Developmental rates of bovine nuclear transfer embryos derived from different fetal non transfected and transfected cells

Since the first successful somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) experiments were carried out, a number of domestic and agriculture species have been cloned using donor cells derived from different sources and origin. However, differences in nuclear transfer efficiency both in vitro and in vivo have been generally observed. These differences may be accentuated when transgenic cell lines are used as nuclear donors in an attempt to generate transgenic cloned offspring. The present study examined the suitability of cell lines derived from 3 different fetal sources and the effects of genetic manipulation of donor fetal fibroblasts with a red fluorescent plasmid, on the in vitro developmental potential and quality of nuclear transfer derived bovine embryos. We observed no differences in the cleavage rate of nuclear transfer embryos generated with any of the cell lines evaluated. However, the blastocyst rate was significantly affected when cell lines were derived from the 3 different fetal sources (21, 18 and 11 percent, respectively) or from 2 transgenic clonal cell lines that had originated from the same primary fetal cell (18 and 10 percent, respectively). Despite this difference, quality of embryos as measured by the total number of cells and by assessing some morphology aspects of their appearance was not different. Together these results indicate that fetal fibroblast cell lines derived from different fetal sources and transgenic clonal cell lines that had originated from the same fetus results in different in vitro developmental potential when used as donors for nuclear transfer experiments. Further studies, including evaluation of pregnancy rates, development to term, and epigenetic modifications of these cell lines will be necessary to better understand the differences observed in nuclear transfer efficiency.

Simplificación de la fertilización de ovocitos durante la producción in vitro de embriones bovinos / Simplificação da fecundação de oócitos durante produção in vitro de embriões de bovinos / Simplification of oocytes fertilization during in vitro production of bovine embryos

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar un nuevo procedimiento de fertilización in vitro (FIV) de ovocitos bovinos, en el cual se omitió la centrifugación de los espermatozoides para los procesos de lavado y selección espermática. Dentro de cada uno de los pozos de los platos convencionales de cuatro pozos (pozos externos) se introdujo un nuevo pozo más pequeño (pozos internos) de aproximadamente 50 μl hecho en material de vidrio (0.3 mm de alto por 0.8 mm de diámetro). El procedimiento consistió en llenar los pozos interno y externo con 700 μl de medio de fertilización, hasta que el pozo interno quedara cubierto de medio, luego se depositaron 10 CCOs por pozo interno; luego 30 μl de semen previamente descongelado se depositaron en el fondo del pozo externo. Después de una hora se removió todo el contenido del pozo externo y se dejó el contenido del pozo interno con el medio y las células germinales por un periodo de incubación de 16 h. Los presuntos cigotos fueron cultivados en medio CR1aa por un periodo de siete días con un cambio de medio a las 72h. Como control, se utilizó un gradiente de Percoll 45-90% para la selección espermática. La tasa de de ovocitos divididos fue de (70.8 vs. 73.1) y la proporción de ovocitos que llegaron al estadio de morúla y blastocisto fue de (18.8 vs. 20.3), respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos con la nueva propuesta metodológica son similares a los obtenidos con la metodología convencional (p<0.05). Estos resultados indican que ambos métodos producen resultados similares pero la nueva propuesta metodológica permite ahorrar tiempo, es menos laboriosa, consume menos reactivos y permite reducir la manipulación de las células espermáticas con buenos efectos eventuales en el mejoramiento de los procedimientos de reproducción in vitro.

This study was conducted to evaluate an in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedure that avoids the washing-selection-centrifugation of spermatozoa prior to coincubation with oocytes. A special dish was constructed as follows: in the middle of each of the 4-wells of a conventional plastic dish (larger wells), another little (≈50 μl) glass dish (inner well) was placed (0.3 mm-tall x 0.8 mm in diameter), in such a way that when the larger plate was filled with 700 μl of IVF media (Fert–TALP), the inner well was also filled up to overflowing. Ten in vitro matured oocytes were set into the inner well, and 30 μl of thawed semen were placed on the bottom of the outer well. After one hour of incubation, the media from the outer well was removed, and the well with the remaining media and the germ cells, were incubated for 16 hours. Presumptive zygotes were cultured in a CR1aa media for seven days with a culture media replace at 72 h. As a control, a conventional IVF, using the classical 45%-90% Percoll gradient selection, was carried out. The cleavage rates (70.8 vs. 73.1) and the proportion of oocytes reaching morula and blastocyst stages (18.8 vs. 20.3) by the “easy-IVF” were similar to the results obtained by the classical method (p<0.05). These results indicate that the two methods yield similar results but the “easy-IVF” definitely saves time, human effort, reagents, and after all reduces the manipulation of the sperm with eventual good effects in the long run toward improving in vitro reproduction procedures.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar um novo procedimento de fertilização in vitro (FIV) de oócitos bovinos, que foi omitida na centrífuga esperma lavar os processos de seleção e de esperma. Dentro de cada um dos poços pratos convencionais quatro poços (poços externa) um novo bem menor (poços internos) cerca de 50 μl fato em vidro (0,3 mm de altura por 0,8 mm de diâmetro) foram introduziu. O procedimento foi de encher poços interna e externamente com 700 μ l meio de fertilização, até que a fossa foi coberto por meios internos e, em seguida, depositadas 10 CCOs em poços internos; então 30 μl previamente descongelados sêmen foi depositado no fundo da cova fora. Depois de uma hora é retirada a todo o conteúdo da cova, e foi deixada fora da doméstica no conteúdo do bem com o ambiente e células germinativas por um período de incubação de 16 h. A alegada zygotes foram cultivados em meio CR1aa por um período de 7 dias com uma mudança no meio-72h. Como um controle, utilizado uma gradiente de Percoll 45-90% de selecção de espermatozóides. A taxa de oócitos foi dividida (70.8 vs 73.1) e da proporção de oócitos que atingiu o estádio e foi Mórula blastocisto (18.8 vs 20.3), respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos com a nova metodologia proposta são semelhantes aos obtidos com a metodologia convencional (p<0.05). Estes resultados indicam que ambos os métodos produzem resultados semelhantes, mas a nova proposta metodológica economiza tempo, é menos trabalhoso, consome menos reativo e reduzem a manipulação de células espermáticas com bons potenciais efeitos na melhoria dos procedimentos reprodução in vitro.

Effect of db-camp on embryonic development of bovine oocytes fertilized with sex sorted semen. / Efecto del db-cAMP Sobre el Desarrollo Embrionario de Ovocitos Bovinos Fecundados con Semen Sexado.

The objective of this study was to improve sexed bovine embryo production with sorted sperm in chemically defined conditions by supplementing the IVF medium with db-cAMP. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were matured for 18 h in supplemented TCM-199 and fertilized with X- or Y-bearing sperm in the presence of heparin (10 µg/ml), db-cAMP (1 µM) or no treatment (control). Presumptive zygotes were cultured 54 h in g-SOF. From 72 to 144 h post- insemination (hpi) embryos were cultured in c-SOF+NEA and from 144 to 192 hpi embryos were placed in maturation medium without hormones. No significant differences were found among treatments for Y-sperm when compared to controls. A significant (P<0.01) improvement in the proportion of cleaved oocytes was found for X-sperm treated with db-cAMP (70.83%) compared to the Y-sperm inseminated oocytes treated wit db-cAMP (46.37%). Treatment with db-cAMP enabled a better (P<0.05) blastocyst formation rate (19.29%) compared to control (8.47%) and heparin (10.44%). Treatment of db-cAMP significantly increased the rate of blastocysts in X-sperm inseminated oocytes (30.77%) compared to Y-sperm inseminated oocytes treated the same (9.68%) and compared to X- and Y-sperm treated with heparin (5.88% and 15.15%, respectively) and not treated (9.68% and 7.14%, respectively, P<0.05). These results suggest that db-cAMP may prove to be an effective treatment of sorted sperm for in vitro production of female bovine embryos under chemically defined conditions.

El objetivo de este estudio fue mejorar la producción de embriones bovinos con semen sexado bajo condiciones químicamente definidas mediante la suplementación del medio de fecundación con db-cAMP. Los complejos ovocitos cumulus (COCs) fueron madurados por 18 horas en TCM-199 suplementado y fueron fecundados con espermatozoides X o Y en presencia de heparina (10 g/ml), db-cAMP (1 µM) o sin tratamiento alguno (control). Los presuntivos cigotos fueron cultivados por 54 horas en g-SOF. Desde las 72 a las 144 horas post-inseminación (hpi) los embriones se cultivaron en c-SOF+NEA y desde 144 a 192 hpi fueron colocados en medio de maduración pero sin hormonas. No se observaron diferencias entre tratamientos para los oocitos fecundados con espermatozoides Y cuando se compararon a los controles. Se observó una mejora significativa (P<0,01) en la proporción de ovocitos que se dividieron cuando fueron fecundados con espermatozoides X tratados con db-cAMP (70,83%) en comparación con los fecundados con espermatozoides Y tratados con db-cAMP (46,37%). El tratamiento con db-cAMP fue capaz de inducir una mayor (P<0,05) tasa de formación de blastocistos (19.29%) en comparación a los tratamientos control (8,47%) y heparina (10,44%). El tratamiento con db-cAMP incrementó (P<0,05) la tasa de embriones de cuatro células alcanzando el estadio de blastocisto cuando los oocitos fueron fecundados con espermatozoides X (30,77%) en comparación a cuando la fecundación se realizó con espermatozoides Y (9,68%) y en comparación a cuando se llevó a cabo con espermatozoides X o Y en presencia de heparina (5,88% y 15,15%, respectivamente) o en el tratamiento control (9,68% y 7,14%, respectivamente). Estos resultados sugieren, que el db-cAMP puede ser un tratamiento efectivo para el semen sexado, a fin de incrementar la producción in vitro de embriones bovinos hembra bajo condiciones químicamente definidas.