Distribution and larval breeding habitats of Aedes mosquito species in residential areas of northwest Ethiopia / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES: The Aedes mosquito is a vector for transmitting many arboviruses. Knowledge of the breeding habitat of this vector is vital for implementing appropriate interventions. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the breeding habitats and presence of Aedes mosquito species in the study areas. METHODS: A house-to-house cross-sectional survey of Aedes mosquito breeding habitats was carried out in Metema and Humera, Ethiopia, in August 2017. All available water-holding containers present in and around houses were inspected for the presence of immature stages of Aedes mosquitoes, and they were collected and reared to the adult stage for species identification. In the larval survey, the house index, container index, and Breteau index were computed as risk indices. RESULTS: Of the 384 houses surveyed for the presence of Aedes mosquito larval breeding, 98 were found to be positive for larvae. During the survey, a total of 566 containers were inspected, of which 186 were found to be infested with Aedes mosquito larvae, with a container index of 32.9, a house index of 25.5, and a Breteau index of 48.4. The most common Aedes mosquito breeding habitats were discarded tires (57.5%), followed by mud pots (30.0%). Of the 1,077 larvae and pupae collected and reared, Aedes aegypti (49.3%), Ae. vittatus (6.5%), and Culex species (44.2%) were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Discarded tires were the most preferred breeding habitats for Aedes mosquitoes. Moreover, Ae. aegypti, the main vector of dengue and other arboviruses, was identified for the first time in this region, suggesting a high potential for arbovirus transmission in the study areas.

Distribution and larval breeding habitats of Aedes mosquito species in residential areas of northwest Ethiopia / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES: The Aedes mosquito is a vector for transmitting many arboviruses. Knowledge of the breeding habitat of this vector is vital for implementing appropriate interventions. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the breeding habitats and presence of Aedes mosquito species in the study areas.METHODS: A house-to-house cross-sectional survey of Aedes mosquito breeding habitats was carried out in Metema and Humera, Ethiopia, in August 2017. All available water-holding containers present in and around houses were inspected for the presence of immature stages of Aedes mosquitoes, and they were collected and reared to the adult stage for species identification. In the larval survey, the house index, container index, and Breteau index were computed as risk indices.RESULTS: Of the 384 houses surveyed for the presence of Aedes mosquito larval breeding, 98 were found to be positive for larvae. During the survey, a total of 566 containers were inspected, of which 186 were found to be infested with Aedes mosquito larvae, with a container index of 32.9, a house index of 25.5, and a Breteau index of 48.4. The most common Aedes mosquito breeding habitats were discarded tires (57.5%), followed by mud pots (30.0%). Of the 1,077 larvae and pupae collected and reared, Aedes aegypti (49.3%), Ae. vittatus (6.5%), and Culex species (44.2%) were identified.CONCLUSIONS: Discarded tires were the most preferred breeding habitats for Aedes mosquitoes. Moreover, Ae. aegypti, the main vector of dengue and other arboviruses, was identified for the first time in this region, suggesting a high potential for arbovirus transmission in the study areas.

Spatial distribution & physicochemical characterization of the breeding habitats of Aedes aegypti in & around Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

Background & objectives: Dengue infection is endemic in several areas and the dengue virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Thus, it becomes important to understand the breeding ecology of dengue vector and characterize the physicochemical parameters of its breeding habitat. The objective of this study was to analyze the physicochemical parameters of the breeding habitat of the dengue vector and to find out the nutrient composition of the habitat in and around Kolkata, West Bengal. In addition, a geographic information system (GIS) was used to map the disease prone areas for its effective management and prevention. Methods: Water samples were collected from various breeding habitats of Aedes mosquitoes of Kolkata and adjoining areas and were analysed for various physicochemical properties like acidity, alkalinity, hardness, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, concentration of chloride (Cl-), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), fluoride (F-) in relation to larval prevalence. Results: Parameters like water pH, total dissolved solids, total hardness, electrical conductivity, concentration of chloride, sodium and potassium were seen to vary throughout the year. Certain parameters were found to be dependent on container type, like concentration of fluoride. Significant positive correlations were seen between per dip larval density and total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity. Interpretation & conclusions: Water pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids were seen to play a major role in the ovipositional preferences. Container type did not seem to affect TDS. Tyres had the highest TDS in most of the cases. Nutrient composition like sodium concentration was mostly found in the coconut shells, potassium concentration also showed the same. Thus, container type and various parameters and nutrients play a major role in determining where a gravid female mosquito will lay its eggs. It was observed that by altering various chemical and physical properties of breeding habitats it was possible to control the larvae survivability.

Analysis of humpback whale sounds in shallow waters of the Southeastern Arabian Sea: An indication of breeding habitat.

The primary objective of this work was to present the acoustical identification of humpback whales, detected by using an autonomous ambient noise measurement system, deployed in the shallow waters of the Southeastern Arabian Sea (SEAS) during the period January to May 2011. Seven types of sounds were detected. These were characteristically upsweeps and downsweeps along with harmonics. Sounds produced repeatedly in a specific pattern were referred to as phrases (PQRS and ABC). Repeated phrases in a particular pattern were referred to as themes, and from the spectrographic analysis, two themes (I and II) were identified. The variation in the acoustic characteristics such as fundamental frequency, range, duration of the sound unit, and the structure of the phrases and themes are discussed. Sound units were recorded from mid-January to mid-March, with a peak in February, when the mean SST is ~28°C, and no presence was recorded after mid-March. The temporal and thematic structures strongly determine the functions of the humpback whale song form. Given the use of song in the SEAS, this area is possibly used as an active breeding habitat by humpback whales during the winter season.

Striped-tailed Yellow-finch nesting success in abandoned mining pits from central Brazilian cerrado / Sucesso reprodutivo de Sicalis citrina em cascalheiras abandonadas, região central do Cerrado

Suitability of degraded areas as breeding habitats can be tested through assessment of nest predation rates. In this study we estimated nest success in relation to several potential predictors of nest survival in the Stripe-tailed Yellow-finch (Sicalis citrina) breeding in abandoned mining pits at Brasília National Park. We monitored 73 nests during the 2007-breeding season. Predation was the main cause of nest failure (n = 48, 66%); while six nests were abandoned (8%) and 19 nests produced young (26%). Mayfield’s daily survival rates and nest success were 0.94 and 23%, respectively. Our results from nest survival models on program MARK indicated that daily survival rates increase linearly towards the end of the breeding season and decrease as nests aged. None of the nest individual covariates we tested - nest height, nest size, nest substrate, and edge effect - were important predictors of nest survival; however, nests placed on the most common plant tended to have higher survival probabilities. Also, there was no observer effect on daily survival rates. Our study suggests that abandoned mining pits may be suitable alternative breeding habitats for Striped-tailed Yellow-finches since nest survival rates were similar to other studies in the central cerrado region.

A adequação de habitats degradados para reprodução de aves pode ser testada por meio de avaliação das taxas de predação de ninhos. Neste estudo nós estimamos o sucesso de nidificação do canário-rasteiro (Sicalis citrina) e o relacionamos, por meio de modelagem no programa MARK, com diversos fatores que potencialmente afetam a sobrevivência dos ninhos da espécie em antigas áreas de extração de solo (cascalheiras), no Parque Nacional de Brasília, Distrito Federal. Nós monitoramos 73 ninhos da espécie durante a estação reprodutiva de 2007. Predação foi a principal causa da perda de ninhos (n = 48, 66%), enquanto seis foram abandonados (8%) e 19 produziram ao menos um filhote (26%). A taxa diária de sobrevivência e o sucesso total de Mayfield foram 0,94 and 23%, respectivamente. Nossos resultados, obtidos da modelagem de sobrevivência, indicaram que as taxas de sobrevivência diária dos ninhos aumenta linearmente à medida que avança a estação reprodutiva, ao passo que diminui conforme a idade do ninho aumenta. Nenhum dos fatores que testamos – altura do ninhos, tamanho dos ninhos, planta suporte e distância até a borda dos ambientes de cascalheira – mostraram-se importantes como fatores determinantes do sucesso dos ninhos. Entretanto, ninhos construídos nas plantas mais comuns na área de estudo (samambaias) apresentaram maior tendência de sucesso que os demais. Adicionalmente, não houve interferência do observador nas estimativas de sobrevivência dos ninhos. Nossos resultados sugerem que as antigas áreas de cascalheira podem ser adequadas para a reprodução do canário-rasteiro, uma vez que as taxas de sobrevivência que encontramos neste estudo são similares às encontradas em estudos com outras espécies na região central do Cerrado.

Occurrence of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) rangeli (Gabaldon et al) and Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) evansae (Brethes) (Diptera: Culicidae) in an Eutrophized Dam

This is the first record of immature stages of species belonging to the subgenus Nyssorhynchus (Blanchard) in eutrophized breeding habitats. Larvae of Anopheles (Nys.) evansae (Brethes), Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) rangeli (Gabaldon et al), Culex nigripalpus (Theobald) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae) were collected in a rural eutrophized dam in Rio de Janeiro State, in Southeastern Brazil. Eutrophication was substantiated by the low diversity of mosquitoes, the high incidence of Cx. quinquefasciatus (42 percent) and of Daphinia sp. and, the high levels of both organic nitrogen (0.28 mg/l) and total phosphorus (0.02 mg/l).