RESUMO
ABSTRACT Population progress is one of the main factors affecting the environment, modifying the natural dynamics of ecosystems. The Camboriú River Basin is located on the southern coast of Brazil and is strongly affected by population growth. This paper aimed to verify the space-time variation in the land use of the Camboriú River Basin by identifying changes in occupation and land use between 1986 and 2017. The rapid environmental assessment protocol was applied using the following parameters: bottom substrate, habitat complexity, backwaters quality, stability of banks, vegetative protection, vegetative cover, vegetative quality, and riparian vegetation presence. The changes in occupation and land use show rapid urbanization with a rise of 9% in 1986 to 24% in 2017. In riparian forest, higher altitude regions of the watershed show better results when compared to lower course regions, which are, thus, reflected in the environmental integrity of the stretches of stream studied. As for the behavior of urban occupation in space, it was verified that it did not occur continuously in comparison with the population, data during the studied period.
RESUMO O avanço populacional é um dos principais fatores de alteração do meio ambiente, modificando as dinâmicas naturais dos ecossistemas. A Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Camboriú localiza-se no litoral sul do Brasil e é fortemente afetada pelo crescimento populacional. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a variação espaço-temporal no uso do solo da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Camboriú. Para tanto, foram identificadas mudanças no uso e ocupação do solo ocorridas entre 1986 e 2017. Além disso, foi aplicado o protocolo de avaliação rápida do ambiente, sendo verificados os parâmetros: substrato de fundo, complexidade do habitat, qualidade dos remansos, estabilidade dos barrancos, proteção vegetal dos barrancos, cobertura vegetal das margens, qualidade vegetal das margens e presença de mata ciliar. As mudanças no uso e ocupação do solo mostraram rápido avanço da urbanização, passando de 9% em 1986, para 24% em 2017. Com relação à mata ciliar, foi verificado que regiões altas da bacia hidrográfica apresentaram melhores resultados, quando comparadas às áreas potamais, fato que apresentou similaridade com a integridade ambiental dos trechos de cursos d'água estudados. Quanto ao comportamento da ocupação urbana no espaço ao longo do período estudado, verificou-se que este não ocorreu de forma contínua em comparação com os dados populacionais.
RESUMO
In Africa, the important agro-pastoral activity and poverty in rural areas lead to strong anthropogenic pressures on protected areas and to their quick degradation. Therefore the efficient conservation and sustainable exploitation of protected areas require adaptive and dynamic management that integrates peripheral interactions with regard to their changing spatial and temporal dimensions. They call for the deployment of appropriate management indicators capable of translating all the issues raised into concrete and practical terms. To this end, a new conceptual and analytical approach to assess pressure indicators is needed to take into account the spatio-temporal oscillation or mobility of the area of socio-economic dependence that must henceforth provide the basis for sustainable management in the context of adaptation to climate change. The study responds to this concern through rigorous conceptualization, characterization and validation of original peripheral pressure indicators focused on a global and dynamic socio-economic framework. The method used consisted of an interpretative analysis of theoretical bibliographic data, measurements and field observations using GPS, ArcGIS 10.1 and Envi 4.5 and semi-structured interviews for the characterization of defined pressure indicators and their field validation. The five pressure indicators designed and applied on the basis of the criteria of direct dependence on protected areas are the coefficient of asymmetry (Kc), the periphery (Ψ), the dependent population (Dπ), the distance-access time (DAT) and the field daily working time (FDWT). The approach and pressure indicators were successfully applied to the Rusizi National Park (Burundi) for the period 1984-2015. The results showed that the park has a coefficient of asymmetry of 2.64 which represents a three times higher level than its circular equivalent, a periphery of 13.23 km radius composed of 35 localities characterized by distance-access times comprise between 0 to 2 h 30 and field daily working times ranging from 7 to 11 hours. They revealed that nearly 70% of peripheral populations are concentrated within 6 km from the boundaries and have distance-access times of less than one hour. The peripheral dependence on Rusizi Park reaches 100% for woody resources, 97% for livestock products, 88% for agricultural resources and 83% for animal protein products. The modeling of potential pressures and field observations showed that peripheral localities are the more threatening that they are more dependent, more populated and closer to the park. As a consequence, the important anthropogenic pressures led to a very significant degradation of the park during the study period.