Color matching and color recovery in large composite restorations using single-shade or universal composites

Abstract This study assessed the color-matching ability and color recovery of unprepared teeth when using single-shade composites and a universal composite in large restorations. Buccal and palatine surface colors of molars were measured with a spectrophotometer (CIELAB) before preparing round cavities (6 mm in diameter, 2 mm in depth). The cavities were randomly filled with a single-shade composite (Omnichroma, Diamond One, or Vittra APS Unique) or a universal composite (Filtek Universal). Color measurements of the restored cavities were taken, and overall color differences (ΔEab and ΔE00) and differences in the whitening index for dentistry (ΔWID) from baseline were calculated. Additionally, visual assessments of a color match to the surrounding enamel were performed by forty evaluators (laypersons and undergraduate students of dentistry) in a viewing booth under illuminant D65, with rating scores from 0 (no color mismatch) to 4 (not acceptable). Data were analyzed using RM or one-way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Results showed that the restorations generally exhibited whiter colors (WID ranged from 27.9 to 41.3) than the unprepared teeth (WID ranged from 15.9 to 19.3). The composite Filtek Universal demonstrated the lowest color discrepancy (ΔWID = 8.6; ΔE00 = 10.8; and ΔE00 = 6.2), and no significant differences were observed among the evaluated single-shade composites. Furthermore, all composites showed similar and adequate color matches to the surrounding enamel. However, it is important to note that despite their ability to match the surrounding enamel reasonably, none of the composites evaluated in large restorations fully recovered the color observed in unprepared teeth.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou a habilidade de combinação de cores e recuperação de cor de dentes não preparados ao utilizar resinas compostas de única tonalidade e uma resina composta universal em grandes restaurações. As cores das superfícies bucais e palatinas de molares foram medidas com um espectrofotômetro (CIELAB) antes de preparar cavidades esféricas (6 mm de diâmetro, 2 mm de profundidade). As cavidades foram preenchidas aleatoriamente com uma resina composta de única tonalidade (Omnichroma, Diamond One ou Vittra APS Unique) ou com uma resina composta universal (Filtek Universal). Foram realizadas medições das cores das cavidades restauradas e calculadas as diferenças de cor globais (ΔEab and ΔE00)) e as diferenças no índice de clareamento para odontologia (ΔWID) em relação à cor inicial. Além disso, foram realizadas avaliações visuais da correspondência de cor com o esmalte circundante por quarenta avaliadores (leigos e estudantes de odontologia) em uma cabine de visualização sob iluminante D65, com pontuações de 0 (nenhuma discrepância de cor) a 4 (não aceitável). Os dados foram analisados usando RM ou ANOVA unidirecional (α = 0,05). Os resultados mostraram que as restaurações geralmente apresentavam cores mais brancas (WID variou de 27,9 a 41,3) do que os dentes não preparados (WID variou de 15,9 a 19,3). A resina composta Filtek Universal demonstrou a menor discrepância de cor (ΔWID = 8,6; ΔE00 = 10,8; and ΔE00 = 6,2), e não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as resinas compostas de única tonalidade avaliadas. Além disso, todas as resinas compostas apresentaram correspondência de cor similar e adequada com o esmalte circundante. No entanto, é importante observar que, apesar de sua capacidade de corresponder razoavelmente com o esmalte circundante, nenhuma das resinas compostas avaliadas em grandes restaurações recuperou completamente a cor observada nos dentes não preparados.

Reform and practice of blended teaching of biochemistry and molecular biology in the context of new medicine / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To investigate the application effect of the blended teaching model of "pre-class synchronous small private online course (SPOC)+ flipped classroom+post-class knowledge expansion" in the theoretical teaching of biochemistry and molecular biology. Methods:A total of 951 students majoring in clinical medicine, preventive medicine, and pharmacy in the class of 2020 in Qiqihar Medical College were selected as teaching reform research group (experimental group), and their curriculum relied on the self-built massive open online course (MOOC) curriculum and the MOOC resources of Chinese universities to construct a blended teaching model; the reform methods such as small class grouping, case-based learning, and diversified examination were adopted to carry out theoretical flipped teaching activities with cross integration of cases and knowledge points as the main line. A total of 847 students majoring in clinical medicine, preventive medicine, and pharmacy in the class of 2019 were selected as control group, and the traditional teaching method was used for theoretical courses. The courses were evaluated by offline assessment and online assessment, and feedback information was collected through examination scores, questionnaire survey, and online voting. SPSS 20.0 was used for statistical analysis, and the t-test was used for comparison between groups. Results:The experimental group had a significantly higher total score of final examination than the control group [(92.12±3.88) vs. (86.73±5.27), P<0.05]. The questionnaire survey showed that the students in the experimental group showed a relatively high degree of satisfaction with the blended teaching reform, which increased their participation, experiencing, and sharing activities. The students majoring in clinical medicine in the class of 2020 believed that they had established clinical thinking ability (263, 92.61%) and become familiar with the clinical manifestations and pathogenesis of common diseases (262, 92.25%); the students majoring in preventive medicine in the class of 2020 believed that they had increased their awareness of serving the public (151, 93.21%) and developed the ability to teach and guide healthy living (148, 91.36%); the students majoring in pharmacy in the class of 2020 believed that they had mastered the mechanism of action of drugs for disease treatment (138, 93.24%) and understood the importance of rational drug use in clinical practice (135, 91.22%). Conclusion:The blended teaching model realizes student-centered teaching, stimulates the interest and initiative in learning, and improves learning outcome, thereby improving teaching quality to a certain extent.

Case-problem-based learning of pathophysiology based on inquiry-based learning and process management / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Based on the teaching concept of constructivism, this study aims to promote independent inquiry-based learning and clinical thinking among students and establish the guiding ideology of "full participation, process control, in-depth discussion, and expansion of thinking". A blending learning model was adopted with offline inquiry-based group learning and in-class defense and comment, as well as online teacher-student interaction and supervision to promote learning. Case-problem-based learning (CPBL) of pathophysiology was carried out among the medical students in the class of 2017, and process management was strengthened to effectively manage the two key links of data retrieval and group discussion. The analysis of 176 teaching evaluations collected at the end of the semester show that in terms of the overall evaluation of CPBL teaching, 162 students (92.05%) had high evaluation on teaching objectives, organization, cases, and personal gains and held a very or relatively favorable attitude. There were more negative feedbacks on "appropriate time allocation"; 21 students (11.93%) held a relatively or very disapproving attitude, and 149 students (84.66%) "felt very tired". In terms of teaching effect evaluation, 150 students (85.23%) strongly or relatively agreed that CPBL teaching may help to understand professional knowledge, stimulate learning enthusiasm and initiative, improve problem solving ability, emphasize clinical practice to cultivate clinical thinking, supervise and promote learning, and enhance team cooperation and teacher-student communication. In terms of the evaluation of teachers, 167 students (94.89%) thought that teachers were rigorous, responsible, and enthusiastic in teaching, attached importance to process management, and did well in effective guidance and thinking inspiration (strongly or relatively agree). The above results suggest that the CPBL teaching reform of pathophysiology based on process management can effectively promote in-depth inquiry-based independent learning and the cultivation of clinical thinking and improve teaching effectiveness, but further improvement is needed for teaching arrangement and time allocation.

Effect of surrounded shade and specimen`s thickness on color adjustment potential of a single-shade composite

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of surrounded shade and specimens` thickness on the color adjustment potential (CAP) of a single-shade composite. The composite Vittra APS Unique was surrounded (dual specimens) or not (simple specimens) by a control composite (shade A1, A2, or A3). Simple specimens of the control composite were also confectioned. Opacity and whiteness index for dentistry (WID) were calculated for simple specimens. Color differences between the simple (ΔE*SIMPLE)/ dual specimens (ΔE*DUAL) and the controls were calculated. CAP was calculated based on the ratio between ΔE* SIMPLE and ΔE* DUAL. The tested composite presented lower opacity (53 to 62% vs. 80 to 93%) and higher WID (≈ 42 vs. 18 to 32) than controls. Irrespective of the specimens' thickness (1.0/ 1.5 mm), the lowest values of ΔE* SIMPLE (11.1/ 10.8) and ΔE*DUAL (7.2/ 6.1) were observed using the surrounding shade A1. The shade A3 yielded higher ΔE*SIMPLE (16.4/ 17.1) and ΔE* DUAL (11.3/ 12.3) than the A2 (ΔE*SIMPLE = 13.4/ 14.6; and ΔE* DUAL = 9.7/ 10.3). The specimen`s thickness significantly affected the CAP (0.35 and 0.44 for 1.0 and 1.5 mm, respectively) only for shade A1, which had the highest CAP values. The shade A3 resulted in higher CAP values (0.31) than A2 (0.27) when 1.0-mm thick specimens were used, but similar values were observed for 1.5 thick specimens (≈ 0.29). In conclusion, both surrounding shade and specimen thickness can affect the CAP of a single-shade resin composite.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o efeito da cor circundante e da espessura da amostra no potencial de ajuste de cor (PAC) de uma resina monocromática. O compósito Vittra APS Unique foi circundado (amostras duplas) ou não (amostras simples) com um compósito controle (cor A1, A2 ou A3). Amostras simples do compósito controle também foram confeccionadas. A opacidade e o índice de brancura para odontologia (IBO) foram calculados para as amostras simples. As diferenças de cor entre amostras simples (ΔE*SIMPLE) / duplas (ΔE*DUAL) e os controles foram calculados. PAC foi calculado baseado na razão entre ΔE* SIMPLE e ΔE* DUAL. O compósito testado apresentou menor opacidade (53 a 62% vs. 80 a 93%) e maior IBO (≈ 42 vs. 18 a 32) que os controles. Independente da espessura da amostra (1,0/ 1,5 mm), os valores mais baixos de ΔE* SIMPLE (11,1/ 10,8) e ΔE*DUAL (7,2/ 6,1) foram observadas quando a resina circundante era A1. A cor A3 resultou em maior ΔE*SIMPLE (16,4/ 17,1) e ΔE* DUAL (11,3/ 12,3) do que A2 (ΔE*SIMPLE = 13,4/ 14,6; e ΔE* DUAL = 9,7/ 10,3). A espessura das amostras afetou significativamente o PAC (0,35 e 0,44 para 1,0 e 1,5 mm, respectivamente) apenas para a cor A1, que teve os maiores valores de PAC. A cor A3 resultou nos maiores valores de PAC (0,31) que A2 (0,27) quando amostras de 1,0 mm de espessura foram usadas, mas valores similares foram observados para amostras de 1,5 mm (≈ 0,29). Como conclusão, tanto a cor circundante como a espessura das amostras podem afetar o PAC de um compósito resinoso monocromático.

A near-infrared spectroscopy-based end-point determination method for the blending process of Dahuang soda tablets / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

OBJECTIVES@#This study is aimed to explore the blending process of Dahuang soda tablets. These are composed of two active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs, emodin and emodin methyl ether) and four kinds of excipients (sodium bicarbonate, starch, sucrose, and magnesium stearate). Also, the objective is to develop a more robust model to determine the blending end-point.@*METHODS@#Qualitative and quantitative methods based on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy were established to monitor the homogeneity of the powder during the blending process. A calibration set consisting of samples from 15 batches was used to develop two types of calibration models with the partial least squares regression (PLSR) method to explore the influence of density on the model robustness. The principal component analysis-moving block standard deviation (PCA-MBSD) method was used for the end-point determination of the blending with the process spectra.@*RESULTS@#The model with different densities showed better prediction performance and robustness than the model with fixed powder density. In addition, the blending end-points of APIs and excipients were inconsistent because of the differences in the physical properties and chemical contents among the materials of the design batches. For the complex systems of multi-components, using the PCA-MBSD method to determine the blending end-point of each component is difficult. In these conditions, a quantitative method is a more suitable alternative.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Our results demonstrated that the effect of density plays an important role in improving the performance of the model, and a robust modeling method has been developed.

A near-infrared spectroscopy-based end-point determination method for the blending process of Dahuang soda tablets / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Objectives: This study is aimed to explore the blending process of Dahuang soda tablets. These are composed of two active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs, emodin and emodin methyl ether) and four kinds of excipients (sodium bicarbonate, starch, sucrose, and magnesium stearate). Also, the objective is to develop a more robust model to determine the blending end-point. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative methods based on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy were established to monitor the homogeneity of the powder during the blending process. A calibration set consisting of samples from 15 batches was used to develop two types of calibration models with the partial least squares regression (PLSR) method to explore the influence of density on the model robustness. The principal component analysis-moving block standard deviation (PCA-MBSD) method was used for the end-point determination of the blending with the process spectra. Results: The model with different densities showed better prediction performance and robustness than the model with fixed powder density. In addition, the blending end-points of APIs and excipients were inconsistent because of the differences in the physical properties and chemical contents among the materials of the design batches. For the complex systems of multi-components, using the PCA-MBSD method to determine the blending end-point of each component is difficult. In these conditions, a quantitative method is a more suitable alternative. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that the effect of density plays an important role in improving the performance of the model, and a robust modeling method has been developed.

Overview and prospects of traditional Chinese medicine blending technology oriented by quality consistency / 中国中药杂志

The consistency of drug quality is related to the clinical efficacy and safety,which is highly valued by the government and relevant industries. Compared with chemical medicine,traditional Chinese medicine originates from the nature,and is greatly influenced by natural factors,such as the place of origin,cultivation and processing technology,climate. The quality consistency of traditional Chinese medicine is poor. The quality consistency has become the pain point and difficulty of the development of the traditional Chinese medicine industry,which seriously affects the stability and controllability of clinical efficacy and the reproducibility or recognition of modern research results. It is also a bottleneck for Chinese patent medicine to enter the international market. Mixed batch blending technology is an effective method for the scientific guarantee of the quality consistency in other industries and disciplines,and widely applied in liquor making industry,tobacco industry and perfume industry. Overseas,mixed batch blending technology has been successfully applied in guaranteeing the quality consistency of Ginkgo biloba preparations Jinnado. It has been used in the production of Chinese formulations in Japan for more than 30 years. In recent years,mixed batch blending technology has been introduced into the pharmaceutical field to ensure the quality consistency of traditional Chinese medicine,and relevant research has gradually increased.This manuscript reviews the application of blending technology in other disciplines,summarizes the algorithm principles and software systems of mixed batch blending in traditional Chinese medicine or natural medicine,explains the specific implementation process of mixed batch blending technology,and looks forward to the application prospects of artificial intelligence and other new technologies,in the hope of providing new ideas and technologies for breaking through the problem of quality consistency,and boosting the high-quality and high-level development of Chinese medicine industry in the new era.

Investigation of students' satisfaction degree on blending learning in physiology under the background of audit assessment / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective@#To investigate students' satisfaction degree and goal-achieving degree for cultivating applicative medical talents by analyzing the results of satisfaction degree survey on blending teaching in physiology from 2016 to 2018 under the background of audit assessment.@*Methods@#Grade 2015 undergraduates majoring in oral medicine (n=60), grade 2016 undergraduates in medical laboratory science (n=59), grade 2016 undergraduates in Traditional Chinese Medicine (n=27), and grade 2017 undergraduates in oral medicine (n=58) were selected as study subjects. Blending learning in physiology was adopted and the teaching process was designed according to the training objectives for applicative medical talents. Questionnaires were conducted among students at the beginning and end of the semester to rate the satisfaction degree of learning in physiology. The questionnaire scores were put into SPSS 19.0 for independent t-test.@*Results@#Grade 2015 oral, 2016 grade medical examination technology, 2016 grade traditional Chinese medicine, 2017 grade stomatology majors. In the scoring indicators of the questionnaire, teaching method scores, semester knowledge mastery scores, semester analysis problem solving ability scores, semester autonomy Both the learning ability score and the final expression communication ability score were significantly higher than the beginning of the semester, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#Students are satisfied with the blending learning in physiology which fits the cultivating goal for applied medical talents and reaches the standard line of audit assessment.

Method selection and practice of pathology teaching in different stages / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective@#To choose the corresponding teaching methods according to different teaching stage in the teaching of pathology for five-year clinical students, and to analyze the difference of teaching effects between staged-teaching and traditional teaching.@*Methods@#Students were randomly divided into two groups, with 112 in the experimental group and 118 in the control group. Considering that the teaching content in the experimental group contained the general introduction and different sections and students might experience stages such as "knowledge memorizing", "pathology-clinical connection" and "knowledge application", so presentation, assimilation and discussion class (PAD class), blending teaching and flipped classroom were adopted respectively. Examination scores and questionnaire survey were used to evaluate the difference between two teaching ways. SPSS 19.0 was used for data analysis, and t-test and chi-square test were used for inter-group comparison.@*Results@#The pathological average score of students in the experimental group was (78.56±7.172), which was higher than (72.53±8.539) in the control group, with statistically significant difference (t=5.809, P=0.000). According to the questionnaire survey, the teaching effects using different teaching methods in different stages in the experimental group was superior than that in the control group, with statistically significant difference (P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#Using different teaching methods in different stages is beneficial to guide students for truly comprehending the knowledge, applicating appropriate learning methods, and gradually forming their self-learning ability.

Method selection and practice of pathology teaching in different stages / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To choose the corresponding teaching methods according to different teaching stage in the teaching of pathology for five-year clinical students,and to analyze the difference of teaching effects between staged-teaching and traditional teaching.Methods Students were randomly divided into two groups,with 112 in the experimental group and 118 in the control group.Considering that the teaching content in the experimental group contained the general introduction and different sections and students might experience stages such as "knowledge memorizing","pathology-clinical connection" and "knowledge application",so presentation,assimilation and discussion class (PAD class),blending teaching and flipped classroom were adopted respectively.Examination scores and questionnaire survey were used to evaluate the difference between two teaching ways.SPSS 19.0 was used for data analysis,and t-test and chi-square test were used for inter-group comparison.Results The pathological average score of students in the experimental group was (78.56 ± 7.172),which was higher than (72.53 ± 8.539) in the control group,with statistically significant difference (t=5.809,P=0.000).According to the questionnaire survey,the teaching effects using different teaching methods in different stages in the experimental group was superior than that in the control group,with statistically significant difference (P＜ 0.01).Conclusion Using different teaching methods in different stages is beneficial to guide students for truly comprehending the knowledge,applicating appropriate learning methods,and gradually forming their self-learning ability.

Application effect of blending-learning model on clinical teaching for practice nursing students in ICU / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the application effect of blending-learning model on clinical teaching for practice nursing students in ICU. Methods Totally 165 nursing students who practiced in ICU from 2016 to 2017 were selected by convenient sampling.82 nursing students in the traditional teaching mode were used as the control group in 2016, while 83 nursing students in the blending-teaching model on the basis of the control group were used as the observation group in 2017. Results The aspects of theory and skill operation, clinical nursing comprehensive ability, teaching content, teaching method, language expression, interpersonal relationship, learning atmosphere, learning opportunity and overall evaluation in nursing students of the observation group were (83.89±7.01),(93.05±2.60), (6.61± 1.15),(3.64±0.68),(3.85±0.77),(3.76±0.73),(3.84±0.91),(3.68±0.78),(3.74±0.81),(3.73±0.66)points, which were higher than(69.93 ± 10.28),(87.94 ± 3.11),(5.51 ± 1.53),(2.79 ± 0.84),(2.69 ± 0.63),(2.39 ± 0.52),(2.01 ± 0.70),(2.43 ± 0.57),(2.50 ± 0.55),(2.46 ± 0.55)points in the control group, the differences were significant(t =-14.235--5.176,P ＜0.05).There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of sex, age, educational level, scores of entrance examination, teachers′quality, teaching attitude, work atmosphere and organizational support (P>0.05). Conclusions The blending-teaching model is beneficial to improve the learning achievement, clinical nursing comprehensive ability and satisfaction in nursing students who practiced in ICU, and promote the continuous improvement of clinical teaching quality.

VisConnectome: an independent and graph-theory based software for visualizing the human brain connectome / 生物医学工程学杂志

As a complex system, the topology of human's brain network has an important effect on further study of brain's structural and functional mechanism. Graph theory, a kind of sophisticated analytic strategies, is widely used for analyzing complex brain networks effectively and comparing difference of topological structure alteration in normal development and pathological condition. For the purpose of using this analysis methodology efficiently, it is necessary to develop graph-based visualization software. Thus, we developed VisConnectome, which displays analysis results of the brain network friendly and intuitively. It provides an original graphical user interface (GUI) including the tool window, tool bar and innovative double slider filter, brain region bar, runs in any Windows operating system and doesn't rely on any platform such as Matlab. When importing the user-defined script file that initializes the brain network, VisConnectome abstracts the brain network to the ball-and-stick model and render it. VisConnectome allows a series of visual operations, such as identifying nodes and connection, modifying properties of nodes and connection such as color and size with the color palette and size double slider, imaging the brain regions, filtering the brain network according to its size property in a specific domain as simplification and blending with the brain surface as a context of the brain network. Through experiment and analysis, we conclude that VisConnectome is an effective visualization software with high speed and quality, which helps researchers to visualize and compare the structural and functional brain networks flexibly.

Investigation of students' satisfaction degree on blending learning in physiology under the background of audit assessment / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To investigate students' satisfaction degree and goal-achieving degree for cultivating applicative medical talents by analyzing the results of satisfaction degree survey on blending teaching in physiology from 2016 to 2018 under the background of audit assessment.Methods Grade 2015 undergraduates majoring in oral medicine(n=60),grade 2016 undergraduates in medical laboratory science(n=59),grade 2016 undergraduates in Traditional Chinese Medicine(n=27),and grade 2017 undergraduates in oral medicine(n=58)were selected as study subjects.Blending learning in physiology was adopted and the teaching process was designed according to the training objectives for applicative medical talents.Questionnaires were conducted among students at the beginning and end of the semester to rate the satisfaction degree of learning in physiology.The questionnaire scores were put into SPSS 19.0 for independent t-test.Results Grade 2015 oral,2016 grade medical examination technology,2016 grade traditional Chinese medicine,2017 grade stomatology majors.In the scoring indicators of the questionnaire,teaching method scores,semester knowledge mastery scores,semester analysis problem solving ability scores,semester autonomy Both the learning ability score and the final expression communication ability score were significantly higher than the beginning of the semester,and the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.01).Conclusion Students are satisfied with the blending learning in physiology which fits the cultivating goal for applied medical talents and reaches the standard line of audit assessment.

Application effect of blending-learning model on clinical teaching for practice nursing students in ICU / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To explore the application effect of blending-learning model on clinical teaching for practice nursing students in ICU.@*Methods@#Totally 165 nursing students who practiced in ICU from 2016 to 2017 were selected by convenient sampling.82 nursing students in the traditional teaching mode were used as the control group in 2016, while 83 nursing students in the blending-teaching model on the basis of the control group were used as the observation group in 2017.@*Results@#The aspects of theory and skill operation, clinical nursing comprehensive ability, teaching content, teaching method, language expression, interpersonal relationship, learning atmosphere, learning opportunity and overall evaluation in nursing students of the observation group were (83.89±7.01), (93.05±2.60) , (6.61±1.15), (3.64±0.68) , (3.85±0.77) , (3.76±0.73) , (3.84±0.91) , (3.68±0.78) , (3.74±0.81) , (3.73±0.66) points, which were higher than (69.93±10.28) , (87.94±3.11) , (5.51±1.53) , (2.79±0.84) , (2.69±0.63) , (2.39±0.52) , (2.01±0.70) , (2.43±0.57) , (2.50±0.55) , (2.46±0.55) points in the control group, the differences were significant (t=-14.235- -5.176, P<0.05) .There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of sex, age, educational level, scores of entrance examination, teachers′ quality, teaching attitude, work atmosphere and organizational support (P>0.05).@*Conclusions@#The blending-teaching model is beneficial to improve the learning achievement, clinical nursing comprehensive ability and satisfaction in nursing students who practiced in ICU, and promote the continuous improvement of clinical teaching quality.

Near-infrared spectroscopy for online quantitative monitoring of blend uniformity of hydroxychloroquine sulfate raw and auxiliary materials / 第二军医大学学报

Objective: To establish a quantitative analysis model for online monitoring of the blending uniformity of hydroxychloroquine sulfate raw and auxiliary materials, so as to accurately and quickly determine the blending endpoint. Methods: A mixture of excipients and hydroxychloroquine sulfate raw material was prepared with a labeling percentage of 70%-130%. The near-infrared spectrum was collected; and the standard normal variate transformation and frst derivative by Norris smoothing were used for spectra pretreating, with 8 372-9 045 cm-1, 5 616-6 058 cm 1 used as the spectral bands. A quantitative analysis model was developed using partial least squares regression. The quantitative analysis model was used to predict the labeling percentage of hydroxychloroquine sulfate in the blending process of raw and auxiliary materials, and the blending endpoint was verified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Results: Five primary factors were used to establish the model. The root mean square error of calibration was 0.96 and the correlation coefficient of calibration set (Rc) was 0.998. The root mean square error of prediction was 0.97 and the correlation coefficient of validation set (Rp) was 0.998. The root mean square error of cross-validation was 1.56 and the correlation coefficient of cross-validation (Rcv) was 0.995. The prediction results of the near-infrared model was consistent with the results of HPLC verification. Conclusion: The near-infrared model in this study can be used for online quantitative analysis of the blending uniformity of hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and it can accurately and quickly determine the blending endpoint.

Interpreting the Methods for Blending Decoctions to Treat 60 Ailments in Tianhui bamboo slip medical manuscripts / 中国中药杂志

Among the medical texts excavated in 2012-2013 from the Han Dynasty tomb at Tianhui township in Sichuan province, we found a collection on the treatment of 60 ailments. Under each ailment, we found one or more formulas, for a total of 106 formulas. The authors of this paper compiled and analyzed these texts based on the original bamboo slips and named this collection with the title Methods for Blending Decoctions to Treat 60 Ailments because the content was focused on blending and making medicinal formulas, and also due to the historical connections with the texts the Record of the Court Scribe, "Biography of Bian Que and Cang Gong". For these reasons, this title was determined, where "blending decoctions" mean "blending and harmonizing medicines optimally in preparation for decocting". The Tianhui texts preserve ancient forms of medicinal formulas, including some once believed to be lost, such as "grain decoctions", "fermented alcohol decoctions", and "fiery decoctions". Based on the historical evidence, we can now ascertain that this text is the "Blending Formulas and Making Decoctions" mentioned in the Record of the Court Scribe written by Cang Gong. Moreover, the medical texts, Canon Formulas in Decoction Form (from the book of Han Dynasty) and the Imperial Pharmacy Formulas to Benefit the People in Song Dynasty are both of this genre of medical literature. The Tianhui text is therefore a representative of this genre of literature in the Western and eastern Han, acting as a key link between early medical formula books and later formula books.

Rapid Judgement of Blending Endpoint of Jingqi Shuangshen Capsules and Content Determination of Astragaloside Ⅳ by AOTF-NIR / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish the method for rapid judgement of blending endpoint of Jingqi shuangshen capsules and content determination of astragaloside Ⅳ. METHODS:AOTF-NIR combined with principal component analysis and Moving Block Standard Deviation method was used to identify the blending endpoint. First derivative combined with savitzky-golay filter method were used to spectrum pretreatment. The partial least square method was used to establish quantitative analysis model of the content of astragaloside Ⅳin mixed endpoint sample. The content of astragaloside Ⅳ in mixed endpoint sample was determined by HPLC-ELSD to validate the model. RESULTS:Methodology validation of content determination of astragaloside Ⅳ in mixed material sample and mixed endpoint sample was in line with the requirements. NIR monitoring results showed that the product reached the blending endpoint after 30 min. The results of NIR monitoring were generally consistent with the results of HPLC-ELSD. The principal component dimension of the quantitative model was 9;determination coefficients was 0.954 9;Root Mean Square of Calibration of the model was 0.039 2;Root Mean Square Error of Prediction of the model was 0.042 6. Predicted average value of astragaloside Ⅳ by NIR was 11.74 mg/g,and measured average value of astragaloside Ⅳ by HPLC-ELSD was 11.38 mg/g;average deviation was 3.16%. CONCLUSIONS:AOTF-NIR can rapidly judge the blending endpoint sample of Jingqi shuangshen capsules,rapidly determine the content of astragalosideⅣin mixed endpoint material,improve the quality control level of blending process and shorten blending cycle.

The application of flipped class based on MOOC in the teaching of histology and embryology / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To discuss the application of blending learning based on MOOC in Histology and Embryology, so as to improve students' learning effectiveness. Methods Nursing undergraduates in class one of 2017 grade were randomly selected as experimental group (n=47) , and nursing undergraduates in class two as control group (n=48), with blending learning and traditional teaching model adopted, respec-tively. SPSS 19.0 was applied to processing the data and T test were used to compare the results of the final exam of this course and the evaluation scale of students' independent learning ability in two groups. Results The experimental scores [(24.22±5.08) vs. (18.49±4.65)], paper test scores [(52.37±6.24) vs. (47.15± 5.99)], and total score [(76.61±7.22) vs. (62.83±7.36)], which shows the scores of experimental group were statistically higher than those of the control group. According to the evaluation scale of students' inde-pendent learning ability, the self-learning ability of the experimental group was better than that of the control group, with significant differences (P<0.05). Conclusion Blending learning can be applied to the teaching of Histology and Embryology, which can effectively improve learning quality, with satisfactory teaching effects to both teachers and students.

Study of the effect of the blending instructional teaching mode in the obstetrical resident standard-ization training course / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective The blending instructional teaching mode was used in the obstetrical resi-dent standardization training course and the effect was evaluated. Methods 36 resident physicians who attended obstetrical resident standardization training were chosen as blending instructional teaching group and traditional teaching group, 18 physicians per group. The physicians of blending instructional teaching group received blending instructional teaching mode, which included the obstetrical MOOC and Flipped Class, while the traditional teaching group only took part in the clinical management ruled by the hospital. Staging examination was performed according to the resident physician culture curriculum. Descriptive statistics, t test and chi-square test were performed by SPSS 21.0 lines. Results The average score of theory examination [(93.21±5.40) vs. (81.32±7.10)], practical skill [(89.75±4.70) vs. (68.96±8.20)] and clinical intellectual [(88.64±9.30) vs. (75.88±9.70)] in the blending instructional teaching group was significantly higher than that in the traditional teaching group (P<0.05). The physicians' satisfaction rate of manipulative ability in the blending instructional teaching group was significantly higher than that in the traditional teaching group (72.22% vs. 16.76%), which had statistical significance ( χ2=16.74, P=0.003); The physi- cians' satisfaction rate for the tutor in the blending instructional teaching group was significantly higher than that in the traditional teaching group (83.30% vs. 11.11%), which had statistical significance ( χ2=21.67, P=0.000). Conclusion The blending instructional teaching mode adapts to the development trend of teaching , and improves the effect of obstetrical resident standardization training course.

Exploration of Blending Teaching Mode of Medical Humanities Course Based on MOOC / 中国医学伦理学

Based on MOOC teaching mode and the combination of flipped classroom teaching theory,the role of internship practice is integrated into medical education and the combination of MOOC teaching and traditional teaching mode in medical humanities curriculum is explored in practice applications.This paper analyzed the cur-rent situation of medical humanities curriculum teaching operation under current situation; based on the teaching concept of MOOC,introduced the reform of teaching form and teaching method in blending teaching mode,and ex-plored the practical application and practical thinking of blending teaching mode.This mode not only plays a lead-ing role of teachers teaching,but also fully embodies the subjective status of students'learning,exercises the students'ability of thinking in practice at the same time,and is an effective mode to improve medical humanities curriculum teaching.