Fluctuación poblacional y hábitat larval de anofelinos en el municipio Sifontes, estado Bolívar, Venezuela / Population fluctuation and larval habitat of anopheline in the Municipality of Sifontes, Bolivar State, Venezuela

El Municipio Sifontes, ubicado en el noreste del estado Bolívar, Venezuela, constituye uno de los principales focos de malaria del país debido a causas naturales y antrópicas.Durante el decenio 2004-2013, se registró en este municipio un aumento considerable del número de casos, cerrando 2013 con 42.981 casos, 56% de la malaria del país. Con el objeto de describir la dinámica poblacional de las principales especies de anofelinos, en fase pre-adulta, entre septiembre 2002 y diciembre 2003, se hicieron colectas mensuales en cuerpos de agua representativos de los diferentes tipos existentes en el municipio. Anopheles triannulatus Neiva & Pinto sensu lato fue la especie más abundante y ubicua en toda el área de estudio, seguida de An. albitarsis Lynch Arribalzaga s.l., mientras que An. darlingi Root fue encontrada principalmente en lagunas y ríos. La variabilidad estacional en la abundancia larval estuvo condicionada principalmente por la especie de anofelino y el tipo de hábitat que ésta coloniza, de tal forma que el efecto de la lluvia sobre la abundancia de las especies depende de la dinámica hídrica del hábitat larval, si bien en general, la abundancia de larvas tiende a ser mayor durante el periodo de transición lluvia-sequía y sequía. Los resultados de este estudio contribuyen a dilucidar la relación de la dinámica poblacional de los anofelinos con el patrón de lluvias en la región estudiada.

Sifontes Municipality in the north-east of Bolivar State is one of the main malaria foci in Venezuela due to both natural and anthropic factors. Between 2004 and 2013 a significant increase in the number of cases were reported for this region: at the close of 2013, 42.981 cases had been registered representing 56% of the total number of cases reported in the country. Between September 2002 and December 2003 anopheline larvae were collected monthly to study population fluctuations in different habitats representative of the study area. Anopheles triannulatus Neiva & Pinto sensu lato was the most abundant species collected followed by An. albitarsis Lynch Arribalzaga s.l., while An. darlingi Root was mainly found in lagoons and rivers. Seasonal variations in larval abundance were mainly determined by anopheline species and the type of larval habitat exploited by each one. Anopheline species are thus differentially influenced by rainfall according to the water dynamics of their larval habitats, but in general abundance is higher during the transitions between rainfall-drought and the dry season. These results help us to understand the relationships between anopheline population dynamics and rainfall patterns in this region. In addition, they contribute to our basic knowledge of the bio-ecology of anopheline vectors important for the epidemiology, surveillance and control of malaria in Sifontes Municipality.

Revised morphological identification key to the larval anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) of Sri Lanka

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To revise morphological identification keys to the anophelines in Sri Lanka.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Samples were collected from selected entomological sites in different districts in the country. Stage III and IV larvae were identified under a light microscope with an objective (×10) using standard larval keys developed for Sri Lankan anophelines. Key larval characters were recorded for each species based on original observations and previous usage in literature.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>This manuscript describes an illustrated key for the identification of 22 of 23 mosquitoes which are currently recognized as local anopheline species in Sri Lanka, as a guide to workers engaged in malaria surveillance and control in the country.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Revised morphological keys to the larval of these species may be helpful in easy and accurate identification at the field level.</p>

Revised morphological identification key to the larval anopheline (Diptera：Culicidae) of Sri Lanka

Objective: To revise morphological identification keys to the anophelines in Sri Lanka.Method:country. Stage III and IV larvae were identified under a light microscope with an objective (í10) using standard larval keys developed for Sri Lankan anophelines. Key larval characters were recorded for each species based on original observations and previous usage in literature.Results:Samples were collected from selected entomological sites in different districts in the which are currently recognized as local anopheline species in Sri Lanka, as a guide to workers engaged in malaria surveillance and control in the country.Conclusions:Revised morphological keys to the larval of these species may be helpful in easy This manuscript describes an illustrated key for the identification of 22 of 23 mosquitoes and accurate identification at the field level.

Periodicidade de captura de Anopheles darlingi Root (Diptera: Culicidae) em Porto Velho, RO / Periodicity of capture of the Anopheles darlingi Root (Diptera: Culicidae) in Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil

Anopheles darlingi Root é o principal vetor de malária na Amazônia brasileira. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a periodicidade de captura, a preferência por peri ou extradomicílio e a taxa de paridade de A. darlingi em quatro localidades em Porto Velho, RO, utilizando a atração humana. Todos os anofelinos capturados foram identificados e A. darlingi foi dissecada para caracterização da paridade. Do total de 985 anofelinos coletados, 972 eram A. darlingi. O número de fêmeas foi significativamente maior no extradomicílio em duas das localidades estudadas (São João e Candeias do Jamari) (P < 0,05). A taxa de paridade foi de 96 por cento e não foi observado horário preferencial para captura de fêmeas de A. darlingi nas localidades estudadas.

Anopheles darlingi Root is the principal malaria vector in Amazonia region. The objectives of this work were to study the periodicity of Anopheles darlingi Root, the host preference for peri or extra-domestic environments and the parous rate in four field sites in Porto Velho (RO) by human-landing. All of the Anopheles specimens collected were identified, but only A. darlingi was dissected for the parous study. The results showed that human-landing colleted a total of 985 anophelines, with A. darlingi (972) being the most abundant species. Female mosquitoes were more abundant at extra-domestic environments in two of the locations studied (São João e Candeias do Jamari) (P < 0.05). The parous rate was 96 percent and no periodicity was observed for captures of females of A. darlingi in the field sites.

Urban and suburban malaria in Rondônia (Brazilian Western Amazon) II: perennial transmissions with high anopheline densities are associated with human environmental changes

Longitudinal entomological surveys were performed in Vila Candelária and adjacent rural locality of Bate Estaca concomitantly with a clinical epidemiologic malaria survey. Vila Candelária is a riverside periurban neighborhood of Porto Velho, capital of the state of Rondônia in the Brazilian Amazon. High anopheline densities were found accompanying the peak of rainfall, as reported in rural areas of the region. Moreover, several minor peaks of anophelines were recorded between the end of the dry season and the beginning of the next rainy season. These secondary peaks were related to permanent anopheline breeding sites resulting from human activities. Malaria transmission is, therefore, observed all over the year. In Vila Candelária, the risk of malaria infection both indoors and outdoors was calculated as being 2 and 10/infecting bites per year per inhabitant respectively. Urban malaria in riverside areas was associated with two factors: (1) high prevalence of asymptomatic carriers in a stable human population and (2) high anopheline densities related to human environmental changes. This association is probably found in other Amazonian urban and suburban communities. The implementation of control measures should include environmental sanitation and better characterization of the role of asymptomatic carriers in malaria transmission.

Some remarks on the malaria and anopheline mosquitoes in Quang Binh province based on the data of the surveys in the third quater, 2004

All of 8 villages of Lam Thuy and Ngan Thuy communes are high malaria endemic areas. The slide positive rates (SPR) in Lam Thuy and Ngan Thuy are 11.56% and 36.20% respectively; P. falciparum positive rates are 72.50% and 67.80%; Parasite positive rates in children at 1-5 years old are 45.00% and 32.20%. Habit of sleeping without bed net of the local population and unfectioning microscopic points have made the malaria situation higher in these two communes. Anopheline component in Km 14 village, Ngan Thuy commune, Le Thuy district is abundant (19 species): with the presentation of the two main malaria vectors An.dirus and An.minimus. The landscape in this area is suitable for the production and development of two main malaria vectors as well as other anopheline mosquitoes

Detection of vivax sporozoites naturally infected in Anopheline mosquitoes from endemic areas of northern parts of Gyeonggi-do (province) in Korea

We investigated population densities of mosquitoes infected with sporozoites in three highly epidemic areas of Josan-ri and Jangpa-ri (Paju City) and Dongjung-ri (Yeoncheon County) in Korea. Anopheline mosquitoes were collected from both indoors and outdoors by human baiting collection method during the period of the first week of June to the second week of September 1999. Total 13,296 female mosquitoes were collected and 8,650 (65.1%) were Anophelines. Thirty seven percent (3,199) of the Anopheline mosquitoes were captured outdoors and 63.9% (5,531) indoors. Employing a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we analyzed a total of 7,820 Anopheline mosquitoes and found that 7 Anopheline mosquitoes were infected with sporozoites. The positive rate in Josan-ri was 0.14% (5/3,500) and 0.15% (2/1,370) in Jangpa-ri. The total positive rate in all three surveyed areas was 0.09% (7/7,820). The mosquitoes infected with the sporozoites were detected on June 28th (n=2), July 5th (n=1), July 19th (n=1), August 9th (n=1), September 6th (n=1), and the last one on September 13th (n=1). They were all classified as Anopheles sinensis, which showed positive reaction in ELISA test. Therefore it might be concluded that A. sinensis plays an important role in re-emerging malaria transmission in Korea.

Innate Immune Defense in Anopheline Mosquitoes against Plasmodium Infection / 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志

On the basis of the research on interaction between plasmodium and mosquito vector,the mechanism of innate immune defense responses in anopheline mosquitoes against plasmodium infection has been studied.The innate immune defense may be applied to confine and kill malaria parasites under migration and development,and contribute to an effective control strategy on malaria vectors.

A cronologia da descoberta dos transmissores da malária na Amazônia brasileira / Chronology of the discovery of malaria vectors in the Brazilian Amazon

In the Amazon Region of Brazil, during the first three decades of this century, anophelines of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus not precisely identified to species were regarded as the probable malaria vectors. In 1931 and 1933 Anopheles darlingi, and in 1942-1946 An. aquasalis were confirmed as carriers, the former in the interior, the latter along the coast, because of their habits and salivary gland infection. An. albitarsis and An. braziliensis seemed to be occasional, secondary vectors. Forty years later, through immunological tests, other species are being pointed as naturally infected: An. triannulatus, An. nuneztovari, An. oswaldoi, An. strodei, An. galvaoi and An. peryassui. The importance of all incriminated species except An. darlingi (the main vector wherever present) and An. aquasalis has yet to be measured.

Studies on Scanning Electromicroscopic Morphology of Seven Species df Anopheline Mosquito Eggs from China / 第二军医大学学报

Using scanning electromicroscope, seven species of anopheline mosquito eggs were studied. Among them, the microstructure of exochorion of Anopheles liangshanensis. An. kweiyangensis An. kunmingensis, An. hyrcanus and An. messeae were not reported before. The results showed that ultrastructure of plastron network, frill and tubercles of deck were useful in distinguishing sibling species of anopheline eggs. Microstructure of float had little difference between species. The micropylar area and lobed tubercles presented obvious intraspecific variations, so, it should be careful for using in classification.

Chromosomal Studies of Thirteen Anopheh'ne Mosquitoes in China / 第二军医大学学报

Mitotic chromosomal karyotypes and their heterochromatin banding of thirteen anopheline mosquitoes in China were observed. Five species belonging to subgenus Cellia were Anopheles maculatus, An. dints, An. kochi, An. splendidus and An. minimus. Eight species belonging to subgenus Anopheles were An. barbirostris, An. messeae, An. crawfordi, An. kunmingensis, An. kweiyangensis, An, hyrcanus, An. sinensis and An. anthropophagus. The results show that the interspecific differences of sex chromosomes and heterochromatin differences in autosomes are useful in anopheline sibling species identification. Two types of completely different chromosomal karyotypes of An. maculatus were found from Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces, and two types of obviously different heterochromatin banding of An. dims were found from Hainan and Yunnan Provinces. Thus, An. maculatus and An. dirus are respectively sibling species complex in China. The salivary gland polytene chromosomes of An. hyrcanus, An. sinensis and An. anthropophagus were also studied. The authors find that the main differ ences of polytene chromosomes of the three species are fixed paracentric inversions in arm 2L.