiras em pastos de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) manejados em faixas diárias com duas ofertas (OF, baixa= 25 e alta= 40kg de MS/dia medidas em nível do solo). Os tratamentos foram comparados em delineamento quadrado latino incompleto 4 × 3, com 12 vacas em três períodos de 12 dias. A oferta de folhas foi somente de 4,9 e 8,5kg de MS/dia nas OF baixa e alta, respectivamente. O consumo total de MS e a produção de leite aumentaram com a suplementação somente quando os animais estavam em baixa OF, não havendo efeito da suplementação em alta OF. O consumo do pasto não foi afetado pela OF, entretanto a taxa de substituição foi de 0,68 em baixa OF e de 1,35 em alta OF. A suplementação com silagem de milho promove o aumento do consumo total de MS e da produção de leite de vacas manejadas em pastos anuais de clima temperado somente em situações de baixa OF.(AU)

Difference of Low Skeletal Muscle Index According to Recommended Protein Intake in Korean

BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia has become a major concern owing to its association with a high risk of fall or fracture and metabolic impairments. There is insufficient evidence to support the role of dietary protein intake in reducing the prevalence of sarcopenia. This study was conducted to investigate the variation in low skeletal muscle index (SMI) with the dietary levels of protein intake.METHODS: This study analyzed data of 3,482 male and 4,838 female aged 50 years or older from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) database (2008–2011). Low SMI was indicated by a value <0.789 in male and <0.512 in female. Multiple logistic regression was performed to analyze the association of SMI with protein intake, whereby it was tested whether the dietary intake of proteins met the estimated average requirement (EAR) or the reference nutrient intake (RNI) as stated in the dietary reference intake (DRI) for Koreans, 2015.RESULTS: Irrespective of sex, the prevalence of low SMI was significantly high when the protein intake did not meet the EAR or RNI. Following adjustment for covariates, the odds ratio (OR) for low SMI in subjects with unmet EARs was 1.63 (1.28–2.09) in male and 1.35 (1.10–1.66) in female. The OR for low SMI in subjects with unmet RNI was 1.74 (1.38–2.18) in male and 1.39 (1.14–1.69) in female.CONCLUSION: The prevalence of low SMI was significantly higher when the protein intake did not meet the EAR or RNI as stated in the DRI for Koreans.

Fluoride in fish flesh, fish bone and regular diet in south-coastal area of Karnataka state of India

The objective of the study was to estimate the fluoride content in regular food items available, including fish, in a coastal area of the South Karnataka state of India. Materials and Methods: Fish and food samples were collected from a local market, i.e., Deralakatte, Mangalore of Karnataka State, India. Commonly consumed different species of fish (eight types are included in the study) and popular food items (twelve types) were collected through a random sampling strategy and then processed for the study. The flesh and bones of fish were separated from individual fish. Samples of flesh, bones, and food (nonfish, vegetarian food consumed by a proportion of Karnataka population) were homogenized separately, dried, and the pH of the processed samples was adjusted to neutrality (pH 7.0). Fluoride anion was determined using a fluoride ion selective electrode (ISE, Nico2000 Ltd., UK). Although the ingredients of the different fish and food items explored differed, the same processing technique and analytical laboratory bench-work procedure were performed for each sample, i.e., as per published research elsewhere. This ensured the accurate estimation of fluoride for each food item. Results: Concentrations of fluoride in foods (Nonfish, vegetarian food) was estimated to ranging from 0.85 to 7.09 ppm and that in fish samples ranged from 1.45 to 2.30 ppm. The highest concentration was estimated 3.16 ppm in Rohu fish flesh, and 7 ppm in rava dosa (a vegetarian food). Conclusion: In conclusion, the Rohu (Labeo rohita) fish species were found to contain higher concentrations of bone fluoride. Fluoride determined in fish flesh was also high in concentration 2.28 ppm. Among the regular food items, rava dosa (a thin and crispy crepe made from rava and rice flour) preparation has a higher level of fluoride. These values would provide valid information regarding the future development of recommended dietary allowance strategy for a population.

Vegetation composition and forage mass in grassland with a double structure under two winter grazing regimes / Composição da vegetação e massa de forragem em pastagem natural de dupla estrutura sob dois manejos no inverno

ABSTRACT: Remnant areas of Pampas grassland have a distinct double structure. Efficiency of livestock farming on these grasslands depends on practices that are synchronized with natural variation. This study examined the changes in vegetation composition and forage mass during winter to understand the effects of grazing methods in a natural pasture with a double structure that was grazed by heifers. An experimental area in the municipality of Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, was subjected to continuous or rotational grazing treatments, with two replicates each. Frequency of the structural composition and forage mass of the lower stratum and animal weight was measured at the beginning and end of the experimental period (June 7 to October 7, 2016, respectively). Data were analysed with PCA ordination, regression and variance analysis. Both structural composition and forage mass changed during the experimental period. Axonopus affinis and Paspalum notatum were characteristic of continuous grazing, while Mnesithea selloana and Axonopus argentinus characterized rotational grazing (the latter had the highest levels of forage mass). Although, grazing methods changed the composition of forage mass in winter, they did not affect average daily gain of the animals.

RESUMO: Áreas remanescentes de campo nativo do bioma Pampa têm apresentado dupla estrutura acentuada. A eficiência da pecuária sobre tais condições é dependente da adoção de práticas sincronizadas às peculiaridades naturais. Objetivou-se ampliar a compreensão da mudança da composição da vegetação e da massa de forragem, durante a estação de inverno, como efeito do manejo do pastejo em uma pastagem natural, de acentuada dupla estrutura pastejada por novilhas. A unidade experimental, situada no município de Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, consiste em dois tratamentos (pastoreios contínuo e rotativo) e duas repetições. Os dados foram obtidos no início (7/6/2016) e fim do período experimental (7/10/2016), sendo estes: frequência da composição estrutural e do estrato inferior, massa de forragem deste estrato e peso dos animais. Os dados foram analisados com métodos multivariados, regressão linear e comparação de médias. A composição da estrutura e da massa de forragem se alterou no período. Axonopus affinis e Paspalum notatum representaram o pastoreio contínuo; e Mnesithea selloana e Axonopus argentinus o pastoreio rotativo, estando esta última espécie relacionada aos maiores níveis de massa de forragem. Na estação hibernal, os métodos de manejo interferiram na composição da massa de forragem sem interferir no desempenho positivo dos animais.

Intervenção com famílias em descumprimentos das condicionalidades do Programa Bolsa Família / Intervention with families in breach of the conditions imposed by the Brazilian Family Allowance Program

Resumo A inovação da Política Pública da Assistência Social, com a implementação de programas de transferência de renda, como o Programa Bolsa Família (PBF), ampliou o campo de trabalho para profissionais da psicologia com vistas a desenvolver intervenções realizadas junto a usuários da rede no sentido de auxiliá-los a minimizar sua vulnerabilidade e risco social. Este estudo apresenta uma intervenção da psicologia cujo foco foi o descumprimento das condicionalidades do PBF. Tal ação foi organizada a partir de um grupo formado por famílias que estavam em descumprimento pela primeira vez e outro grupo formado por famílias reincidentes. A realização desses grupos tem possibilitado que os participantes entendam melhor a proposta do PBF, bem como fortaleçam seus vínculos familiares e comunitários, sendo capazes de reconhecer a função de cada membro na família e a sua importância. Assim, tem-se conseguido reduzir o número de famílias em descumprimentos das condicionalidades exigidas.

Abstract The innovation of Public Policy for Social Assistance, with the implementation of income transfer programs, such as the Family Allowance Program (FAP), expanded the field of work for psychology professionals in order to develop interventions carried out with users of the social assistance network in the sense of helping them to minimize their vulnerability and social risk. This study presents a psychology intervention whose focus was the breach of FAP conditionalities. This action was organized considering a group of families who were in default for the first time and another group of repeat-offender families. Interventions have enabled participants to better understand the Program's proposal as well as to strengthen their family and community ties, allowing them to recognize the role of each family member and their importance, which led to a major reduction in the number of families in breach of the conditions imposed.

Trajetórias biográficas do aumento e excesso de peso de mulheres do Programa Bolsa Família, Brasil / Biographical trajectories about body weight changes and overweight of women from Family Allowance Program, Brazil

OBJETIVO: apresentar e discutir resultados de pesquisas sobre narrativas biográficas de mulheres obesas beneficiárias do Programa Bolsa Família no Brasil. MÉTODO: trata-se da descrição de cinquenta narrativas biográficas de mulheres com IMC acima de 30 kg/m2, das cinco macrorregiões brasileiras, utilizando o método história de vida. As mulheres foram identificadas pelos bancos de dados do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional e do Cadastro Único para Programas Sociais (ano base 2015) e as entrevistas foram realizadas por telefone. RESULTADOS: A construção do espaço narrativo biográfico das mulheres identificou a baixa estatura (mediana de 1,57m), a predominâcia de mulheres negras ou pardas (71,6%), nascidas em sua maioria na região nordeste (48,6%), com IMC mediano de 33,9 kg/m2 e mediana de peso de 83,0 kg e os tabus linguisticos relacionados as palavras fome e obesa. Nas trajetórias biográficas foram identificados os constructos de corpo-força e corpo-acima do peso. O corpo-força internaliza as relações de temporalidade entre os ciclos biológicos reprodutivos e de assunção dos papéis de mãe e de dona de casa para enfrentar as dificuldades sociais e econômicas da sobrevivência. O corpo-acima do peso é uma atribuição de externalidade decorrente do julgamento biomédico e estético. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados podem contribuir para o advento de novos caminhos de abordagem que auxiliem as ações de programas e políticas públicas para promover a compreensão do fenômeno do excesso de peso como expressão histórico-econômica e social, circunscrita na biografia das pessoas que vivem esta experiência num país com grandes desigualdades sociais.

OBJECTIVE: to present and discuss results of research on biographical narratives of obese women beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família Program in Brazil. METHOD: this is a description of fifty biographical narratives of women with BMI above 30 kg / m2, from the five Brazilian macro regions, using the life history method. The women were identified by the databases of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System and the Single Register for Social Programs (base year 2015) and the interviews were conducted by telephone. RESULTS: The construction of the biographical narrative space of the women identified the short stature (median of 1.57m), the predominance of black or brown women (71.6%), born mostly in the northeast region (48.6%), with a mean BMI of 33.9 kg / m2 and a mean weight of 83.0 kg and the linguistic taboos related to the words hunger and obese. In the biographical trajectories, body-force and body-over-weight constructs were identified. The body-force internalizes the relations of temporality between the reproductive biological cycles and assumption of the roles of mother and housewife to face the social and economic difficulties of survival. The body-over-weight is an attribution of externality arising from biomedical and aesthetic judgment. CONCLUSION: the results can contribute to the advent of new approaches that help the actions of public programs and policies to promote the understanding of the phenomenon of overweight as a historical-economic and social expression, circumscribed in the biography of the people who live this experience in a country with great social inequalities.

O impacto das condicionalidades do programa bolsa família na saúde infantil: o caso de um município do planalto norte catarinense/Brasil / Impact of the family grant program on child health: the case of a city in the northern highlands of Santa Catarina, Brazil

O Programa Bolsa Família é uma estratégia do Governo Federal para assegurar, por meio de incentivo financeiro, que os pais ou responsáveis das crianças e adolescentes de baixa renda os mantenham na escola e, para interesse da saúde, também com peso e vacinação em dia. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) na saúde infantil. Foi obtida uma amostra de 308 crianças de um município do Planalto Norte Catarinense. Os dados apontam que nesta amostra não foi encontrada significância entre recebimento da Bolsa Família e melhora dos indicadores propostos.

The Family Grant Program is a federal government strategy to ensure, through financial incentives, that parents or guardians of low-income children and teenagers keep them in school and, for health reasons, keep their weight and vaccinations up to date. Thus, this research aimed to evaluate the impact of the Family Grant Program on child health. A sample of 308 children was obtained in a city in the northern highlands of Santa Catarina. The data indicate that in this sample no significant relationship was found between receiving the family grant and improvement in the proposed indicators.

The evaluation of clinical performance for blood gas analyzer: MB-3100 / 中国医学装备

Objective:To estimate the precision and accuracy performance of blood gas analyzer(MB-3100) for three measuring indicators: pH, pCO2 and pO2.Methods: The evaluation of precision was achieved by testing quality controls of BIO-RAD, and the mean, SD and CV of the results were calculated according to protocol EP5 of Clinical and LaboratoryStandards Institute(CLSI). The evaluation of accuracy was achieved by comparing MB-3100 and Rapidlab 1265 according to the EP9-A2 of CLSI, and the consistency check of the two detection systems were analyzed by using paired t- test and equation of linear regression. All of these results were analyzed by using SPSS19.0.Results: The results of the research showed that the precision performances of analyzer MB-3100 in various detection level were acceptable. And there was no statistically significant difference for the accuracy performances between the two systems on pH, pCO2 and pO2, respectively (t=0.042,t=1.489,t=-1.6,P>0.05). Moreover, both of the system errors of the two systems at different medical decision level were less than the corresponding total error allowances (TEa), respectively.Conclusion: Both of the precision and accuracy performances of MB-3100 blood gas analyzer are acceptable, and it can provide reliable reports for clinical practice.

The Big Vitamin D Mistake / 예방의학회지

Since 2006, type 1 diabetes in Finland has plateaued and then decreased after the authorities' decision to fortify dietary milk products with cholecalciferol. The role of vitamin D in innate and adaptive immunity is critical. A statistical error in the estimation of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for vitamin D was recently discovered; in a correct analysis of the data used by the Institute of Medicine, it was found that 8895 IU/d was needed for 97.5% of individuals to achieve values ≥50 nmol/L. Another study confirmed that 6201 IU/d was needed to achieve 75 nmol/L and 9122 IU/d was needed to reach 100 nmol/L. The largest meta-analysis ever conducted of studies published between 1966 and 2013 showed that 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels 1 year of age, and around 8000 IU for young adults and thereafter. Actions are urgently needed to protect the global population from vitamin D deficiency.

O trabalho do assistente social no Programa Bolsa Família: desafios ao Código de Ética profissional / The social worker's work in the Family Allowance Program: challenges to the professional code of ethics

Resumo: O artigo analisa o trabalho do assistente social na execução do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) no âmbito da política de assistência social. Apreende os desafios na efetivação dos valores e princípios do Código de Ética do Serviço Social perante as atribuições exigidas na execução das políticas sociais contemporâneas. A partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, observa um campo de tensão entre os valores intrínsecos ao formato condicionado e focalizado do PBF, o Código de Ética profissional e a política de assistência social.

Abstract: In this article it is analyzed the social worker's work while running the Family Allowance Program (Programa Bolsa Família - PBF) within the Social Service policy, focusing the ethical dimension of the professional practice. It involves the discussion of the challenges to actualize the values and principles of the Social Work code of ethics before the assignments required for the execution of current social policies. From a bibliography and data research it is observed a tension field among the intrinsic values of PBF conditioned and focused format, the professional code of ethics and the Social Service policy.

Programa Bolsa Família e o acompanhamento das condicionalidades na área de saúde / Family Allowance Program and the follow-up of the conditions related to the health field

Resumo: Este artigo consolida resultados de uma pesquisa realizada em dez municípios brasileiros, que buscou analisar a dinâmica de acompanhamento das condicionalidades de saúde do Programa Bolsa Família. A ideia central consistiu em abordar variáveis que poderiam afetar o desempenho municipal na gestão do programa, tais como: porte populacional e magnitude da população a ser coberta; estrutura e capacidade técnico-gerencial dos municípios; oferta e organização da Atenção Básica em Saúde e arranjos intersetoriais.

Abstract: This article consolidates results from a research carried out in ten Brazilian cities. The research analyzed the dynamic of the follow-up of the conditions related to the health field of the Family Allowance Program. The central idea was to approach the variables that could affect the City Hall performance in managing the program, such as: population size, magnitude of the population to be attended, the structure and both the technical and managing capacity of the each one of the City Halls analyzed, the offer and organization of the Primary Health Care and sector arrangements.

1. How to use performance appraisal for faculty members / 医学教育

<p>Recently, performance appraisal became necessary for faculty members. According to the questionnaire survey by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, the number of questionnaire items on education is on the increase, and performance appraisal is widely used for decisions on allowance and employment. In our college, performance appraisal on education, research, and medical care is used to decide on the size of bonuses. Performance appraisal for faculty members has already come into force in many universities. However, services in medical schools include many different aspects, and precise quantification of performance appraisal is very difficult. Now, exact evaluation methods and appropriate utilization are necessary for performance appraisal for faculty members.</p>

Comparison of Processed Food Intake by Allowance Level in College Students in Chungnam

Diet is closely related to an economic level, but few studies have reported on the relationship between the economic level and eating habits, especially in college students. Therefore, this study was conducted to clarify differences in eating habits with a focus on processed foods according to allowance level in college students. This study was a cross-sectional survey of 500 college students using a questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of general characteristics, eating behaviors, purchase of processed foods, and preference and intake frequency of processed foods. All subjects were classified based on monthly allowance: less than Won 300,000 (n=149), Won 300,000~400,000 (n=177), and more than Won 400,000 (n=124). All survey results were comparatively analyzed among the spending money groups. As the level of spending money of the subjects increased, the rate of skipping meals, eating out, and unbalanced diet increased (P<0.05). The reason for consuming processed foods was because they are easy to prepare. The factor considered the most when buying processed foods was price. However, these results showed no significant difference according to level of spending money. As spending money increased preference for retort, convenience, canned, and bottled foods significantly increased. Intake frequency of dairy products was lower, and the frequency of processed foods was significantly higher with more spending money. This study found that a higher level of monthly allowance in college students, was associated with higher rate of skipping meals, eating out, and unbalanced diet, and the preference and intake frequency of processed foods were also high. These results suggest that spending money level in college students, as an economic indicator, is relevant to intake of processed foods.

The Zero Hunger and Brazil without Extreme Poverty programs: a step forward in Brazilian social protection policy / Fome Zero e Brasil sem Miséria: um passo adiante na política brasileira de proteção social

Brazilian social protection programs have had consistent effects in reducing poverty and inequality among their respective target-groups: children, adolescents and pregnant and breastfeeding women. In 2011, the Brazil without Extreme Poverty program was launched as a strategy to eradicate extreme poverty by 2014. It makes the promotion of rights the core concept of the official political narrative. This study seeks to provide a systematic description of the Brazil without Extreme Poverty program and its initial results. A review of official documents and academic studies on the social protection programs was conducted. The Brazil without Extreme Poverty program represents an incremental approach to the social protection policies enacted by the previous administration. It advocates a multidimensional and focused approach, funded primarily by the federal government. The strategy subscribes to the international trend of associating social protection with employment and income generation policies.

Os programas de proteção social no Brasil tiveram efeitos consistentes na redução da pobreza e desigualdade em seus grupos-alvo: crianças, adolescentes, grávidas e nutrizes. Em 2010, o Brasil sem Miséria foi lançado como uma estratégia para erradicar a pobreza extrema até 2014. A promoção de direitos é o cerne de sua narrativa política oficial. O objetivo deste artigo é prover uma descrição sistemática do Brasil sem Miséria, bem como de seus resultados iniciais. Foi realizada revisão de documentos oficiais e estudos acadêmicos sobre os programas de proteção social. O programa Brasil sem Miséria representa uma abordagem incremental em relação às políticas de proteção social implementadas pelo governo anterior. Defende uma abordagem multidimensional e focalizada, financiada principalmente pelo governo federal. A estratégia adota a tendência internacional de associar proteção social a políticas de geração de emprego e renda.

An Interesting Case of Disappearing Murmur

Cardiovascular manifestations in a patient with congestive heart failure, which disappeared in short course of time, ignited the idea to think of unusuality from common rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Cardiac events that reversed within 2 days of admission in a chronic alcoholic, whose diagnosis puzzled us, are presented here. A retrospective conclusion of wet beri-beri is made, as all the haemodynamic sequelae vanished with thiamine replacement.

Desempenho de novilhas leiteiras em pastagem de capim-Xaraés (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés) suplementadas com dois tipos de misturas minerais / Performance of dairy heifers raised on Xaraés palissadgrass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés) pasture supplemented with two types of mineral mixture

The effects of selective (e.g. mineral supplement formulated on the basis of nutritional and clinical examination of the herd) or commercial mineral supplementation of crossbred dairy heifers (Holstein-Mantiqueira), on daily weight gain (DWG), body condition score (BCS), age at first mating (AFM) and the intake of mineral mixture (IMM) managed on Xaraés palissadgrass pasture (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés) were evaluated from February 2006 to March 2008. Structural characteristics, forage allowance and nutritional value of Xaraés palissadgrass were also evaluated. The structural variables of pasture, allowances and nutritive value of forage, besides the DWG were only affected (p<0.05) by season, with highest results for spring and summer. Throughout the experimental period (730 days), no sign of mineral deficiency was detected in heifers that ingested the selective supplement. The DWG and AFM were not influenced by the mineral mixture offered (0.52 and 0.33 kg/day during the spring/summer and in fall/winter for DWG, respectively, and 813 days of AFM). The IMM was higher for commercial mineral mixture than for selective (61.6 and 51.0g/day respectively). The BCS was slightly higher for selective (3.17) than for the commercial (3.02) mineral mixture. Thus, the selective mineral supplement was a strategy to prevent mineral deficiency in this herd and resulted in similar performance at lower costs (e.g. due to less IMM) of crossbred heifers when compared with the commercial mineral supplementation.

Foram avaliados os efeitos da suplementação mineral seletiva (i.e. aquela feita com base no exame clínico-nutricional do rebanho) ou comercial sobre o desempenho de novilhas leiteiras Holandês-Mantiqueira, com base em seus ganhos de peso diários (GMD), escores da condição corporal (ECC), idades à primeira cobertura (IPC) e consumos de mistura mineral (CMM), criadas em pastagem de capim-Xaraés (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés), no período de fevereiro de 2006 a março de 2008. Foram também avaliadas as características estruturais do pasto, oferta e valor nutritivo da forragem. Durante todo período experimental (730 dias), nenhum sinal de deficiência mineral foi detectado nas novilhas que ingeriram o suplemento seletivo. As variáveis estruturais do pasto, as ofertas e o valor nutritivo da forragem, além do GMD, somente foram influenciadas (p<0,05) pela estação do ano, com maiores e melhores resultados obtidos para a primavera e verão. O GMD e a IPC não foram influenciados pela mistura mineral ofertada (0,52 e 0,33 kg/dia durante a primavera/verão e outono/inverno para GMD, respectivamente, e 813 dias de IPC). O CMM foi maior para mistura mineral comercial que para seletiva (61,6 e 51,0g/UA/dia, respectivamente). O ECC foi superior para mistura mineral seletiva (3,17) que para comercial (3,02). Esta suplementação mineral seletiva foi uma estratégia que permitiu evitar o aparecimento de estados carenciais no rebanho e obter desempenho similar e com menor custo quando comparada com a suplementação mineral comercial.

Recommended allowance for dietary fiber in childhood / 国际儿科学杂志

The essential nutrients include carbohydrate,protein,lipids,minerals,vitamins and water.Recently,dietary fiber has been listed as an essential component for nutrition and health.Dietary fiber plays an important role on the health of children,such as reducing constipation,preventing overweight and obesity,etc.This article reviews recent progress in research of the recommended allowance for dietary fiber in childhood.

Valores de referencia de ácido fólico para la población venezolana / Reference values of folic acid for the Venezuelan population

En esta revisión de las recomendaciones de ácido fólico para Venezuela, se presentan las definiciones adoptadas a nivel mundial conocidas como Ingestas Dietéticas de Referencia (DRIs por Dietary Reference Intakes) que incluyen: Ingesta Dietética Recomendada (RDA), Requerimiento Promedio Estimado (EAR), Ingesta Adecuada (AI) y Niveles de Ingesta Máximos Tolerables (UL). En contraste con la situación en algunos países, donde se comienza a considerar un ajuste en las políticas de fortificación de alimentos con ácido fólico para evitar su exceso, en Venezuela varios estudios muestran una elevada prevalencia de deficiencia de este nutriente. Los datos nacionales no son suficientes para establecer los requerimientos, por lo tanto, al igual que en la revisión del año 2000, las recomendaciones actuales se basan en las definidas para la población de Estados Unidos. Las Ingestas Dietéticas Recomendadas (RDA) para Venezuela son: menores de 1 año 65-80 μg/día, niños 150- 300 μg/día, adolescentes y adultos 400 μg/día, embarazadas 600 μg/día y lactancia 500 μg/día. El Requerimiento Promedio Estimado (EAR) es: niños 120-250 μg/día, adolescentes 330 μg/ día y adultos 320 μg/día, embarazadas 520 μg/día y lactancia 450 μg/día. Los Niveles de Ingesta Máximos Tolerables (UL) son: niños 300-600 μg/día, adolescentes 800 μg/día y adultos 1000 μg/día, embarazadas y madres entre 14 y 18 años 800 μg/ día y para embarazadas y lactantes mayores 1000 μg /día. Es importante seguir evaluando la situación de este nutriente, con la finalidad de diseñar políticas adecuadas y eficientes que puedan controlar en ciertos grupos de la población tanto la deficiencia como el exceso.

The review on folic acid requirements for Venezuela comprise the definitions adopted worldwide known as Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) that include Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Adequate Intake (AI) and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL). In contrast with the situation in some countries, that required adjustments in fortification policies in order to avoid excessive folic acid consumption, in Venezuela several studies show an elevated prevalence of deficiency. National evidence at this point is insufficient to establish the recommendation, and as in the 2000 review of the Venezuelan RDAs, the actual recommendations are based on the reported for the United States population. The Recommended Dietary Allowances for Venezuela are 65-80 μg/day for infants less than 1 year old, 150-300 μg/day for children and 400 μg/day for adolescents and adults, increasing to 600 μg/day during pregnancy and to 500 μg/day during lactation. The estimated average requirement is 120-250 μg/day for children, 330 μg/day for adolescents, 320 μg/day for adults, 520 μg/day for pregnancy and 450 μg/day during lactation. The tolerable upper intake levels for folic acid are 300-600 μg/day for children, 800 μg/day for adolescents and 1000 μg/day for adults. During pregnancy and lactation the UL is 800 μg/day for pregnant and lactating women between 14 and 18 years of age, and 1000 μg /day for older pregnant and lactating women. The continuous evaluation of folic acid status is important to design adequate and efficient policies to control both, the deficiency and the excess of folic acid consumption.

Valores de referencia de vitamina A para la población venezolana / Reference values of vitamin A for the Venezuelan population

La deficiencia de vitamina A es uno de los problemas de salud pública mas prevalentes a nivel mundial, principalmente a los países menos desarrollados, afectando especialmente a mujeres y niños. La causa más común de deficiencia de vitamina A es la ingesta inadecuada, sobre todo en presencia de infección. Las consecuencias de la deficiencia son xeroftalmia, ceguera nocturna, anemia, mayor susceptibilidad a infecciones y el aun controversial aumento de la mortalidad neonatal. Los datos nacionales no son suficientes para establecer los requerimientos, por esto, igual que en la revisión del año 2000, las recomendaciones actuales se basan en las definidas para la población de Estados Unidos. La Ingesta Dietética Recomendada (RDA) para Venezuela es: menores de 1 año 400-500 ER/día, niños 300-400 ER/día, adolescentes 600 ER/día y para adultos 900 ER/día para hombres y 700 ER/día para mujeres, aumentando a 750 ER/día por embarazo y a 1200-1300 ER/día por lactancia, dependiendo de la edad. El Requerimiento Promedio Estimado (EAR) es 210 a 275 ER/día para niños, 445 ER/día para adolescentes varones, 420 ER/día para adolescentes hembras, 630 ER/día para hombres y 485 ER/día para mujeres, aumentando a 530-550 ER/día por el embarazo y a 885-900 ER/día durante la lactancia, dependiendo de la edad. Los Niveles de Ingesta Máximos Tolerables (UL) para vitamina A son 600 ER/día para niños, 1700 a 2800 ER/día para adolescentes y 3000 ER/día para adultos, hombres y mujeres.

Vitamin A deficiency is one of the most prevalent nutritional deficiencies worldwide, mainly affecting children and women. The cause of vitamin A deficiency is insufficient intake, especially in presence of infection and the consequences of the deficiency are xerophthalmia, night blindness, anemia, increased susceptibility to infections and the still controversial increase in infant mortality. National evidence at this point is insufficient to establish the recommendation, and as in the 2000 review of the Venezuelan RDAs, the actual recommendations are based on the reported for the United States population. The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Venezuela are 400-500 RE/day for infants, 300-400 RE/day for children 600 RE/day for adolescents, 900 RE/day for men and 700 RE/day for women, increasing to 750 RE/day for pregnancy and to 1200-1300 RE/day during lactation, depending on the age. The estimated average requirement (EAR) is between 210 and 275 RE/day for children, 445 RE/day for male adolescents, 420 RE/day for female adolescents, 630 RE/day for men and 485 RE/day for women, increasing to 530-550 and 885-900 RE/ day during pregnancy and lactation, respectively. The tolerable upper intake levels (UL) for vitamin A are 600 RE/day for children, 1700 a 2800 RE/day for adolescents and 3000 RE/day for adults, males and females.

Valores de referencia de niacina para la población venezolana / Reference values of niacin for the Venezuelan population

La niacina es una vitamina hidrosoluble, conocida también como ácido nicotínico o vitamina B3. La nicotinamida es un derivado de la niacina (amida del ácido nicotínico), y es utilizada por el cuerpo para producir las coenzimas nicotinamida adenina dinucleótido (NAD) y nicotinamida adenina dinucleótido fosfato (NADP). En esta revisión de los requerimientos de niacina para Venezuela, encontramos que los datos nacionales no son suficientes para establecer las recomendaciones de consumo de este nutriente, por lo tanto, al igual que en la revisión del año 2000, las recomendaciones actuales se basan en las definidas para la población de Estados Unidos. Las Ingestas Dietéticas Recomendadas (RDAs) para Venezuela son: menores de 1 año (2-4 mg/día), niños entre 1 y 8 años (6-8 mg/día), niños entre 9 y 13 años (12 mg/día), adolescentes y adultos del sexo femenino (14 mg/día), adolescentes y adultos del sexo masculino (16 mg/día), embarazadas (18 mg/día) y lactancia (17 mg/ día). En cuanto al Requerimiento Promedio Estimado (EAR): 5-9 mg/día para niños, 11 mg/día para adolescentes y adultos del sexo femenino y 12 mg/día para adolescentes y adultos del sexo masculino, aumentado a 14 mg/día para embarazadas y a 13 mg/ día durante la lactancia. Los Niveles de Ingesta Máximos Tolerables (UL) son: niños entre 1 y 3 años (10 mg/día), niños entre 4 y 8 años (15 mg/día), niños entre 9 y 13 años (20 mg/día), adolescentes (30 mg/día) y adultos (35 mg/día). Es necesario realizar estudios donde se evalúe el estado nutricional de esta vitamina en diferentes grupos de la población, que incluya no solo la estimación del consumo, sino la utilización de indicadores bioquímicos, como la medición de los niveles de las coenzimas NAD y NADP en eritrocitos o sangre completa y la determinación de los principales metabolitos urinarios de la vitamina.

Niacin is a water soluble vitamin, also known as nicotinic acid or Vitamin B3. Nicotinamide is a derivative of niacin (amide of nicotinic acid), and is used by the body to produce the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). In preparing this review about the niacin requirements for Venezuela, it was found that there is not enough national data to establish recommendations, therefore, as in the 2000 review of the Venezuelan Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), the actual recommendations for intake of niacin, are based on those reported for the United States population. The RDAs for Venezuela are: 2-4 mg/day for infants less than 1 year old, 6-8 mg/ day for children between 1 and 8 years, 12 mg/day for children between 9 and 13 years, 14 mg/day for adolescents and female adults, 16 mg/day for adolescents and adult males, 18 mg/day during pregnancy and 17 mg/day during lactation. The estimated average requirement (EAR) is: 6-9 mg/day for children, 11 mg/ day for adolescents and female adults and 12 mg/day for adolescents and adult males, increasing to 14 mg/day during pregnancy and to 13 mg/day during lactation. The niacin Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) are: 10 mg/day for children between 1 and 3 years, 15 mg/day for children between 4 and 8 years, 20 mg/day for children between 9 and 13 years, 30 mg/day for adolescents and 35 mg/day for adults. It is necessary to perform studies where the nutritional status of this vitamin is evaluated for different population groups, including not only the estimation of consumption, but the use of biochemical indicators, such as measuring the levels of the coenzymes NAD and NADP in erythrocytes or whole blood and determination of the major urinary metabolites of the vitamin.