Calidad higiénico-sanitaria y prácticas de manufactura de alimentos en un comedor estudiantil en México / Hygienic ­ sanitary quality and food manufacturing practices in a student cafeteria in Mexico / Qualidade higiênico-sanitária e práticas de fabricação de alimentos em uma refeitório estudantil no México

Introducción: El apego a las normas oficiales sanitarias sirve para prevenir riesgos a la salud humana. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad higiénico-sanitaria y las buenas prácticas de manufactura de alimentos (BPMA) de un comedor estudiantil en México. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental y analítico. Durante el año 2020, se realizaron pruebas bacteriológicas a muestras de alimentos, agua, superficies y manos de manipuladores de alimentos, además de también evaluar las BPMA. Conforme a las normas oficiales sanitarias vigentes en México, se recolectaron 57 muestras, se aislaron y se lograron identificar patógenos. Las BPMA se valoraron en 20 manipuladores, antes y después de una intervención educativa de 10 semanas de duración y se utilizó la prueba t con α=0,05. Resultados: Más del 50 % de las muestras resultaron con microorganismos de riesgo para la salud, como Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter baumanni complex y Coliformes totales. Las evaluaciones, antes y después de la intervención educativa de BPMA, evidenciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el número de aciertos (p≤0,05). Conclusiones: La calidad higiénico-sanitaria del comedor analizado representó riesgo para la salud de los estudiantes, lo cual tuvo relación con la primera evaluación de las BPMA entre los manipuladores, las cuales mejoraron después de la intervención.

Introduction: Adherence to official health standards is essential to prevent human health risks. Objective: To assess the hygienic-sanitary quality and good food manufacturing practices (GMP) in a student cafeteria in Mexico. Materials and methods: Quasi-experimental and analytical study. During 2020, bacteriological tests were carried out on samples taken from food, water, surfaces, and hands of food handlers. In addition, GMP were evaluated. Based on the current Mexican official health regulations, 57 samples were collected to isolate and identify pathogens. GMP were assessed in 20 food handlers before and after a 10-week training intervention and a test was used with α=0.05. Results: More than 50% of samples were found to have microorganisms associated with health risks, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter baumanni complex and total Coliforms. The analyses before and after the GMP training intervention showed statistically significant differences in terms of the presence of these pathogens (p≤0.05). Conclusions: The hygienic-sanitary quality of the analyzed cafeteria turned out to be a risk for the health of students, which was related to the first assessment of GMP in food handlers. Consequently, the results improved after the intervention.

Introdução: A adesão às normas sanitárias oficiais serve para prevenir riscos à saúde humana. Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade higiênico-sanitária e as boas práticas de fabricação de alimentos (BPMA) de um refeitorio estudantil no México. Materiais e métodos: Estudo quase-experimental e analítico. Durante 2020, foram realizados testes bacteriológicos em amostras de alimentos, água, superfícies e mãos de manipuladores de alimentos, além de avaliação de BPMA. De acordo com as normas sanitárias oficiais em vigor no México, foram coletadas e isoladas 57 amostras e identificados patógenos. Os BPMA foram avaliados em 20 manipuladores, antes e após uma intervenção educativa de 10 semanas e foi utilizado o teste t com α=0,05. Resultados: Verificou-se que mais de 50% das amostras continham microrganismos de risco à saúde, como Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas, complexo Acinetobacter baumanni e Coliformes totais. As avaliações, antes e após a intervenção educativa BPMA, apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas no número de acertos (p≤0,05). Conclusões: A qualidade higiênico-sanitária do refeitório analisado representou um risco para a saúde dos alunos, o que esteve relacionado à primeira avaliação do BPMA entre os manipuladores, que melhorou após a intervenção.

Identification of microorganisms in wet coffee fermentation Coffea arabica Var Catimor and Castillo in Jardín, Antioquia-Colombia, using culture-dependent methods / Identificación de microorganismos en fermentación húmeda de café Coffea arabica Var Catimor y Castillo en Jardín, Antioquia-Colombia, usando métodos cultivo-dependientes

Background: Mild Colombian coffees are recognized worldwide for their high-quality coffee cup. However, there have been some failures in post-harvest practices, such as coffee grain fermentation. These failures could occasionally lead to defects and inconsistencies in quality products and economic losses for coffee farmers. In Colombia, one of the fermentation methods most used by coffee growers is wet fermentation, conducted by submerging the de-pulped coffee beans for enough time in water tanks to remove the mucilage. Objectives: We evaluated the effect of the water (g)/de-pulped coffee (g) ratio (I: 0/25, II: 10/25, III: 20/25) and final fermentation time (24, 48, and 72 hours) on the total number of microbial groups. We also identified microorganisms of interest as starter cultures. Methods: We used a completely randomized experimental design with two factors; the effect of the water (g)/de-pulped coffee (g) ratio (I: 0/25, II: 10/25, III: 20/25) and final fermentation time (24, 48, and 72 hours), for 9 treatments with two replicates. During the coffee fermentation (1,950 g), the pH and °Brix were monitored. Total counts of different microbial groups (mesophiles, coliforms, lactic-acid bacteria, acetic-acid bacteria, and yeasts) were performed. Various isolates of microorganisms of interest as starter cultures (lactic-acid bacteria and yeasts) were identified using molecular sequencing techniques. Results: 21 lactic-acid bacteria (LAB) isolates and 22 yeasts were obtained from the different mini-batch fermentation systems. The most abundant lactic-acid bacteria species found were Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (46%) and Levilactobacillus brevis (31%). Pichia kluivery (39%) and Torulaspora delbrueckii (22%) were the most abundant yeast species. Conclusion The studied factors did not have effect over the microorganism's development. The identified bacterial and yeasts species have potential as starter cultures for better-quality coffees and in fermentation-related applications.

Antecedentes: Los cafés suaves lavados colombianos son reconocidos a nivel mundial por su buena puntuación sensorial; sin embargo, se han detectado fallas en las prácticas de postcosecha, como lo es la fermentación de los granos de café. Dichas fallas pueden causar defectos y carecer de consistencia en la calidad del producto, ocasionando pérdidas económicas para los caficultores. En Colombia, uno de los métodos más usados por los caficultores es la fermentación húmeda, la cual consiste en sumergir los granos de café despulpado en tanques con agua por un período de tiempo que permita la remoción del mucílago. Objetivos: La presente investigación evaluó la incidencia que tienen la proporción agua/granos despulpados de café (I: 0/25, II: 10/25, III: 20/25) y el tiempo final de fermentación (24, 48 y 72 horas) en el recuento final de grupos microbianos. Por otra parte, se identificaron taxonómicamente microorganismos de interés para su uso como cultivos iniciadores. Métodos: Mini-lotes consistieron en café despulpado (1950 g) puesto en recipientes de plástico abiertos y sumergidos en agua. Se aplicó un diseño experimental completamente aleatorizado de dos factores (proporción agua/ granos de café despulpado y tiempo) a tres niveles, para un total de nueve tratamientos con dos replicas. Durante las fermentaciones de café (1,950 g), el pH y los grados ºBrix, fueron monitoreados. Se realizaron los recuentos totales de los diferentes grupos microbianos: mesófilos, coliformes, bacterias ácido-lácticas, bacterias ácido-acéticas y levaduras. Se identificaron molecularmente diferentes aislados con potencial para ser usados como cultivos iniciadores (bacterias ácido-lácticas y levaduras). Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que no hubo diferencia estádisticamente significativa entre los tratamientos aplicados y el recuento final de microorganismos. Un total de 21 aislados de bacterias ácido-lácticas (BAL) y 22 levaduras lograron obtenerse a partir de los diferentes sistemas de fermentación en mini-lote. Las especies de bacterias ácido-lácticas con mayor porcentaje acorde a su identificación taxonómica, corresponden a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (46%), Levilactobacillus brevis (31%). Las especies de levaduras con mayor porcentaje acorde a su identificación taxonómica corresponden a Pichia kluivery (39%) y Torulaspora delbrueckii (22%). Conclusión Los factores estudiados no afectaron el crecimiento de ninguno de los grupos microbianos presentes en la fermentacion del café. Las especies de microorganismos identificados tienen potencial para se usados como cultivos starter o en aplicaciones dentro de las ciencias de fermentación.

A feasible in vitro method to evaluate bacterial infiltration in three implant-abutment connection systems / Método in vitro factible para evaluar la infiltración bacteriana en tres sistemas de conexión implante-pilar

Introduction: Microorganism infiltration through the im-plant-abutment interface causes oral health problems such as periimplantitis, leading to implant loss. Materials and Methods: A feasible new method to quantify the Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) infiltration through the implant-abutment interface gap is introduced in the present work. Internal hexagon (IH; n = 10), external hexagon (EH; n = 10), Morse taper (MT; n = 10), and a control for each group (n = 1) were tested. Bacteria suspension was prepared at 1.5x108 CFU/mL (CFU: colony forming units), and the implants were individually submerged up to the connection level, allowing the bacteria to contact it. The abutment was removed, and bacteria count was performed. Results: The implant sets were tested under normal bacterial growth and early and late biofilm growth conditions. Colony-forming units per mL were obtained, and the results were compared among groups. Differences in bacterial count between the MT and EH (p<0.001) and the MT and IH (p<0.001) groups were significantly higher in the MT-type implant. There was a significant increment of bacterial infiltration in the MTs submitted to late biofilm growth conditions. EH and IH connections are more effective in preventing bacterial infiltration independent of the growth condition. Conclusions: The proposed methodology is feasible to evaluate the infiltration of microorganisms through the implant-abutment interface.

Introducción: La infiltración de microorganismos a través de la interfaz implante-pilar provoca problemas de salud bucal como la periimplantitis, que conduce a la pérdida del implante. Materiales y Métodos: En el presente trabajo se presenta un nuevo método factible para cuantificar la infiltración de Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) a través de la brecha de la interfaz implante-pilar. Se probaron el hexágono interno (IH; n = 10), el hexágono externo (EH; n = 10), el cono Morse (MT; n = 10) y un control para cada grupo (n = 1). Se preparó una suspensión de bacterias a 1,5x108 UFC/mL y los implantes se sumergieron individualmente hasta el nivel de conexión, permitiendo que las bacterias entraran en contacto con él. Resultados: Se retiró el pilar y se realizó recuento de bacterias. Los conjuntos de implantes se probaron en condiciones de crecimiento bacteriano normal y de crecimiento temprano y tardío de biopelículas. Se obtuvieron unidades formadoras de colonias por ml y los resultados se compararon entre grupos. Las diferencias en el recuento bacteriano entre los grupos MT y EH (p<0,001) y MT e IH (p<0,001) fueron significativamente mayores en el implante tipo MT. Hubo un incremento significativo de la infiltración bacteriana en los MT sometidos a condiciones tardías de crecimiento de biopelículas. Las conexiones EH e IH son más efectivas para prevenir la infiltración bacteriana independientemente de las condiciones de crecimiento. Conclusión: La metodología propuesta es factible para evaluar la infiltración de microorganismos a través de la interfaz implante-pilar.

Microbiota of dental caries in primary teeth of a Costa Rican Child population / Microbiota de la caries dental en piezas primarias de una población infantil costarricense

Abstract The objective of this research was to identify bacteria present in the microbiota of dentinal carious lesions in primary molars of some Costa Rican pediatric patients. Data were collected from 15 children aged between 4 and 8 years old who attended the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic at the Faculty of Dentistry from the University of Costa Rica (UCR). The inclusion criteria were: infants between 4 and 8 years old who presented cavitated carious lesions in primary teeth, who were actively attended by students at the Faculty of Dentistry from the UCR, and whose parents or legal guardians signed the informed consent to participate in this research. Samples were taken using a sterile spoon, placed in storage vials, and subjected to various conventional and molecular microbial identification techniques, such as Gram stain identification, catalase tests, oxidase, TSI, API 20E, API STAPH, and VITEK 2. Of the 60 bacterial strains subjected to Gram staining, the following was obtained: 28 Gram-positive bacteria and 32 Gram-negative bacteria. The main isolated organisms were species of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pasteurella pneumotropica/Mannheimia haemolytica, Pantoea spp, and Streptococcus mutans.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar las bacterias presentes en la microbiota de lesiones cariosas dentinales en molares primarias de pacientes pediátricos costarricenses. Las muestras fueron recolectadas de 15 niños entre los 4 y 8 años que fueron atendidos en la Clínica de Odontopediatría en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR). Los criterios de inclusión fueron: pacientes entre los 4 y los 8 años de edad que presentaran lesiones cariosas cavitadas en dientes primarios, que se encuentraran activos para su atención por estudiantes de la Facultad de Odontología de la UCR, y que los padres o encargados legales firmaran el consentimiento informado para participar en esta investigación. Las muestras se tomaron utilizando una cuchareta estéril, colocándolas en viales de almacenamiento y fueron sometidas a diversas técnicas de identificación microbiana convencionales y moleculares tales como: identificación por Tinción de Gram, pruebas catalasa, oxidasa, TSI, API 20E, API STAPH y VITEK. De las 60 cepas bacterianas sometidas a tinción de Gram se obtuvo: 28 bacterias Gram Positivas y 32 bacterias Gram Negativas. Los principales organismos aislados fueron: especies de Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pasteurella pneumotropica/ Mannheimia haemolytica, Pantoea spp y Streptococcus mutans.

Comparison of two MALDI-TOF MS systems for theidentification of clinically relevant anaerobic bacteriain Argentina

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the performance of two MALDI-TOF MS systems in the identification of clinically relevant strict anaerobic bacteria. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing was the gold standard method when discrepancies or inconsistencies were observed between platforms. A total of 333 isolates were recovered from clinical samples of different centers in Buenos Aires City between 2016 and 2021. The isolates were identified in duplicate using two MALDI-TOF MS systems, BD Bruker Biotyper (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) and Vitek MS (bioMèrieux, Marcy-l'Etoile, France). Using the Vitek MS system, the identification of anaerobic isolates yielded the following percentages: 65.5% (n: 218) at the species or species-complex level, 71.2% (n: 237) at the genus level, 29.4% (n: 98) with no identification and 5.1% (n: 17) with misidentification. Using the Bruker Biotyper system, the identification rates were as follows: 85.3% (n: 284) at the species or species-complex level, 89.7% (n: 299) at the genus level, 14.1% (n: 47) with no identification and 0.6% (n: 2) with misidentification. Differences in the performance of both methods were statistically significant (p-values <0.0001). In conclusion, MALDI-TOF MS systems speed up microbial identification and are particularly effective for slow-growing microorganisms, such as anaerobic bacteria, which are difficult to identify by traditional methods. In this study, the Bruker system showed greater accuracy than the Vitek system. In order to be truly effective, it is essential to update the databases of both systems by increasing the number of each main spectrum profile within the platforms.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el desempeño de dos sistemas MALDI-TOF MS en la identificación de bacterias anaerobias estrictas de interés clínico. La secuenciación del gen 16S ARNr fue el método de referencia utilizado cuando se observaron discrepancias o inconsistencias entre plataformas. Se recuperaron 333 aislados de muestras clínicas de diferentes centros de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires entre 2016 y 2021. Los aislados se identificaron por duplicado mediante dos sistemas MALDI-TOF MS: el BD Bruker Biotyper (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Alemania) y el Vitek MS (bioMèrieux, Marcy-l'Etoile, Francia). A través del sistema Vitek MS, los mismos fueron identificados a nivel de especie o complejo de especies en un 65,5% (n: 218) y de género en un 71,2% (n: 237), mientras que no se identificaron en un 29,4% (n: 98) y fue incorrecta en el 5,1% (n: 17). Mediante el sistema Bruker Biotyper, dichos valores fueron del 85,3% (n: 284), del 89,7% (n: 299), del 14,1% (n: 47) y del 0,6% (n: 2), respectivamente. La diferencia entre ambos métodos fue estadísticamente significativa (p<0,0001). En conclusión, los sistemas MALDI-TOF MS aceleran la identificación microbiana. Son especialmente útiles para los microorganismos de crecimiento lento, como las bacterias anaerobias, que son difíciles de identificar con los métodos tradicionales. El sistema Bruker demostró ser más preciso que el Vitek MS. Para que estos métodos sean realmente efectivos es fundamental actualizar las bases de datos de ambos sistemas e incrementar el número de espectros de referencia dentro de las plataformas.

Reduction in the incidence of invasive infections caused by encapsulated bacteria after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic / Reducción de la incidencia de infecciones invasivas por bacterias capsuladas luego del inicio de la Pandemia por COVID-19

Abstract Interaction between severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and IIEB remains under investigation. Objective: to compare IIEB incidence before and during COVID-19 pandemic, and assess incidence of coinfection with COVID-19 and case fatality. A cross-sectional study was performed on data from a centralized microbiology laboratory serving a network of healthcare centers comprising 713 pediatric and adult inpatient beds, expanded by 20% during the pandemic. Three periods were evaluated: (1) pre-pandemic: March 1, 2019-February 29, 2020; (2) pandemic year 1: March 1, 2020-February 28, 2021; (3) pandemic year 2: March 1, 2021-July 31, 2021. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. 56502 samples (96% blood cultures) from 27224 patients were analyzed. Of these, 54 samples (from 54 patients) were positive for encapsulated bacteria. IIEB incidence was: 167.4, 32.6, and 50.4 per 100000 samples for periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Twelve IIEB episodes occurred during the pandemic period: 10 Streptococcus pneumoniae, and 2 Haemophilus influenzae, of which 7 were SARS-CoV-2/S. pneumoniae coinfections, with an incidence of 5.68 per 10000 COVID-19-related hospitalizations (0.056%). IIEB case fatality was 31%, 29%, and 60% for each period, respectively, 3/7 patients with coinfection died (43%). Case fatality for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in patients without COVID-19, was 32.5%. Significant reduction in IIEB incidence was observed during the pandemic, coinciding with implementation of containment measures. The incidence of SARS-CoV-2/S. pneumoniae coinfection was low, with higher case fatality than IPD patients without COVID-19.

Resumen La interacción entre SARS-CoV-2 e infecciones invasivas por bacterias capsuladas (IIBC) continúa bajo estudio. Objetivos: comparar la incidencia de IIBC antes y durante la pandemia por COVID-19, evaluar la incidencia de coinfección con COVID-19 y la letalidad. Estudio transversal de registros de un laboratorio centralizado de Microbiología, que asiste a una red de centros asistenciales con 713 camas de internación para adultos y pediátricos, expandida 20% durante la pandemia. Tres periodos evaluados: 1) Pre-pandemia: 1-Marzo-2019 al 29-Febrero-2020; 2) Primer año de Pandemia: 1-Marzo-2020 al 28-Febrero-2021; 3) Pandemia 2021: 1-Marzo-2021 al 31-Julio-2021. Análisis estadístico descriptivo: Se analizaron 56.502 muestras (96% hemocultivos) correspondientes a 27.224 pacientes. De estas, 54 muestras (de 54 pacientes) fueron positivas para bacterias capsuladas. La incidencia de IIBC fue 167,4, 32,6 y 50,4 por cada 100.000 muestras para los periodos 1, 2 y 3, respectivamente. Doce IIBC ocurrieron durante la pandemia: 10 Streptococcus pneumoniae y dos Haemophilus influenzae, siete de ellos corresponden a coinfección SARS-CoV-2/S. pneumoniae, con una incidencia de 5,68 por cada 10.000 internaciones por COVID 19 (0,056%). La letalidad de las IIBC fue de 31, 29 y 60% para los tres periodos, respectivamente, 3/7 coinfectados fallecieron (43%). La letalidad por enfermedad neumocócica invasiva (ENI), sin COVID fue de 32,5%. Se evidenció una reducción significativa de la incidencia de IIBC luego del comienzo de la pandemia, coincidente con la implementación de las medidas sanitarias de contención de la pandemia. La incidencia de coinfección de SARS-CoV-2/S. pneumoniae fue baja y presentó mayor letalidad que las ENI sin COVID-19.

Temporal dynamics of bacterial populations in recirculating aquaculture systems for sea urchin production / Dinámica temporal de poblaciones bacterianas en sistemas de recirculación para la producción acuícolas de erizo de mar

Abstract Introduction: Sea urchin aquaculture is a rising industry, and in consequence, there is a need to establish optimal culture parameters to ensure the health of the cultured animals. Objective: To evaluate the bacterial counts in the seawater of sea urchin (Arbacia dufresnii) aquaculture recirculating systems (RAS). Methods: The bacteriological water quality of two RAS containing sea urchins was determined. For approximately two months, weekly water samples were taken. The bacteriological quality was determined by counting total aerobic heterotrophic populations, lactic acid bacteria, enterobacterias and genus Vibrio. Physicochemical parameters were also measured. Results: There was no presence of disease or mortality. Enterobacteria and lactic acid bacteria were not detected from both RAS systems. The number of animals had an important effect on the observed difference in the count of total bacteria and Vibrio spp. In RAS 1 the maximum counts of total bacteria and Vibrio spp. were 2.8 x 105 ± 1.7 x 105 and 1.45 x 105 ± 3.6 x 104 UFC ml-1, respectively. In RAS 2 total bacteria and Vibrio spp. exhibited repetitive behavior over time influenced in part by water exchange and mainly by feeding. The results indicate that periodic water changes ensure a limited growth of bacterial strains as Vibrio and other bacteria. Conclusions: Our results suggests that the bacterial count levels recorded in this study can be used as a threshold or safety limit for Arbacia dufresnii aquaculture.

Resumen Introducción: La acuicultura de erizos de mar es una industria en auge, y en consecuencia, existe la necesidad de establecer los parámetros de cultivo óptimos para garantizar la salud de los animales en cultivo. Objetivo: Evaluar los recuentos bacterianos en el agua de cultivo de los sistemas de recirculación acuícola (RAS) de erizo de mar Arbacia dufresnii. Métodos: Se determinó la calidad bacteriológica del agua de cultivo de dos RAS que contenían erizos de mar. Durante aproximadamente dos meses, se tomaron muestras de agua semanalmente. La calidad bacteriológica se determinó realizando recuento de las poblaciones heterótrofas aerobias totales, bacterias ácido lácticas, enterobacterias y bacterias del género Vibrio. También se midieron parámetros fisicoquímicos. Resultados: No se observaron patologías ni mortalidad. No se detectaron enterobacterias ni bacterias del ácido láctico en ninguno de los sistemas RAS. El número de animales cultivados tuvo un efecto importante en la diferencia observada en el recuento de bacterias totales y Vibrio spp. En el RAS 1 los recuentos máximos de bacterias totales y Vibrio spp. fueron 2.8 x 105 ± 1.7 x 105 y 1.45 x 105 ± 3.6 x 104 UFC ml-1, respectivamente. En RAS 2 los recuentos de bacterias totales y Vibrio spp. exhibieron un comportamiento repetitivo en el tiempo influenciado en parte por el recambio de agua y principalmente por la alimentación. Los resultados indican que los cambios periódicos de agua aseguran un crecimiento limitado de cepas bacterianas como Vibrio y otras bacterias. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados sugieren que los niveles de recuento bacteriano registrados en este estudio pueden usarse como umbral o límite de seguridad para la acuicultura de Arbacia dufresnii.

Reducción de la infección por Helicobacter pylori en pacientes derivados a endoscopia digestiva alta en Santiago de Chile entre 2010-2020 / Reduction in Helicobacter pylori infection among patients referred for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in Santiago, Chile, between 2010-2020

RESUMEN Latinoamérica presenta una alta prevalencia de infección por Helicobacter pylori (Hp). Entre 1996-2003 la prevalencia en Santiago de Chile fue del 70%; estudios recientes presentan una disminución en esta infección. Actualizar la frecuencia de Hp es fundamental debido a su impacto en la salud asociado. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo fue describir la tendencia de la infección por Hp en pacientes que asisten a endoscopía digestiva alta (EDA) ambulatoria en una población chilena. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo de pacientes mayores de 18 años que asistieron a una primera EDA con test rápido de ureasa entre 2010-2020. La tendencia en el tiempo fue descrita mediante análisis de series de tiempo. Se construyó un modelo Poisson para estimar el riesgo de infección, ajustado por edad y sexo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 11 355 pacientes [66,9% mujeres; edad media 52 años; Hp 41,6%]. El sexo masculino presentó una mayor frecuencia de infección por Hp [RR 1,13; (IC95%:1,08-1,18)]. La frecuencia de Hp disminuyó significativamente desde 45,1% en 2010 hasta 29% en 2020, con 36% menor probabilidad de presentar infección por Hp en 2020 con respecto al 2010 [RR 0,64; (IC95%:0,55-0,74)]. Se proyectó un descenso progresivo en la tendencia de infección por Hp hasta valores cercanos al 25% para el año 2025. Conclusión: Se observó una reducción significativa en la infección por Hp entre los años 2010-2020. Esta disminución pudiese ser explicada mediante la incorporación de políticas públicas de salud en la última década asociadas a cambios sociosanitarios.

ABSTRACT Latin America presents a high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection. Between 1996-2003, the prevalence in Santiago, Chile, was 70%; recent studies indicate a decrease in this infection. Updating the frequency of Hp is crucial due to its associated health impact. Objective: Our objective was to describe the trend in Hp infection in patients undergoing ambulatory esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in a Chilean population. Materials and methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on patients over 18 years old who attended a first EGD with a rapid urease test between 2010-2020. Time trends were described through time series analysis. A Poisson model was constructed to estimate the risk of infection, adjusted for age and gender. Results: 11,355 patients were included [66.9% females; mean age 52 years; Hp 41.6%]. Male gender presented a higher frequency of Hp infection [RR 1.13; (95% CI: 1.08-1.18)]. Hp frequency infection decreased significantly from 45.1% in 2010 to 29% in 2020, with a 36% lower probability of Hp infection in 2020 compared to 2010 [RR 0.64; (95% CI: 0.55-0.74)]. A progressive decline in Hp infection trend was projected, reaching values close to 25% by year 2025. Conclusion: A significant reduction in Hp infection was observed between 2010-2020. This decrease could be explained by the implementation of public health policies in the last decade associated with socio-sanitary changes.

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Alpinia menghaiensis S Q Tong & Y M Xia in S Q Tong from Vietnam / Composición química y actividad antimicrobiana de aceite escencial de Alpinia menghaiensis S Q Tong y Y M Xia en S Q Tong de Vietnam

The chemical constituents and antimic robial activity of the essential oil isolated from the rhizomes of Alpinia menghaiensis S.Q. Tong & Y.M. Xia in S.Q. Tong from Vietnam was studied and reported. The techniques of gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were used to characterize the chemical constituents of the essential oil while the microdilution assay was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity. The main compounds identified in the rhizome essential oil consist of ß - pinene (46.5%), ß - phellandrene (25.7%) and α - pinene (8.5%). The studied essential oil inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) value of 15.32 µg/mL ± 0. 01, and median inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 32.0 ± 0.01 µg/mL. The essential oil also displayed activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 (MIC 31.57 ± 0.01 µg/mL) and Bacillus cereus ATCC14579 (MIC, 34.21 µg/mL ± 0.01 µg/mL), and IC 50 va lue of 64.0 ± 0.01 µg/mL. This is the first report on the rhizome oil composition, as well as the antimicrobial of essential oils from A. menghaiensis . The paper discusses further the comparative analysis of essential oils from A. menghaiensis .

Se investigaron los componentes químicos y la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite escencial aislado de los rizomas de Alpinia menghaiensis S.Q. Ton g & Y. M. Xia en S.Q. Tong de Vietnam. Se usaron las técnicas de cromatografía de gases (GC) y cromatografía de gases con espectrometría de masas (GC/MS) para caracterizar los componentes químicos del aceite escencial, mientras que se utilizó un ensayo de microdilución para evaluar la actividad antimicrobial. Se identificaron los componentes principales en el aceite escencial del rizoma, compuesto de ß - pineno (46.5%), ß - fellandreno (25.7%) y α - pineno (8.5%). El aceite escencial estudiado inhibió el crecimie nto de Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 con concentraciones de actividad mínima inhibitoria (MIC) de 15.32 µg/mL ± 0.01, y una m ediana de concentración inhibitoria (IC 50 ) de 32.0 ± 0.01 µg/mL. El aceite escencial también mostró actividad contra Staphylococ cus aureus ATCC25923 (MIC 31.57 ± 0.01 µg/mL) y Bacillus cereus ATCC14579 (MIC, 34.21 µg/mL ± 0.01 µg/mL), y valor IC 50 de 64.0 ± 0.01 µg/mL. Este es el primer reporte sobre la composición del aceite de rizoma, así como de las propiedades antimicrobianas d e los aceites escenciales de A. menghaiensis . El artículo discute el análisis comparativo de los aceites escenciales de A. menghaiensis .

Analysis of the Pathogenic Characteristics and Antimicrobial Utilization in 266 Children with Acute Osteomyelitis / 医药导报

Objective To investigate the pathogenic characteristics and use of antibiotics in children with acute osteomyelitis,and to provide evidence for rational drug use in the clinic.Methods The clinical data of 266 children with acute osteomyelitis admitted to the Department of Orthopedics,Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from January 2019 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed,and the basic information,pathogenic microorganisms,drug sensitivity test results,and antibacterial drug use of the children were statistically analyzed.Results In 266 cases of pediatric acute osteomyelitis,all underwent pathogen examination,and 148 cases were cultured for pathogens with a positive detection rate of 55.64％.A total of 154 strains of bacteria were detected.The top three pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus(104 strains,67.53％),Staphylococcus epidermidis(8 strains,5.19％),and Staphylococcus hominis(7 strains,4.55％).The detection rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)was 33.65％.Compared with methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus(MSSA),there was no significant difference in disease severity and prognosis of infection with MRSA.The utilization rate of antibiotics was 100.00％;227 cases of empirical antibiotics were used alone,accounting for 85.34％,primarily using ceftriaxone.Combination therapy was used in 39 cases,accounting for 14.66％,mainly ceftriaxone combined with vancomycin;the average course of intravenous drugs was 40.20 days.After receiving the drug sensitivity test results in 148 cases,76 cases(51.35％)continued the original treatment plan due to effective treatment.In 37 cases(25.00％),treatment was adjusted based on the drug sensitivity results due to poor treatment outcomes;the drug sensitivity results indicated sensitivity,but the clinical effect was not good in 25 cases accounting for 16.89％,which changed the drug treatment.In 10 cases(6.76％),clinical treatment was effective,leading to a switch to narrow-spectrum antibiotics or a change from combination therapy to monotherapy based on drug sensitivity results.Conclusion Empiric antibacterial therapy can cover common pathogens in children with acute osteomyelitis,and medication regimens can be adjusted according to clinical efficacy and drug sensitivity.However,the course of intravenous antibiotic treatment is too long,so it is necessary to further optimize the timing of transitioning from intravenous to oral administration.

Interpretation of ESCMID/EUCIC Clinical Practice Guidelines on Perioperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Patients Colonized by Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Bacteria / 医药导报

In December 2022,ESCMID/EUCIC jointly issued the Clinical Practice Guidelines for perioperative antimi-crobial prophylaxis in patients colonized with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria(MDR-GNB).The guideline was based on systematically evaluating of published studies on perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis in patients colonized with MDR-GNB.The guideline elaborated on the necessity and timing of screening for MDR-GNB colonization,perioperative antimicrobial prophy-laxis selection,and the timing of dosing,and it provided evidence-based recommendations based on existing studies.This paper in-terpreted the guidelines based on the latest research progress at home and abroad,aiming to reduce the occurrence of surgical site infections in patients colonized with MDR-GNB and benefit patients.

Research progress on distribution characteristics and pathogenesis of periapical microorganisms in chronic periapical periodontitis / 中国基层医药

Periapical periodontitis arises from the interaction between microbial factors and the inflammatory response of the host's periapical tissues. In this process, bacteria and their byproducts serve as the primary drivers for the initiation, progression, and spread of the disease. Pulp infections and periapical lesions are primarily dominated by gram-negative bacteria. The endotoxin lipopolysaccharide component of these bacteria plays a crucial role in pulp infection, triggering clinical symptoms, inflammatory reactions, and bone tissue resorption. Similarly, lipoteichoic acid and lipopolysaccharide from gram-positive bacteria exhibit similar pathogenic characteristics, causing damage to pulp and periapical tissues. The aim of this review is to delve deeper into the distribution patterns and pathogenesis of periapical microorganisms in chronic periapical periodontitis.

Research progress into the mechanisms of exosome immunoregulation of bacterial infection / 中国比较医学杂志

Exosomes are small endosomally derived extracellular vesicles with a lipid bilayer structure,and they contain substances,such as proteins,lipids,DNA,RNA,micro(mi)RNA,and long non-coding(lnc)RNA.Exosomes participate in pathogen recognition,antigen presentation,autophagy regulation,immune activation and immunosuppression in bacterial infections.Studies have shown that miRNA,lncRNA,and proteins in exosomes play important roles in regulating antibacterial reactions in organisms.We reviewed the immunomodulatory effects of exosomes on several intracellular and extracellular bacterial infections to provide a reference for those studying the interactions between exosomes and bacterial infections.

Analysis of drug resistance of pathogens of puerperal infection in pregnant women with diabetes and its influence on toll like receptor 4 inflammatory pathway of peripheral blood mononuclear cells / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To explore the drug resistance of pathogens in puerperal infection of pregnant women with diabetes mellitus (GDM), and analyze the influence of puerperal infection on the expression of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) inflammatory pathway in peripheral blood monocytes.Methods:A retrospective selection was conducted on 120 GDM postpartum women who underwent regular prenatal check ups and delivery at the 903th Hospital of the PLA (People′s Liberation Army) Joint Logistic Support Force from January 2020 to October 2022. The postpartum infection status, pathogenic characteristics of the infected pathogens, and drug resistance of the mothers were analyzed; According to the postpartum infection situation, the parturients were divided into an infected group and an uninfected group. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relevant factors affecting postpartum infection, and the TLR4 protein and mRNA expression levels of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the two groups were compared.Results:Among 120 GDM pregnant women, 21 cases (17.50%) developed post infection, including 8 cases (38.10%) of incision infection, 6 cases (28.57%) of uterine cavity infection, 4 cases (19.05%) of urinary system infection, and 3 cases (14.28%) of blood infection; A total of 43 pathogenic bacteria were detected, including 26 Gram negative bacteria (60.46%), 14 Gram positive bacteria (32.56%), and 3 fungi (6.98%). Among the main Gram negative bacteria, escherichia coli had the highest resistance rate to ceftazidime and tetracycline, and had not developed resistance to meropenem; Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the highest resistance rate to ceftazidime and gentamicin. Among the main Gram positive bacteria, staphylococcus aureus had the highest resistance rate to penicillin G and ceftazidime, and had not developed resistance to vancomycin; Enterococcus faecalis had the highest resistance rate to clindamycin. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that postpartum hemorrhage, premature rupture of membranes, and poor control of prenatal blood sugar were independent risk factors for postpartum infection in GDM mothers (all P<0.05). The expression rate of TLR4 protein, relative expression level of TLR4 mRNA, and levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-10 in the infected group were significantly higher than those in the non infected group (all P<0.05). Conclusions:The distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in postpartum infections of GDM mothers have certain characteristics. Postpartum hemorrhage, premature rupture of membranes, and poor control of prenatal blood sugar are independent risk factors affecting postpartum infections in GDM mothers; The TLR4 inflammatory pathway in peripheral blood mononuclear cells may be involved in the occurrence and development of postpartum infection in GDM mothers.

National bloodstream infection bacterial resistance surveillance report (2022) : Gram-negative bacteria / 中华临床感染病杂志

Objective:To report the results of national surveillance on the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical Gram-negative bacteria isolates from bloodstream infections in China in 2022.Methods:The clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria from blood cultures in member hospitals of national bloodstream infection Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System（BRICS）were collected during January 2022 to December 2022. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute（CLSI）. WHONET 5.6 and SPSS 25.0 software were used to analyze the data.Results:During the study period，9 035 strains of Gram-negative bacteria were collected from 51 hospitals，of which 7 895（87.4%）were Enterobacteriaceae and 1 140（12.6%）were non-fermenting bacteria. The top 5 bacterial species were Escherichia coli（ n=4 510，49.9%）， Klebsiella pneumoniae（ n=2 340，25.9%）， Pseudomonas aeruginosa（ n=534，5.9%）， Acinetobacter baumannii complex（ n=405，4.5%）and Enterobacter cloacae（ n=327，3.6%）. The ESBLs-producing rates in Escherichia coli， Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus spp. were 47.1%（2 095/4 452），21.0%（427/2 033）and 41.1%（58/141），respectively. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli（CREC）and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae（CRKP）were 1.3%（58/4 510）and 13.1%（307/2 340）；62.1%（36/58）and 9.8%（30/307）of CREC and CRKP were resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam combination，respectively. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii（CRAB）complex was 59.5%（241/405），while less than 5% of Acinetobacter baumannii complex was resistant to tigecycline and polymyxin B. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa（CRPA）was 18.4%（98/534）. There were differences in the composition ratio of Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections and the prevalence of main Gram-negative bacteria resistance among different regions，with statistically significant differences in the prevalence of CRKP and CRPA（ χ2=20.489 and 20.252， P<0.001）. The prevalence of CREC，CRKP，CRPA，CRAB，ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were higher in provinicial hospitals than those in municipal hospitals（ χ2=11.953，81.183，10.404，5.915，12.415 and 6.459， P<0.01 or <0.05），while the prevalence of CRPA was higher in economically developed regions（per capita GDP ≥ 92 059 Yuan）than that in economically less-developed regions（per capita GDP <92 059 Yuan）（ χ2=6.240， P=0.012）. Conclusions:The proportion of Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections shows an increasing trend，and Escherichia coli is ranked in the top，while the trend of CRKP decreases continuously with time. Decreasing trends are noted in ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Low prevalence of carbapenem resistance in Escherichia coli and high prevalence in CRAB complex have been observed. The composition ratio and antibacterial spectrum of bloodstream infections in different regions of China are slightly different，and the proportion of main drug resistant bacteria in provincial hospitals is higher than those in municipal hospitals.

A retrospective analysis of the etiological characteristics and infection risks of patients critically ill with multidrug-resistant bacteria in rehabilitation wards / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective:To explore the microbiological and disease distribution characteristics of multidrug-resistant bacteria in patients hospitalized in a critical care rehabilitation ward, and to analyze the risk factors leading to multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.Methods:Microbiology screening data describing 679 patients admitted to a critical care rehabilitation ward were retrospectively analyzed to divide the subjects into a multidrug-resistant group (positive for multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, n=166) and a non-multidrug-resistant group (negative for multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, n=513). The risk factors were then analyzed using logistic regression. Results:Among 369 strains of multidrug-resistant bacteria observed, 329 were gram-negative bacteria (89.2%), mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. They were distributed in sputum (56.9%) and mid-epidemic urine (28.2%) specimens. Patients whose primary disease was hemorrhagic or ischemic cerebrovascular disease accounted for 40.96% and 23.49% of the multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that albumin level, dependence on mechanical ventilation, central venous cannulation, or an indwelling urinary catheter or cystostomy tube were significant independent predictors of such infections.Conclusion:The multidrug-resistant bacterial infections of patients admitted to the critically ill rehabilitation unit are mainly caused by gram-negative bacteria. Their occurrence is closely related to low albumin levels and mechanical ventilation, as well as to bearing an indwelling central venous catheter, a urinary catheter or a cystostomy catheter.

Application of microfluidics in anti-infectious immunity / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

The immune response against infection is a multifaceted process encompassing the activation and migration of diverse immune cells, as well as the clearance of pathogens. The behaviors of immune cells and the identification of pathogens play pivotal roles as indicators for disease diagnosis and prediction. In recent years, the utilization of microfluidic chip technology has gained substantial attention within the areas of biology, pharmacology, and clinical research and diagnosis. This is primarily attributed to the numerous advantages it offers, including miniaturization, enhanced throughput, heightened sensitivity, expedited analysis, and reduced sample consumption. As a result, microfluidic technology has facilitated the development and utilization of immune cell behavioral assays, bacterial growth studies, and drug-screening assays. This paper is to review the application of microfluidic technology in the field of anti-infection immunity research, focusing on the analysis of migratory behavior of innate immune cells, deformation of their nuclei, and rapid identification of pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The primary objective of this review is to advance the application of microfluidic technology in research on both anti-infection immunity and clinical diagnosis.

Preparation of anti-staphylococcal packaging material using antimicrobial metabolite from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain N1 isolated from fermented sausage from Egypt

Aims@#This study was aimed to produce biodegradable cellulose acetate films impregnated with bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances to be used in food packaging.@*Methodology and results@#Bacterial isolates were isolated from different sources and tested for their antimicrobial activity by agar well diffusion assay. The isolate that showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Escherichia coli ATCC 51659, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MG847103 and Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 was identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain N1 (OM019104) based on 16S rRNA based method of identification. The extracted bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances were partially purified with acetone precipitation and SP-Sephroase cation exchange chromatography. There was no change in the antimicrobial activity after treatment with the catalase enzyme, but there was a total loss in the activity after treatment with proteolytic enzymes. The obtained bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances showed pH stability over a wide range of pH values and thermal stability as it recovered 95% of its antimicrobial activity even after autoclaving for 15 min. Different concentrations of cellulose acetate (3 to 12%) were tested to develop the active antimicrobial films. The most flexible concentrations for food packaging were prepared and impregnated with partially purified bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances. The prepared films showed promising antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#This study highlights the usage of active packaging in food preservation. Cellulose acetate films activated with the partially purified bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances have anti-staphylococcal activity, which can potentially be used in food packaging to prolong the shelf-life of perishable foo

Bioremediation of tannery wastewater using UV-treated bacteria in the free and immobilized form

Aims@#Heavy metals are significant environmental pollutants and toxic to life and chromium (Cr) (VI) is one of them being discharged in the environment due to many human activities. The leather industry uses Cr(VI) salt in the tanning process, which is discharged untreated and becomes a source of many diseases. The use of microbes to remove metals is a cost-effective and clean method. The present study aims to isolate local and native microbes for Cr(VI) removal from tannery wastewater and enhance their capacity to bioremediate the tannery wastewater. Further, efficiency in free and immobilized forms was also checked.@*Methodology and results@#Microbes were isolated from a local tannery wastewater outlet and after many rounds of minimum inhibitory concentration, and concentration of 500 µg/mL was found to be that concentration at which microbes could survive, above which they died. The sequencing of 16S rRNA and its analysis showed that it was closely related to Staphylococcus saprophyticus and in the given study, it was named B6. At 37 °C, pH 7.5 and 120 h of incubation, it removed 77% Cr(VI) from the reaction mixture. B6 was exposed to UV to obtain mutant. Exposure of 15 min to a UV lamp gave mutant MB6, which showed a removal capacity of 77% after 72 h only. Cr(VI) removal capacity of the mutant was then analyzed in the free and attached form where coal and sodium alginate were used as solid surfaces. Mutants immobilized on coal showed 91% Cr(VI) removal after 96 h, while sodium alginate showed 58% Cr(VI) removal in 120 h, thus showing coal as a more effective surface for adsorption.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Our present study shows the use of cheap and environmentally friendly methods to remediate tannery wastewater, which is a big problem in a country like Pakistan. Pakistan is the second largest producer of leather but lacks a wastewater treatment facility. So, this method offers in-situ wastewater treatment, which can be further enhanced in different ways.

A review on antibacterial properties of Malaysian kelulut, tualang and acacia honey to prevent wound infectious bacteria

@#This paper provides a comprehensive review of the antibacterial properties of three different types of Malaysian honey, namely kelulut, tualang and acacia, in preventing wound infecting bacteria. The antibacterial activity of these honey is mainly attributed to the physicochemical and phytochemical, which have been shown to be effective against a broad range of bacterial pathogens. This review discusses the effectiveness of honey in inhibiting the growth of various wound-infecting bacteria, factors that contributed to the antibacterial properties of the honey, mechanisms of action of honey in inhibiting bacterial growth and their potential for future use in clinical practice. The findings of this review suggest that Malaysian honey has the potential to be used as an alternative and complementary therapy to conventional antibiotics in the prevention and treatment of wound infections.