Husserl e Gurwitsch sobre a Psicologia da Gestalt: um Estudo sobre o "Sensualismo" / Husserl and Gurwitsch on Gestalt Psychology: a Study about "Sensualism" / Husserl y Gurwitsch acerca de la Psicología de la Gestalt: un Estudio sobre el "Sensualismo"

Este estudo aproxima fenomenologia e Psicologia da Gestalt tendo por eixo o tema do sensualismo na teoria da percepção. Propõe-se analisar a maneira como a Psicologia da Gestalté avaliada dentro do sistema das investigações fenomenológicas de Husserl e de Gurwitsch. Começa-se por uma breve análise da problemática, confrontando os argumentos de Husserl e de Gurwitsch. Na segunda seção, propõe-se uma análise da teoria da percepção desenvolvida por Husserl em Ideias I. Mostra-se como o conceito de hyle desempenha aí um papel central. Na terceira seção, analisam-se as inovações da fenomenologia desenvolvida por Gurwitsch a partir da interpretação proposta pelo autor a respeito da Psicologia da Gestalt. Mostra-se como, para Gurwitsch, esta teoria psicológica renova a compreensão fenomenológica da organização perceptiva e, por isto, descarta uma determinada interpretação do conceito de hyle com base em um novo conceito de intencionalidade. Ao final, algumas conclusões para as duas linhas argumentativas são propostas. (AU)

In this study, phenomenology and Gestalt psychology are approached as from the subject of sensualism in the theory of perception. It is proposed an analysis of how Gestalt Psychology is evaluated within the phenomenological research system of Husserl and of Gurwitsch. It begins with a brief analysis of the problem, confronting the arguments of Husserl and Gurwitsch. In the second section, an analysis of the theory of perception developed by Husserl in Ideas I is proposed. It is shown how the concept of hyle plays there a central role. In the third section, the innovations in phenomenology developed by Gurwitsch taking on base his interpretation of Gestalt psychology are analyzed. It is shown how, for Gurwitsch, this psychological theory renews the phenomenological understanding of perceptual organization and, therefore, discards a certain interpretation of the concept of hyle based on a new concept of intentionality. In the final section, some conclusions are proposed for the two lines of argument studied. (AU)

Este estudio acerca la fenomenología y la psicología de la Gestalt desde el tema del sensualismo en la teoría de la percepción. Se propone analizar la forma en que se evalúa la Psicología de la Gestalt dentro del sistema de investigaciones fenomenológicas de Husserl y Gurwitsch. Comienza con un breve análisis del problema, confrontando los argumentos de Husserl y Gurwitsch. En la segunda sección, se propone un análisis de la teoría de la percepción desarrollada por Husserl en Ideas I. Muestra cómo el concepto de hyle desempeña un papel central allí. En la tercera sección, las innovaciones en fenomenología desarrolladas por Gurwitsch se analizan con base en la interpretación que el autor propone con respecto a la psicología de la Gestalt. Se muestra cómo, para Gurwitsch, esta teoría psicológica renueva la comprensión fenomenológica de la organización perceptiva y, por lo tanto, descarta una cierta interpretación del concepto de hyle basada en un nuevo concepto de intencionalidad. Al final, se proponen algunas conclusiones para las dos líneas de argumento estudiadas. (AU)

Male external genitalia growth curves and charts for children and adolescents aged 0 to 17 years in Chongqing, China / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Genital size is a crucial index for the assessment of male sexual development, as abnormal penile or testicular size may be the earliest visible clinical manifestation of some diseases. However, there is a lack of data regarding penile and testicular size measurements for Chinese boys at all stages of childhood and puberty. This cross-sectional study aimed to develop appropriate growth curves and charts for male external genitalia among children and adolescents aged 0-17 years in Chongqing, China. A total of 2974 boys were enrolled in the present study. Penile length was measured using a rigid ruler, penile diameter was measured using a pachymeter, and testicular volume was determined using a Prader orchidometer. Age-specific percentile curves for penile length, penile diameter, and testicular volume were drawn using the generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape. Very similar growth curves were found for both penile length and penile diameter. Both of them gradually rose to 10 years of age and then sharply increased from 11 to 15 years of age. However, testicular volume changed little before the age of 10 years. This study contributes to the literature covering age-specific growth curve and charts about male external genitalia in Chinese children and adolescents. These age-related values are valuable in evaluating the growth and development status of male external genitalia and could be helpful in diagnosing genital disorders.

Male external genitalia growth curves and charts for children and adolescents aged 0 to 17 years in Chongqing, China / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Genital size is a crucial index for the assessment of male sexual development, as abnormal penile or testicular size may be the earliest visible clinical manifestation of some diseases. However, there is a lack of data regarding penile and testicular size measurements for Chinese boys at all stages of childhood and puberty. This cross-sectional study aimed to develop appropriate growth curves and charts for male external genitalia among children and adolescents aged 0-17 years in Chongqing, China. A total of 2974 boys were enrolled in the present study. Penile length was measured using a rigid ruler, penile diameter was measured using a pachymeter, and testicular volume was determined using a Prader orchidometer. Age-specific percentile curves for penile length, penile diameter, and testicular volume were drawn using the generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape. Very similar growth curves were found for both penile length and penile diameter. Both of them gradually rose to 10 years of age and then sharply increased from 11 to 15 years of age. However, testicular volume changed little before the age of 10 years. This study contributes to the literature covering age-specific growth curve and charts about male external genitalia in Chinese children and adolescents. These age-related values are valuable in evaluating the growth and development status of male external genitalia and could be helpful in diagnosing genital disorders.

Characterization of the occupied shells by the hermit crab Clibanarius vittatus (Decapoda, Diogenidae) at Baixio Mirim tideflat, Guaratuba Bay, southern Brazil

A characterization of the occupied shells by the hermit crab Clibanarius vittatus was carried out. Hermit crabs were collected in the intertidal zone, during the low spring tide monthly from April 2005 to March 2006. They were sexed and their cephalothoracic shield length (CL) was measured. Shells were identified, dried, weighed and the aperture length (AL) and width (AW) were measured. 1187 crabs were collected (949 males, 216 females and 22 intersexes), which occupied 12 species of gastropod shells. Stramonita haemastoma, Olivancillaria urceus and Dorsanum moniliferum made up 96.55 percent of the total shell species. Male hermit crabs attained significantly larger sizes than females; therefore, males occupied a wider spectrum of shells in size and weight. A stronger correlation ratio was obtained between CL and AW of S. haemastoma. Last whorl with a rounded shape and a spacious inner area is a common feature of all shell species most frequently occupied by this hermit crab where it occurs. The successful establishment of C. vittatus at Baixio Mirim is mainly due to the appropriately shaped and wide range of size of S. haemastoma shells that were most often occupied by the hermit crabs of the studied population.

A caracterização das conchas ocupadas pelo ermitão Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc, 1802) foi realizada. Os ermitões foram coletados de abril/2005 a março/2006, na zona intertidal, durante a maré baixa de sizígia. Os ermitões tiveram o sexo reconhecido e foram medidos no comprimento do escudo ce-falotorácico. As conchas foram identificadas, pesadas depois de secas e edidas no copriento e na largura da abertura. Foram coletados 1187 ermitões (949 machos, 216 fêmeas e 22 intersexos) que ocuparam 12 espécies de conchas de gastrópodes. Stramonita haemastoma, Olivancillaria urceus e Dorsanum moniliferum perfizeram 96,55 por cento do total das conchas ocupadas. Ermitões machos atingiram tamanhos significativamente maiores do que as fêmeas; entretanto ocuparam um maior espectro de conchas em tamanho e peso. Fortes índices de correlação foram obtidos para a relação entre o escudo cefalotorácico dos ermitões e a largura da abertura de S. haemastoma. A última espira espaçosa e de formato globoso é um aspecto comum das conchas mais frequentemente ocupadas pelo presente ermitão em todos os locais de sua ocorrência. O sucesso no estabelecimento de C. vittaus no Baixio Mirim é devido principalmente ao formato e à amplitude de tamanhos das conchas de S. haemastoma, as quais são mais frequentemente ocupadas pelos ermitões da população estudada.

Effect of filler particles on surface roughness of experimental composite series

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different filler sizes and shapes on the surface roughness of experimental resin-composite series. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-three disc-shaped specimens of the series (Spherical-RZD 102, 105, 106, 107, 114 and Irregular-RZD 103, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112) were prepared in a split Teflon mold and irradiated with an halogen light-curing unit (450 mW/cm² for 40 s) at both top and bottom surfaces. The specimens were stored for 3 months in distilled water. The surface roughness values in form of surface finish-vertical parameter (Ra), maximum roughness depth (Rmax) and horizontal roughness parameter (Sm) were recorded using a contact profilometer. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and the means were compared by Scheffé post-hoc test (a=0.05). RESULTS: The lowest surface roughness (Ra) was observed in S-100 (0.079±0.013), while the roughest surface was noted in I-450/700/1000 (0.125±0.011) and I-450/1000 (0.124±0.004). The spherical-shape series showed the smoothest surface finish compared to the irregular-shape ones with higher significant difference (p>0.05). The vertical surface roughness parameter (Ra) values increased as the filler size increased yielding a linear relation (r²=0.82). On the contrary, the horizontal parameter (Sm) was not significantly affected by the filler size (r²=0.24) as well as the filler shape. CONCLUSIONS: Filler particle's size and shape have a great effect on the surface roughness parameters of these composite series.

Eating perception and psychiatric morbidity in secondary school and medical students in Kelantan

A significant concern about body weight and shape is the pathognomonic feature of eating disorders. According to the cognitive view, ideation and belief component is the primary cause for the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Higher psychiatric morbidity and psychological stress increases the development of eating disorders. This study was conducted to examine whether there is a relationship between psychological stress and cognitive aspect of eating, and between secondary and tertiary students. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine beliefs about weight and shape concerns among secondary and tertiary level students. A total of 1253 students consisting of 13-18 years old secondary school students and 19-24 years old medical students were involved in this study. The students completed a questionnaire assessing psychopathology on beliefs and attitudes towards weight and shape and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30). The results indicate a high prevalence of psychiatric morbidity among university students compared to secondary students. Year 1 medical students appear to have a higher frequency of psychiatric morbidity (53.9%) than year 4 medical students (28.4%). Eating beliefs relating to weight and shape were significantly higher in secondary school students than medical students. The results of multiple linear regression on the eating belief questionnaire were a significant predictor of psychiatric morbidity. Higher GHQ scores were negatively related to eating belief question 28 of bulimic component. It would be useful to conduct future studies to explore the possible causal factors for weight and shape concerns among secondary school students and higher psychiatric morbidity among medical students in Kelantan.

The Shape and Size of the Frmoral Canal in the Korean for Press Fit Femoral Stem / 대한정형외과학회잡지

It is very important to obtain a reliable geometric data of the femoral canal for designing femoral component in total hip arthroplasty. So authors estimated the shape and measured the size of the proximal femoral canal by using 3 dimensional images obtained from computerized tomographic data of 60 korean normal adult cadaveric femora. EXTRACT II PROGRAM VERSION 2.5 BY CORNELL UNIVERSITY at the SUN 3 WORK STATION was used for this study. The averge femoral length was 416.0±25.2mm ranging from 358.6mm to 465. 1 mm. The average femoral anteversion angle was 20.5±9.1°ranging from 2° to 36.5°. The average neck-shaft angle was 127.8±5.7°, ranging from 115.5° to 139.0°. The average length of femoral offset was 37.5±5.2mm. The average length of transverse diameter measured at the center of lesser trochanter was 29.4+3.5mm and measured at 20mm above the lesser trochanter was 47.3±4.6mm. The isthmic position was located at 109.4±13.1mm belew the center of the lesser trochanter and the average transverse diameter at the isthmic position was 12.1±2.1mm in mediolateral direction and 14.4±2.4mm in anteroposterior direction. The average of canal flare index which indicates the shape of proximal femoral canal, was 3.8±0.7; Stove-pipe shape was 8.4% normal shape was 70.0% and Champagne-flute shape was 21.6%. The press-fit hip stem design(PFC) had much more improved stem-canal contact on total and priority regions. And the other four devices had better fit proximally than distally and viceversa(proximal-distal mismatch). The improvement of fit can be achieved by considering the proximal-distal geometry of the femur more carefully and by diversifying the stem design which adapts to the anatomical variation of femur.

A Study of Morphological Characteristics of Cerebral Aneurysms

The pathogenesis of cerebral aneurysm until now is a subject of continuing debate. Some authors stress the important role of hemodynamics in the pathogenesis of cerebral aneurysm by confirming it with experimental work, pathological study, autopsy study and review of angiograms. With the findings of cerebral angiograms and operations, the authors had studied the difference in size and shape between ruptured and unruptured aneurysms, the relationship between afferent arteries from afferent arteries. 103 patients were admitted to the Keimyung University Dong San Hospital during the period from September 1982 to August 1985. According to studies on individual sizes of aneurysms, 52% of unruptured aneurysms were smaller than 5mm, but 68% of ruptured aneurysms were over 5mm but below 10mm. Moreover, the mean size of unruptured aneurysms was 4.87mm and ruptured aneurysms was 9.38mm. 53% of unruptured aneurysms were spherical in shape and combined daughter aneurysms in unruptured were 13%. However, in case of ruptured aneurysms, 34% were spherical and combined daughter aneurysms were 35%. The origin of daughter aneurysms in the dome was 59%, waist 29% and neck 12% in order. The direction of aneurysms was variable, but most of them pointed in the direction of blood flow in afferent arteries. We infer with this study that the hemodynamics of blood flow plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cerebral aneurysms.