RESUMO
Background: Ageing is an irreversible, unavoidable, universal phenomenon accompanied by gradual reduction in functional capacity of the elderly. The number of elderly populations in India is expected to triple reaching 2 billion. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of cognitive impairment and evalu- ate the association between various socio demographic and behavioural risk factors. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried among 330 senior citizens living in old age homes by using a two-stage multistage sampling method. A standardized pretested structured ques- tionnaire containing Brief Interview for Mental Status (BIMS) scale was used. Data was analysed using SPSS (Version 22). Results: Among 330 study respondents, around 44% had mild -to- moderate cognitive impairment and 36% had severe cognitive impairment. Nearly 74.8% have their habit of regular physical activity. Among the study subjects approximately 4% of them were current smokers, 5.2% had the habit of regular alco- hol consumption previously. Conclusion: Integration of NPHCE and NMHP can be beneficial in early diagnosis of mild cognitive im- pairment during weekly outpatient visits at PHC. Level of attention given towards Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is more when compared to screening for cognitive impairment which is an early precursor for AD.
RESUMO
This project examined risk factors (lifestyle, socio-economic and cultural) for Type 2 diabetes among 890 women in rural Jamaica in comparison to national and international trends via the Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and further analysis via the Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Nonparametric tests explored the relationship of body mass index (BMI) and risk factors. Women above age 36 years, sedentary women and women with health insurance showed a significant increase in BMI. Seventh Day Adventists had significantly lower BMIs compared to Protestants. Prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in rural Jamaica is complicated by the lack of adequate health insurance, health practitioners (including dieticians and social workers), and vigorous public awareness campaigns, as well as high healthcare costs. Recommendations include the establishment of a comprehensive plan targeting women to reduce their risk factors for Type 2 diabetes, including early diagnoses, continuing education for healthcare providers and community mobilization among churches, schools, banks, pharmacies and other entities.
Este trabajo examina los factores de riesgo de la diabetes tipo 2 (estilo de vida, condiciones socio-económicas y culturales) entre 890 mujeres de la zona rural de Jamaica, comparados con las tendencias nacionales e internacionales. Para ello se recurrió al Sistema de vigilancia de factores de riesgo conductuales (BRFSS), y un análisis posterior mediante la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y la prueba U de Mann-Whitney. Se usaron pruebas no paramétricas para explorar la relación del IMC y los factores de riesgo de la diabetes. Las mujeres mayores de 36 años, las mujeres sedentarias, y las mujeres con seguro de salud, mostraron un aumento significativo del índice masa corporal (IMC). Las mujeres Adventistas de Séptimo Día, tenían índices IMC más bajos con relación a las protestantes. La prevalencia de la diabetes de tipo 2 en Jamaica rural, se complica por la falta de seguros de salud adecuados, insuficiente número de profesionales de la salud (incluyendo diteístas y trabajadores sociales), la escasa promoción de campañas vigorosas de concientización pública, y finalmente los altos costos de la atención a la salud. Las recomendaciones incluyen la implementación de un plan integral dirigido a las mujeres y encaminado a reducir los factores de riesgo de la diabetes de tipo 2. Dicho plan incluiría diagnósticos tempranos, educación continuada para los profesionales de la salud, y movilización de la comunidad en asociación con iglesias, escuelas, bancos, farmacias y otras entidades.