Efecto antibacteriano del extracto etanólico de Camellia sinensis y propóleo, frente a cepas de Streptococcus mutans / Antibacterial effect of the ethanolic extract of Camellia sinensis and propolis, against strains of Streptococcus mutans

Objetivo. Determinar el efecto antibacteriano del extracto etanólico del té verde (Camellia sinensis) y propóleo a una concentración de 10, 20 y 30% a las 24 y 48 horas sobre Streptococcus mutans. Métodos. Estudio experimental, in vitro, comparativo, con muestra no probabilística de 150 discos de papel, distribuidos en 30 placas Petri previamente preparadas con agar sangre e inoculadas con cepas de Streptococcus mutans, se colocaron tres discos embebidos en extracto etanólico al 10, 20 y 30%, un disco en clorhexidina 0,12% (control positivo) y un disco en agua destilada, fueron llevadas a la incubadora y pasadas las 24 horas y 48 horas se midieron los correspondientes halos de inhibición. Los extractos se obtuvieron mediante un proceso de maceración modificado, en aparato de agitación rotatorio. Resultados. El mayor halo inhibitorio del extracto etanólico de Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis) frente a Streptococcus mutans fue en la concentración al 30% a las 24 h y 48 h, mientras que el mayor halo inhibitorio del extracto etanólico de propóleo, fue en la concentración al 30% a las 24 h, por lo tanto, los extractos naturales mostraron ser sensibles en la escala de Duraffourd. Conclusiones. Se evidenció que el propóleo al 30% mostró un efecto antibacteriano similar a la clorhexidina, considerada gold estándar, el tiempo en el que existió mayor efecto antibacteriano del extracto etanólico de C. sinensis y propóleo frente a Streptococcus mutans, fue a las 24 horas, el diámetro de los halos inhibitorios disminuyó, conforme aumentó el tiempo de exposición al microorganismo.

Objective. To determine the antibacterial effect of the ethanolic extract of green tea (Camellia sinensis) and propolis at a concentration of 10, 20 and 30% at 24 and 48 hours on Streptococcus mutans. Methods. Experimental, in vitro, comparative study, with a non-probabilistic sample of 150 paper discs, distributed in 30 Petri dishes previously prepared with blood agar and inoculated with strains of Streptococcus mutans, were placed 3 discs soaked in ethanolic extract at 10, 20 and 30%, 1 disk in 0.12% chlorhexidine (positive control) and 1 disk in distilled water, they were taken to the incubator and after 24 hours and 48 hours the measurements corresponding to the inhibition halos were made. The extracts were gotten by a modified maceration process, in a rotary stirring apparatus. Results. The highest inhibitory halo of the ethanolic extract of C. sinensis against Streptococcus mutans was in the concentration at 30% at 24 h and 48 h, while the highest inhibitory halo of the ethanolic extract of propolis, was in the concentration at 30% at 24 h; therefore, the natural extracts showed to be sensitive on the Duraffourd scale. Conclusions. It was evidenced that 30% propolis showed an antibacterial effect similar to chlorhexidine, considered gold standard, the time in which there was a greater antibacterial effect of the ethanolic extract of Camellia Sinensis and propolis against Streptococcus mutans, was at 24 hours, taking into account that the diameter of the inhibitory halos decreased, as the exposure time to the microorganism increased

Bacteria resistance and cytotoxicity of copper loaded coatings on ureteral stent / 国际生物医学工程杂志

Objective:To investigate the antimicrobial properties of copper-loaded coatings on the surface of ureteral stents and their biocompatibility in order to determine the most suitable level of copper loading.Methods:Copper-loaded PDA coatings with different copper contents were constructed on the surface of polyurethane (PU) stents using polydopamine (PDA) and dimethylaminomethylborane (DMAB). The antibacterial property of the coating against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was investigated by the plate counting method. The bacterial adhesion on the coating surface was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Using the live/dead evaluation, microbes were stained and observed by a fluorescence microscope. The biocompatibility of the copper-loaded coatings was detected by a cell proliferation assay incubated with L929 cells.Results:The antibacterial rates of the copper-loaded samples exceeded 90% after incubation with E. coli and S. aureus for 24 h, respectively, and the antibacterial performance increased with the increase of copper content in the coating. The amount of bacteria adhered to the surface of the copper-loaded samples was significantly lower, and most of them were dead bacteria. When the copper content in the coating preparation solution used was 0.25~1 g/L, the cell proliferation rate on the surface of the copper-loaded coating was higher than 80% and the material was not cytotoxic.Conclusions:A copper-loaded PDA coating with excellent antibacterial properties and good biocompatibility can be prepared with a copper content of 1 g/L in the coating preparation solution, forming a potential solution for the preparation of ureteral stent coatings.

Fabrication of an antibacterial hydrogel laden with adhesive liposomes for bone repairment / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective: To construct an antibacterial hydrogel laden with adhesive liposomes (A-LIP-PEG) for bone repair. Methods: Adhesive liposomes (A-LIP) were fabricated based on the Schiff-based reaction between dopamine and the liposome. To prepare the liposome composite hydrogel, the A-LIPs were mixed with thiolated polyethylene glycol (4SH-PEG) which was then crosslinked with Ag+. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) was loaded in the A-LIPs for its uniform dispersion and sustained release in the hydrogel network. The size distribution and zeta-potential of the A-LIPs were characterized with a particle size analyzer. The morphology of the A-LIPs was observed under transmission electron microscope. Flushing test was employed to examine the viscidity of the A-LIPs, and CCK-8 assay was conducted to demonstrate the biocompatibility of the A-LIP-PEG. Osteogenic activity of the A-LIP-PEG was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase assay and alizarin red S staining in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Results: Strong adhesion toward soft tissue of the A-LIPs was indicated by in vitro study. A-LIP-PEG showed significant inhibition on Staphylococcus aureus. A-LIP-PEG showed superior promotion of osteogenic differentiation to hydrogel laden with liposomes (LIP-PEG), without disrupting cell proliferation. Conclusion: The A-LIP-PEG developed in this study shows notable potential to expand the application of hydrogels to drug delivery, antibacteria and bone repair.

Research progress in chemical constituents in plants of Polygonatum and their pharmacological effects / 中国中药杂志

Polygonatum plants are perennial plants of Liliaceae. There are about 60 species reported at home and abroad,32 species in China,mainly distributed in the north temperate zone. Their main chemical components are steroidal saponins,polysaccharides,flavonoids,alkaloids,etc. They have anti-aging,anti-tumor,immunomodulation,antibacterial,antiviral,hypoglycemic and blood lipid effects. With the development of health industry,Polygonati Rhizome used as medicine and food has attracted great attention in recent years,and has become a research hotspot. However,the material basis of its efficacy is unclear and the product quality is uneven,which seriously limited the rapid upgrading of the industry. This review summarizes Polygonatum plants system classification,the chemical composition and pharmacological activity to provide theoretical basis for the development and utilization of Polygonatum plants.

Research progress on chemical constituents of Euscaphis and their pharmacological effects / 中草药

There are three species of medicinal plants of Euscaphis, and two of them are species in China, including Euscaphis japonica and E. konishii, which are valuable traditional Chinese medicine, and are widely used in the folk. Until now, triterpenes, phenoic acids, flavonoids, sesquiterpenes and others components have been found in Euscaphis. Accumulating studies showed that Euscaphis possess the pharmacological activity of anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiliver fibrosis and antibacteria. This article summarized the chemical and pharmacological research of Euscaphis, which would provide reference to its plant resources utilization and medicinal material basic research.

Progress on anti-infectious activities of plants from genus Zanthoxylum / 中草药

There are more than 50 species of Zanthoxylum (Rutaceae) plants in China, which are very important Chinese meteria medica and natural medicines. It has a variety of pharmacological activities, among which one of the important activities is to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and parasites, which can be used as the source of anti-infection drugs. This paper reviews the progress on anti-infective activities of the plants of genus Zanthoxylum in recent years, covering infectious pathogens from bacteria, fungi, viruses to parasites, in order to provide references for the search of novel structural compounds and antiinfective drugs with new mechanisms.

Advances in the research of antibacterial function of silver nanoparticle and its application in burn treatment / 中华烧伤杂志

Silver has received much attention for its great anti-infection effect in wound. With the development of nanotechnology, the advantages of silver nanoparticles have gradually arisen in scientific practice and clinical application due to their large specific surface area etc. In this article, we conclude the antibacterial mechanisms of silver nanoparticles, the factors influencing their antibacterial effects, the methods of improving their performance and safety, and their application in burn treatment.

Advances in clinical anti-bacteria and cyclodextrin inclusion of volatile oil / 药学实践杂志

The volatile oil from traditional Chinese medicine has been widely used in medicine, food, agriculture and many other fields as its significant antibacterial effect on gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria, anaerobic bacteria and fungus.The clinical application is still not popular due to the poor stability.Cyclodextrin is used as the inclusion material to enhance the stability of volatile oil, make the preparation of production more convenient and the bioavailability improved.The literature referred to antibacterial volatile oil and the inclusion technology were summerized in order to provide reference to intensive study, optimize the technology of inclusion and develop more preparations.

Isolation, characterization and chromatography based purification of antibacterial compound isolated from rare endophytic actinomycetes Micrococcus yunnanensis / 药物分析学报

Endophytic actinomycetes are considered as one of the relatively unexplored potential sources in search of antibiotic producer against antibiotic resistant pathogens. A potent strain isolated from Catharanthus roseus that displays antibacterial potential against antibiotic resistant human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus was characterized and designated as Micrococcus yunnanensis strain rsk5. Rsk5 is capable of producing optimum antibacterial metabolites on starch casein medium at 30 ℃, pH 5 and 2% NaCl condition. The crude antibacterial agent was extracted from fermentation broth by ethyl acetate and separated by TLC using chloroform-methanol (24:1, v/v) solvent system with Rf value of 0.26. It was partially purified by flash chromatography, followed by HPLC and analyzed by ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer to get absorption maxima at 208.4 nm. The ESI-MS spectra showed molecular ion peaks at m/z 472.4 [M-H], which does not match with any known antibacterial compound.

Isolation, characterization and chromatography based purification of antibacterial compound isolated from rare endophytic actinomycetes Micrococcus yunnanensis / 药物分析学报

Endophytic actinomycetes are considered as one of the relatively unexplored potential sources in search of antibiotic producer against antibiotic resistant pathogens. A potent strain isolated from Catharanthus roseus that displays antibacterial potential against antibiotic resistant human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus was characterized and designated as Micrococcus yunnanensis strain rsk5. Rsk5 is capable of producing optimum antibacterial metabolites on starch casein medium at 30 ℃, pH 5 and 2% NaCl condition. The crude antibacterial agent was extracted from fermentation broth by ethyl acetate and separated by TLC using chloroform-methanol (24:1, v/v) solvent system with Rf value of 0.26. It was partially purified by flash chromatography, followed by HPLC and analyzed by ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer to get absorption maxima at 208.4 nm. The ESI-MS spectra showed molecular ion peaks at m/z 472.4 [M-H], which does not match with any known antibacterial compound.

In vitro Screening of Some Indian Medicinal Plants for Their Activity against Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases.

Context: Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBLs) play an important role in pathogenesis of various infections by enabling the bacterial species to be resistant to β-lactam antibiotics including extended-spectrum cephalosporins. Plants were selected on the basis of their traditional applications. Objective: Our investigation screens and evaluates15 Indian medicinal plants for antimicrobial efficacy and synergistic potential against ESBLs producing bacteria. Materials and Methods: 6 bacterial strains were screened for their ability to release ESBLs. Plant extracts in methanol and aqueous solvents were screened for their effect on ESBLs producing bacteria. Antimicrobial-linked ESBLs inhibition activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of extracts were evaluated by agar well diffusion and microdilution method. Synergistic interactions between plant extracts exhibiting good antimicrobial activity and extended spectrum cephalosporins were explored by Checkerboard method. Results: Three strains were detected as ESBL positive. The results of susceptibility assay clearly showed strong ESBLs inhibitory effect of Crinum latifolium, Oroxylem indicum, Punica granatum, Sapindus emarginatus and Terminalia chebula and their MIC values ranged from 1.87-30 mg/ml. In vitro interactions between plant extracts and antibiotics cefotaxime and ceftaizidime evaluated in terms of fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices indicated synergism. Discussion and Conclusion: Higher resistance of ESBLs positive strains to β-lactam antibiotics encourages us to search the novel ESBLs inhibitors. Maximum 10-fold decline in the MIC of antibiotics cefotaxime and ceftaizidime was achieved in combination with plant extracts. Owing to enormous clinical significance of ESBL-producing organisms coupled with limited therapeutic options, the results revealed by present study are of paramount importance.

Galloyl glucosidic constituents of choerospondias axillaries and their in vitro anti-tumor, anti-hypoxia and anti-bacteria activities / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective To investigate gallic acid-derived chemical constituents of Choerospondias axillaries (Roxb.) Burtt. et Hill., and evaluate their in vitro anti-tumor, anti-hypoxia and anti-bacteria activities. Methods The aimed chemical constituents were isolated by various chromatographic means, and their structures were identified by physicochemical and spectroscopic data. MTT method was employed to evaluate anti-tumor and anti-hypoxia activities. Antibacterial activities were tested by paper disc method. Results Seven compounds 1-7 were isolated from the stem barks of Choerospondias axillaries (Roxb.) Burtt. et Hill. and identified as gallic acid (1)gallic acid ethyl ether (2)l-0-galloyl-β-A-glucose (3)1, 6-di-0-galloyl-β-D-glucose (4)1, 4-di-0- galloyl-β-D-glucose (5)1,4,6-tri-0-galloyl-β-β-glucose (6), and 1, 3, 4, 6-tetra-0-galloyl-β-D-glucose (7). Compounds 1, 2 and 4-6 significantly inhibited K562 cells with the IC50 values of 2.9, 14.6, 39.1, 40.2, 41.2 mg/ml, respectively, and 3 and 7 also showed a slight inhibition of the K562 cells with the inhibition rate of 20.8% and 30.1V at 100 !g/ml respectively. Compounds 1-7 showed protective effects on anoxia-induced injury in cultured ECY304 and PC12 cells at the concentrations showing no significant cytotoxicity, and 5-7 also showed an antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 to a certain extent. Conclusion Compounds 2-7 were isolated from the genus Choerospondias for the first time. It was the first time to report 1-7 as anti-tumor and anti-hypoxia constituents of Choerospondias axillaries, and the anti-hypoxia activity for 1-7 was also recorded for the first time in the present study.

Galloyl glucosidic constituents of Choerospondias axillaries and their in vitro anti-tumor, anti-hypoxia and anti-bacteria activities / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective To investigate gallic acid-derived chemical constituents of Choerospondias axillaries (Roxb.) Burtt. et Hill., and evaluate their in vitro anti-tumor, anti-hypoxia and anti-bacteria activities. Methods The aimed chemical constituents were isolated by various chromatographic means, and their structures were identified by physicochemical and spectroscopic data. MTT method was employed to evaluate anti-tumor and anti-hypoxia activities. Antibacterial activities were tested by paper disc method. Results Seven compounds 1-7 were isolated from the stem barks of Choerospondias axillaries (Roxb.) Burtt. et Hill. and identified as gallic acid(1), gallic acid ethyl ether(2), 1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose(3), 1,6-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose(4), 1,4-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose(5), 1,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose(6), and 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose(7). Compounds 1, 2 and 4-6 significantly inhibited K562 cells with the IC50 values of 2.9, 14.6, 39.1, 40.2, 41.2 μg/ml, respectively, and 3 and 7 also showed a slight inhibition of the K562 cells with the inhibition rate of 20.8% and 30.1% at 100 μg/ml respectively. Compounds 1-7 showed protective effects on anoxia-induced injury in cultured ECV304 and PC12 cells at the concentrations showing no significant cytotoxicity, and 5-7 also showed an antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 to a certain extent. Conclusion Compounds 2-7 were isolated from the genus Choerospondias for the first time. It was the first time to report 1-7 as anti-tumor and anti-hypoxia constituents of Choerospondias axillaries, and the anti-hypoxia activity for 1-7 was also recorded for the first time in the present study.

Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of crude extract of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta and Crateva adansonii leaves and their interactions.

Activities of crude extract of Cryptolepis Sanguinolen and Crateva Adansonii leaves and their interactions were evaluated.Crude methanol extracts of Crateva adansonii and Cryptolepis sanguinolenta leaves were obtained by cold maceration. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts were carried out against six bacteria ie Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhii, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis and two fungi which includes Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans using agar dilution method MICs of methanol extract of Crateva adansonii against the six bacteria are Pseudomonas aeruginosa -12.5 mg/ml, Escherichia coli - 6.25 mg ml, Salmonella typhi - 12.5 mg/ml, Staphylococcus aureus - 2.5 mg/ml, Klebsiella pneumonia - 6.25 mg/ml, Bacillus subtilis - 12.5 mg/ml, fungi Aspergillus niger - 12.5 mg/ml, Candida albicans - 12.5 mg/ml. While the MICs of methanol extract of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta against the six bacteria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa - 12.5 mg/ml, Escherichia coli - 6.25 mg ml, Salmonella typhii - 12.5 mg/ml, Staphylococcus aureus - 12.5 mg/ml, Klebsiella pneumoni - 12.5 mg/ml. Bacillus subtilis - 6.25 mg/ml and for fungi Aspergillus niger - 12.5 mg/ml, Candida albicans - 6.25 mg/ml. Combined activity of the two plant extracts against Escherichia coil, klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans was carried out at the ratios of 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2 of extracts of Crateva adansonii and Cryptolepis sanguinolenta respectively. Combination 1:2 and 2:1 were found to be effective and able to inhibit Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The result of this work shows that the extracts of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta and Cranteva Adansonii have both antifungal and antibacterial effects and their combination is effective in some bacterial and fungal infection most especially Candida albicans infection.

O paciente idoso sob o aspecto da utilização de antimicrobianos: repercussão ao sistema público de saúde brasileiro (SUS) / Elderly patients from the aspect of use of antimicrobial: repercussion in the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS)

Os idosos constituem a parcela da população que mais vem aumentando em todo o mundo. No Brasil, o envelhecimento populacional tem ocorrido de forma rápida e acentuada. Os pacientes acima de 60 anos chegam a somar 50% dos multiusuários do SUS, representando um grande consumo de medicamentos de modo a ser o destinatário de uma fração significativa dos recursos empregados. Contudo, destacam-se os antimicrobianos como os medicamentos prescritos com maior frequência a essa população.

The elderly constitute the population that is increasing most in the world. In Brazil, the aging of the population has been happening fast and accentuated. The patients who are over 60 years of age correspond to 50% of the government medical care (SUS) clients, which represents a high consumption of medication which means a significant percentage of resources used. However, the antimicrobials seem to represent as the most prescribed medications to this population.

Studies on the biocidal and cell membrane disruption potentials of stem bark extracts of Afzelia africana (Smith)

We had recently reported antibacterial activity in the crude extract of the stem bark of Afzelia africana (Akinpelu et al., 2008). In this study, we assessed the biocidal and cell membrane disruption potentials of fractions obtained from the crude extract of the plant. The aqueous (AQ) and butanol (BL) fractions exhibited appreciable antibacterial activities against the test bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the AQ and BL fractions ranged between 0.313 and 2.5 mg/ml, while their minimum bactericidal concentrations varied between 0.625 and 5.0 mg/ml. Also, the AQ fraction killed about 95.8 percent of E. coli cells within 105 min at a concentration of 5 mg/ml, while about 99.1 percent of Bacillus pumilus cells were killed by this fraction at the same concentration and exposure time. A similar trend was observed for the BL fraction. At a concentration of 5 mg/ml, the butanol fraction leaked 9.8 μg/ml of proteins from E. coli cells within 3 h, while the aqueous fraction leaked 6.5 μg/ml of proteins from the same organisms at the same concentration and exposure time. We propose that the stem bark of Afzelia africana is a potential source of bioactive compounds of importance to the pharmaceutical industry.

Effects of Salinity and pH on the Growth and Active Products-secreting of Aspergillus sp. F3 from the Mangrove Rhizosphere / 微生物学通报

An Aspergillus sp. strain F3 was isolated and identified from the rhizosphere soil of mangrove plant, Rhizophora stylosa Griff in Dongzhai harbor mangrove forest conservation in China. In this study, the effects of media salinity and pH on the mycelial biomass and the ability of producing antibacterial metabo- lites from this isolate were carefully analyzed. Results showed that this isolate can grow well on the SDA medium with higher salinity (3%~9%) and higher pH (8~10). Under the modified culturing conditions, this isolate can secret the antibacterial and antitumor metabolites. The extracts of acetic ether were about 448 mg/L of the fermentation broth. The antibacterial activities of the acetic ether extract were analyzed with bacteria and fungus. Results showed this extract can suppress the growth of Staphylococcus aureus、S. epi-dermidis、Sarcina lutea、Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli with MIC of 31.3 ?g/mL, 31.3 ?g/mL, 7.8 ?g/mL, 7.8 ?g/mL and 125.0 ?g/mL, respectively. It can also suppress the growth of Candida albicans with MIC of 125.0 ?g/mL. Further studies uncovered the cytotoxicity of this extract against the tumor cells, such as ECV304, Lovo and HepG2 with IC50 of 3.45 ?g/mL, 4.88 ?g/mL and 14.31 ?g/mL respectively.

Pharmacodynamics study on Fufangdaqinye Mixture / 中成药

AIM: To study the pharmadynamics in association with the clinical effect of Fufangdaqinye Mixture. METHODS: The method of this study included anti fever, anti inflammatory and anti bacteria experiment. RESULTS: Fufangdaqinye Mixture was quite effective for the fever induced by endotoxin in rabbit, and preserved those mice from death caused by abdominal injection of staphylococcus aureus and itemophilus influenze and had a effect against staphylococcus aures, hemophilus influenze, peumococcus and streptococcus A and B. Fufangdaqinye Mixture could significantly inhibit the foot swelling and significantly inhibit the increased penetrability of abdominal capillary vessel induced. CONCLUSION: Fufangdaqinye Mixture has a curative effect of anti fever, anti bacteria and anti inflammation.