The triglyceride glucose index predicts the risk of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease in the Beijing community: a prospective cohort study / 中华内科杂志

Objective:To explore the characteristics of the association between the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk in a community population.Method:This was a prospective cohort study. From December 2011 to April 2012, the first investigation was conducted among subjects with more than 40-year old who were from Shijingshan district and Pingguoyuan community in Beijing. The second investigation was conducted from April to October 2015. All the subjects were divided into three groups according to the tertile of the TyG index at baseline. The multivariate Cox proportional risk regression model was established to explore the correlation between the TyG index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk and the Kaplan-Meier survival curve of the TyG index group was drawn. Subgroup analyses were performed according to age, gender, body mass index, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, and hyperlipidemia to determine the correlation characteristics between the TyG index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease among subgroups.Results:A total of 9 577 subjects were finally included to analyze. The mean follow-up time of this study was (34.14±3.84) months. During the follow-up, 363 subjects (3.8%) occurred nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease. The multivariate Cox regression analysis results showed that the hazard ratio ( HR) of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease in the high TyG index group was 1.54 (95% CI 1.19-1.98), 1.60 (95% CI 1.23-2.10), and 1.57 (95% CI 1.20-2.05) in the three models, compared with the low TyG index group. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the risk of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease increased from the low-TyG index group to the high-TyG index group ( P=0.015). In the six subgroups analysis, only gender was shown to have a significant interaction effect with the TyG index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk. In the female population, the risk of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease is significantly increased with the increase in the TyG index level ( P<0.001). Conclusions:A high TyG index is independently related to the increased risk of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease in the Beijing community population. Gender has a significant interaction with the TyG index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk. Therefore, the TyG index may be a useful marker to predict the nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk of a community population.

Probability of premature mortality due to four chronic diseases in Jiangmen City from 2012 to 2021 / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the mortality of malignant tumors, diabetes, cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and chronic respiratory diseases and trends in probability of premature mortality due to these four chronic diseases in Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province from 2012 to 2021, so as to provide the evidence for perfecting the chronic disease control strategy. @*Methods@#The mortality of malignant tumors, diabetes, cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and chronic respiratory diseases among household registered residents in Jiangmen City from 2012 to 2021 were collected from the Guangdong Provincial Population Death Information Registration Management System, and the crude mortality, standardized mortality by the population of the Fifth National Population Census in China in 2000 and probability of premature mortality were calculated. The trends in mortality and probability of premature mortality were analyzed using average annual percent change (AAPC), and whether achieving the targets for the probability of premature mortality due to four chronic diseases in 2025 and 2030 were evaluated.@*Results@#A total of 226 012 deaths occurred due to four chronic diseases in Jiangmen City from 2012 to 2021, and the overall crude mortality and standardized mortality rates were 569.22/105 and 283.29/105, with a reduction in the probability of premature mortality from 15.04% to 12.05% (AAPC=-2.403%, Z=-7.603, P<0.001). The probability of premature mortality due to four chronic diseases decreased from 19.21% to 16.38% in males, and from 10.42% to 7.58% in females (AAPC=-1.893% and -3.085%, Z=-5.262 and -9.811, both P<0.001). The probability of premature mortality due to diabetes appeared a tendency towards a rise (AAPC=2.317%, Z=2.548, P=0.034), and the probability of premature mortality due to cardio-cerebrovascular diseases showed a tendency towards a decline (AAPC=-4.826%, Z=-13.590, P<0.001), while no significant changing trend was seen in the probability of premature mortality due to malignant tumors or chronic respiratory diseases (AAPC=-0.751% and -2.461%, Z=-1.532 and -1.730, P=0.125 and 0.122). The predicted probability of premature mortality due to four chronic diseases was 10.92% in 2025 and 9.66% in 2030 in Jiangmen City, which were both lower than the target (11.21% and 9.81%). @*Conclusions@#The probability of premature mortality due to four chronic diseases appeared a tendency towards a decline in Jiangmen City from 2012 to 2021, which can reach the target in 2025 and 2030. Males should be given a high priority for interventions of chronic diseases, and diabetes control should be reinforced.

Associations between ultrafine particles（UFPs） exposure and occurrence and mortality of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases in Minhang District， Shanghai： a time-series analysis / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveThe study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the short-term effects of ultrafine particles （UFPs） exposure on the occurrence and mortality of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. MethodsThe number of daily cases of cardio-cerebrovascular events， including stroke and acute myocardial infarction， and mortality of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases， daily concentrations of air pollutants and weather conditions in Minhang， Shanghai from January 1， 2016 to December 31， 2018 were collected. Associations between UFPs and the number of daily cases and deaths were analyzed by the general additive Poisson regression model with the control of meteorological variables， day-of-the-week effects and time trends. Increased percentages of the number of daily cases and deaths and 95%CI were used to indicate the short-term effects of UFPs. ResultsDuring the study period， in the single-pollutant model， an increase of 2022 particles/cm3 showed significant effects with 5.01%（95%CI： 1.22%‒8.94%）and 6.05%（95%CI： 1.53%‒10.80%）increments in the percentages of the number of daily cases and deaths respectively. After adjusting other pollutants in the two-pollutant model， statistically significant associations were also observed. ConclusionUFPs exposure has acute impacts on the occurrence and mortality of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases.

Correlation between atmospheric PM2.5 and emergency call for respiratory and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases / 预防医学

Objective@#To examine the correlation between atmospheric PM2.5 and emergency call for respiratory diseases.@*Methods@#The daily emergency call for respiratory and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases was collected from Hangzhou Emergency Medical Center from 2018 to 2020, and meteorological and atmospheric pollutant data were collected from Hangzhou Municipal Center for Ecological and Environmental Monitoring during the same period, including daily mean air temperature, daily mean relative humidity, PM2.5, PM10 and SO2 levels. The correlation between atmospheric PM2.5 and emergency call for respiratory and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases was examined using a generalized additive model, and the risk of emergency call was predicted using excessive risk (ER) and its 95%CI.@*Results@#The daily mean emergency call was 14 (interquartile range, 12) cases for respiratory diseases and 20 (interquartile range, 7) cases for cardio-cerebrovascular diseases in Hangzhou City from 2018 to 2020, and the daily mean PM2.5 mass concentration was 29.77 (interquartile range, 21.32) μg/m3. Cumulative exposure to PM2.5 for 5 or 6 d caused the largest effect on the emergency call for respiratory diseases, and an increase in PM2.5 by 10 μg/m3 led to a 1.93% (95%CI: 0.76%-3.11%) rise in the emergency call for respiratory diseases. Cumulative exposure to PM2.5 for 4 d caused the largest effect on the emergency call for cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, and an increase in PM2.5 by 10 μg/m3 led to a 1.88% (95%CI: 0.80%-2.97%) rise in the emergency call for cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. Cumulative exposure to PM2.5 for 7 d caused the largest effect on the emergency call for respiratory diseases among residents aged 60 years and older, and an increase in PM2.5 by 10 μg/m3 led to a 4.37% (95%CI: 2.70%-6.06%) rise in the emergency call for respiratory diseases. Cumulative exposure to PM2.5 for 4 d caused the largest effect on the emergency call for cardio-cerebrovascular diseases among residents aged 60 years and older, and an increase in PM2.5 by 10 μg/m3 led to a 2.44% (95%CI: 0.97%-3.52%) rise in the emergency call for cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. However, exposure to PM2.5 had no marked effects on emergency call for respiratory or cardio-cerebrovascular diseases among residents aged <60 years.@*Conclusions@#Elevated atmospheric PM2.5 mass concentration may lead to an increase in the daily emergency calls for respiratory and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, notably among residents aged 60 years and older.

Research and reflections on the nitric oxide-donating cardio-cerebrovascular drugs / 中国药科大学学报

@#Nitric oxide (NO) as a signal transduction species and/or effector molecule plays an extremely important role in the cardiovascular, nervous, and immune systems. Insufficient production or abnormal signal transduction of NO is closely associated with onset and progression of many diseases. Studies on direct or indirect regulation of NO levels in vivo and related metabolic pathways have become a hot spot in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. This review briefly introduces the generation of NO in vivo and its physiological and pathological functions in cardio-cerebrovascular system, with focus on the authors'' research on NO-donating cardio-cerebrovascular and related drugs, aiming to provide some reference for future development of these drugs.

Comparison of the clinical features and therapeutics of COVID-19 in cardio-cerebrovascular disease (CCVD) and non-CCVD patients / 医学前沿

Cardio-cerebrovascular disease (CCVD) is a major comorbidity of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the clinical characteristics and outcomes remain unclear. In this study, 102 cases of COVID-19 from January 22, 2020 to March 26, 2020 in Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou were included. Twenty cases had pre-existing CCVD. Results showed that compared with non-CCVD patients, those with CCVD are more likely to develop severe disease (15% versus 1%), and the proportion of pneumonia severity index grade IV was significantly higher (25% versus 3.6%). Computed tomography images demonstrated that the proportion of multiple lobe lesion involvement was significantly higher in the CCVD group than in the non-CCVD group (90% versus 63.4%). Compared with non-CCVD group, the levels of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, D-dimer, and serum amyloid-A were higher, whereas the total protein and arterial partial PaO

Interaction between oxidant pollutants and ambient temperature on cardio-cerebrovascular mortality risks in Guangzhou, China / 环境与职业医学

Background The increasing threats of air pollution and extreme weather have been widely recognized in recent years in China, but their individual and joint effects on cardio-cerebrovascular mortality are unclear. Objective This study aims to investigate the individual effects of and potential interactions between oxidant pollutants and ambient temperature on cardio-cerebrovascular mortality risks. Methods We collected daily data on death counts of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, concentrations of ambient air pollutants, and meteorological parameters in Guangzhou, Chinabetween 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2016. A generalized additive model with a Poisson distribution was conducted to assess the associations of oxidant pollutants and ambient temperature with cardio-cerebrovascular mortality risks. Bivariate response surface models and stratified analyses were further adopted to qualitatively and quantitatively examine the potential interactions between oxidant pollutants and ambient temperature on cardio-cerebrovascular mortality risks. Results During the study period, the daily averages were 60.3 μg·m−3 for ozone (O3), 50.9 μg·m−3 for combined atmospheric oxidant capacity (Ox), 32.5 μg·m−3 for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and 22.3℃ for ambient temperature. The average daily death counts of coronary and stroke diseases were 20 and 15, respectively. Per 10 μg·m−3 increment in O3, Ox, and NO2 were associated with increased coronary mortality risks (excess risk, ER) of 1.26% (95%CI: 0.79%-1.74%), 1.61% (95%CI: 0.99%-2.23%), and 1.33% (95%CI: 0.59%-2.07%), and with increased stroke mortality risks of 1.56% (95%CI: 1.04%-2.09%), 2.30% (95%CI: 1.60%-3.01%), and 2.93% (95%CI: 2.07%-3.79%) over cumulative lags of 2-5 days, respectively. The exposure-response relationships between ambient temperature and coronary and stroke mortality risks exhibited an inverse "J" shape, with the minimum mortality at temperatures of 25.7℃ for coronary disease and 27.3℃ for stroke. Our results further showed potentially synergic effects of higher temperatures and higher levels of O3 and Ox exposures on coronary mortality risks, and the relative ER due to interactions was 0.103 (95%CI: 0.028-0.178) for O3 and 0.079 (95%CI: 0.004-0.154) for Ox. We didn't find evidence of an interaction between oxidant pollutants and low temperature. Conclusion Short-term exposures to oxidant pollutants are associated with increased cardio-cerebrovascular mortality risks, and the interactive effects of high temperature and oxidant pollutants are synergistic in relation to cardio-cerebrovascular mortality risks.

Current status and changes of disease burden of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases in 1990 and 2016 for Beijing people / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To investigate the current status and changes of disease burden of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases in 1990 and 2016 for Beijing people. Methods: Using the results of the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to describe deaths status and disease burden of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases in Beijing. The measurement index included the total deaths, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD), and disability-adjusted years (DALY). Using the average world population from 2000 to 2025 as standard population to calculate the age-standardized mortality rate, DALY rate, YLL rate and YLD rate. Results: The age-standardized mortality rate of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases was 209.24 per 100 000. In 2016, DALY, YLL and YLD of cardio-cerebrovascular was 875.6, 733.6 and 142.0 thousand person-years, respectively, which has increased by 58.05%, 44.24% and 213.47%, respectively, than that in 1990. The age-standardized DALY rate and age-standardized YLL rate of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases in 2016 was 3 552.24 and 2 988.01 per 100 000 which has decreased by 47.90% and 52.43%, respectively, than that in 1990. The age-standardized YLD rate of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases in 2016 was 564.23 per 100 000 which increased by 5.10% than that in 1990. In 2016, the total death of cerebrovascular disease and ischemic heart disease was 17.6 thousand and 23.7 thousand, respectively. DALY was 396.3 and 393.6 thousand person-years in 2016, while 330.2 and 162.7 thousand person-years in 1990, which has increased by 20.02% and 141.92%, respectively. Conclusions: The disease burden of cardio-cerebrovascular disease is serious, especially the burden of cerebrovascular disease and ischemic heart disease. The disability burden of cerebrovascular disease is serious. The disease burden of ischemic heart disease has multiplied.

Network pharmacology-based study on mechanisms of drug pair of Coptidis Rhizoma-Euodiae Fructus in treating cancer and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases / 中草药

Objective: To clarify the characteristics of drug pair of Coptidis Rhizoma-Euodiae Fructus on multi-components, multi-targets and multi-pathways based on the network pharmacology, and provide a theoretical reference for further study on the pharmacodynamic basis and mechanism of Coptidis Rhizoma-Euodiae Fructus against cancer and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. Methods: Through the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database, the parameters of oral bioavailability (OB ≥ 30%) and drug-likeness (DL ≥ 0.18) combined with the biological function, contents, research hotspot and other factors were used to screen out the active ingredients of the medicine pair of Coptidis Rhizoma - Euodiae Fructus. DrugBank and TCMSP databases were used to predict and analyze the targets, and Uniprot database was used to sort out all relevant genes affecting the targets. Combining the KEGG database for GO analysis and pathway analysis, "ingredients-targets-related diseases" network was constructed using Cytoscape software. Results: A total of 41 compounds and 212 potential target genes, as well as 44 signaling pathways were obtained after screening from Coptidis Rhizoma-Euodiae Fructus, and there were 44 major signaling pathways involved in 30 pathways related to cancer, seven pathways which were related to cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, seven pathways which were related to cancer and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. Conclusion: The active ingredients of Coptidis Rhizoma-Euodiae Fructus can up-regulate the expression of cancer apoptosis genes through multi-components, multi-targets and multi-pathways, down-regulate the expression of cell cycle and apoptosis-related genes, and produce anti-cancer effect; Protecting vascular cells by inhibiting vascular calcification, and to achieve the effect of treating cardio-cerebrovascular diseases by inhibiting apoptosis and proliferation.

Research progress of Schisandra chinensis and predictive analysis of Q-marker / 中草药

Schisandra chinensis fructus is the dried ripe fruit of S. chinensis from magnoliaceae, produced mainly in the three provinces in the northeast of China. This research systematically summarized the active constituent and pharmacological activity of S. chinensis fructus in recent years, and predicted the Q-marker of S. chinensis fructus in terms of component specificity, constituent validity, component measurability and component absorbed into blood based on the concept of the Q-marker of traditional Chinese medicine. The result suggested the component of lignans in diphenyl cyclooctene as the Q-marker of S. chinensis fructus to conduct the qualitative and quantitative analysis, which provides the scientific basis for establishing and improving the quality evaluation standard of S. chinensis fructus.

Effect of Astragalus membranaceus on metabolic homeostasis of cardio-cerebrovascular system in mice / 中国药科大学学报

@#To explore the effect of Astragalus membranaceus, a traditional Chinese medicine, on metabolic homeostasis of heart, brain and blood in mice, and to elucidate the cardio-cerebrovascular protective mechanisms of AR from the perspective of metabolic regulation. Thirteen ICR male mice were randomly divided into two groups which were intragastrically administered with ultrapure water and aqueous extract of Astragalus membranaceus for 10 consecutive days, respectively. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to comprehensively characterize the metabolic profiles of serum, heart and brain tissues. Multivariate statistical analysis combined with nonparametric tests were applied to screen and identify different metabolites, and then the related metabolic pathways were uncovered. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the metabolic profiles of serum, heart, and brain tissues of mice after Astragalus membranaceus intervention significantly changed compared with the control group. A total of 15, 19, and 17 metabolites were identified in serum, heart, and brain tissues, respectively, among which palmitic acid and LysoPC (20∶3) were screened out from all types of biological samples. The results of metabolic pathway enrichment analysis showed that amino acid metabolism, phospholipid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle were significantly affected. Astragalus membranaceus may protect the cardio-cerebrovascular system by regulating the metabolic homeostasis of amino acids, lipids and energy.

Comparison of risk-assessment tools for cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) in male shipyard workers: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: Periodic revision of assessment tools is essential to ensure risk assessment reliability and validity. Despite the recent revision of the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) 2018, there is no evidence showing that the revision is superior to other cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) risk-assessment tools for workplace health management. We conducted a comparative analysis using the Framingham risk score (FRS) as a gold standard to identify the most relevant CVDs risk-assessment tool for workplace health management. METHODS: We included 4,460 shipyard workers who had undergone a workers' health examination during January–December 2016. Risk levels for CVDs were calculated based on the FRS, KOSHA 2013, KOSHA 2017, KOSHA 2018 (2 methods), National Health Screening Program health risk appraisal (NHS HRA) 2017, and NHS HRA 2018. Study participants were categorized into low-risk, moderate-risk, or high-risk groups. Sensitivity, specificity, correlation, and agreement of each risk-assessment tool were calculated compared with the FRS as a gold standard. For statistical analyses, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and the linearly weighted kappa coefficient were calculated. RESULTS: Sensitivity of the risk assessments was highest in the KOSHA 2018 (health risk appraisal [HRA]). The FRS showed correlation coefficients of 0.354 with the KOSHA 2013, 0.396 with the KOSHA 2017, 0.386 with the KOSHA 2018, 0.505 with the KOSHA 2018 (HRA), 0.288 with the NHS HRA 2017, and 0.622 with the NHS HRA 2018. Kappa values, calculated to examine the agreement in relation to the KOSHA 2013, KOSHA 2017, KOSHA 2018, KOSHA 2018 (HRA), NHS HRA 2017, and NHS HRA 2018 with the FRS, were 0.268, 0.322, 0.352, 0.136, 0.221, and 0.559, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The NHS HRA 2018 risk calculation method is a useful risk-assessment tool for CVDs, but only when appropriate classification criteria are applied. In order to enhance the risk-group identification capability of the KOSHA guideline, we propose to apply the classification criteria set in this study based on the risk group definition of the 2018 Korean Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension instead of the current classification criteria of the KOSHA 2018.

Association between PM2.5 pollution in ambient air and cardio-cerebrovascular mortality in Suzhou in 2016：a time series analysis / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To explore the effect of PM2.5 on the mortality of cardio-cerebrovascular disease in Suzhou, China. Methods The death data, air pollutant data and meteorological data from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2017 in Suzhou were collected. The general additive Poisson regression model was used to analyse the association of exposure to PM2.5 with the daily deaths due to cardio-cerebrovascular disease, and to calculate the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM2.5. Results The number of deaths from cardio-cerebrovascular disease was 30 200. On average, there were approximately 41 deaths per day. The daily median concentration of PM2.5 was 37.13 μg/m3 and IQR was 30.75 μg/m3. The RR values of single-day death and average death from cardio-cerebrovascular disease were 1.017(1.001-1.034) and 1.055(1.019-1.093)with an IQR increase of PM2.5 concentration, respectively. Stratified by gender and age, female and the elderly aged over 65 had higher risks of death from the cardio-cerebrovascular disease. Conclusion The elevated level of ambient PM2.5was positively associated with the increase of mortality of cardio-cerebrovascular disease.

A time-series prediction and analysis on rural inpatient with cardio-cerebrovascular disease in Wugang / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To establish a predictive model for inpatients of cardio-cerebrovascular disease in rural areas of Wugang through time series analysis, and predict the changing trend of cardio-cerebrovascular disease, so as to offer guidance for the health care resources allocation and prevention and control of cardio-cerebrovascular disease. Methods The seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model (SARIMA) was constructed based on the monthly number of cases of cardio-cerebrovascular disease in rural areas from January 2013 to December 2016 by Stata 14.0 software, and the predictive effect of the model was verified with the monthly number of inpatients of cardio-cerebrovascular disease in 2017. Results The final fitting model of inpatients of cardio-cerebrovascular disease was SARIMA (2, 1, 1)×(0, 1, 0)12. The residual sequence of the model was diagnosed. Results of Ljung-Box Q test showed that the residual sequence was white noise sequence (Q=11.12, P=0.68). In addition, the 2017 forecast was basically consistent with the observations, the overall relative error was around -1.2%. The results showed that the summer was the peak period of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular hospitalization. Conclusion SARIMA model can accurately predict the number of inpatients of cardio-cerebrovascular disease in Wugang, which can provide data support for the hospital administrator to rationally allocate medical resources in the cardiovascular according to the needs of cardio-cerebrovascular treatment in different months.

Pilot study on reference interval of serum lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity in healthy adults of Changsha area, China / 临床检验杂志

Objective To investigate the level of serum lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2(Lp-PLA2) activity in healthy adults of Changsha area and establish the reference interval of serum Lp-PLA2activity. Methods A total of 424 healthy adults (175 males and 249 females) were classified into five groups by different age, including 20 to 29, 30 to 39, 40 to 49, 50 to 59 and over 60 years old group. Serum Lp-PLA2activity was measured by continuous-monitoring assay. According to the requirements of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) C28-A3, the reference interval of Lp-PLA2activity was established by nonparametric method.Results The levels of serum Lp-PLA2activities in both males and females showed normal distribution. The average of Lp-PLA2activity was (478± 135)U/L in 175 males and (402±116)U/L in 249 females with statistically significant difference (t＝6.184, P＜0.01). Z test result showed Z＞Z?, so the reference intervals of males and females were established respectively. There was no statistical difference of Lp-PLA2activities among the varied groups of males (F＝1.259, P＝0.288), but there were statistical differences among the varied groups of females (F＝9.341, P＜0.01). The females of the age over 40 years old showed higher activities than those of age under 40 years old (t＝5.732,P＜0.01). However, there was no statistical significance of serum Lp-PLA2activities in the females between the two groups of the age under 40 and the three groups of age over 40. Therefore, the reference intervals of serum Lp-PLA2activities in healthy adults were established as followed: 217-761 U/L for males, 168-566 U/L for the females of 20 to 39 years old and 203-702 U/L for the fe-males of 40 to 86 years old. Conclusion The reference interval of serum Lp-PLA2activity in physical examination of healthy adults in Changsha area was established.

New strategy for cardio-cerebrovascular diseases: baroreflex activation therapy / 药学实践杂志

The incident number and death toll of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases increase continuously in China.The impairment of arterial baroreflex (ABR) is closely related to the genesis and development of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (such as hypertension and chronic heart failure).Barostim neoTM (by American CRVx.Inc) can reduce blood pressure and heart rate by electrically stimulating carotid sinus baroreceptors and activating baroreflex.Therefore, it can be used to treat resistant hypertension, heart failure and end-stage renal disease, etc.The mechanism of baroreflex activation therapy (BAT) includes inhibiting sympathetic nervous system and rennin-angiotensin system, and increasing the activity of vagus nerve.Thus it improves baroreflex sensitivity and heart rate variability, and restores the structure and function of key organs.

Correlation between ApoE gene polymorphism and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases / 实用医学杂志

Objective To investigate the correlation between apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and car-dio-cerebrovascular diseases. Methods Gene chip method was used to determine ApoE genotypes in 1427 pa-tients with cardiovascular disease and 450 health controls. Levels of serum lipid were compared. Results The highest genotype frequency of ApoE was ε3/3 in the patient group and control group. The allele frequency of ApoE from high to low wasε3,ε2 andε4. The genotype ofε3/3 in patient group was significantly lower than that in con-trol group(χ2 = 12.562,P 0.05). The level of TCH and LDL-c significantly decreased in patients with E2 genotype,and increased in patients with genotype E4(P 0.05). Positive relationship was found between ApoE geno-type and phenotype of ApoE and LDL-c. Conclusions ApoE gene polymorphism plays an important role in the oc-currence and development of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases.

Compatibility of Radix astragali and Radix salviae miltiorrhiae for the treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular system diseases:research advances / 国际药学研究杂志

Because of the high morbidity and mortality rate,cardio-cerebrovascular diseases,including cerebral embolism, cerebral hemorrhage,cerebral vasospasm and myocardial infarction,have become main diseases threatening human health. Tradition-al chinese medicine(TCM)holds that the basic pathogenesis is Qi imbalances,which could be improved by benefiting Qi and promot-ing blood circulation. The compatibility of Radix astragali and Radix salviae miltiorrhiae are particularly suitable for treating the car-dio-cerebrovascular system diseases by improving Qi deficiency and blood stasis. This paper focuses on the application of Radix astrag-ali,Radix s. miltiorrhiae and their compatibility for treating the cardio-cerebrovascular system diseases. Moreover,our research would offer valuable references for the development of new drugs related to the treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular system diseases.

Effectiveness of workers' general health examination in Korea by health examination period and compliance: retrospective cohort study using nationwide data

BACKGROUND: Our study evaluated the effectiveness of the Workers' General Health Examination by health examination period and compliance. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of the health examination participants in 2006 (baseline year: N = 6,527,045) was used. We identified newly occurring cardio-cerebrovascular disease over 7 years (from 2007 to 2013). After stratification by age, sex, and national health insurance type, we identified 7 years' cumulative incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular disease by health examination compliance and estimated its relative risk by health examination period and compliance. RESULTS: The compliant group presented a lower cumulative incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular disease than the non-compliant group; this result was consistent across sex, working age (40s and 50s), and workplace policyholder. Relative risk of cardio-cerebrovascular disease by health examination period (1 and 2 years) showed statistically significant results in ischemic heart disease for male participants. Of men in their 40s, office workers (over a 2-year period) presented statistically higher relative risk of ischemic heart disease than non-office workers (over a 1-year period: 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.03). However, there were no consistent results in ischemic cerebrovascular disease and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease for men or cardio-cerebrovascular disease for women. CONCLUSION: A 1-year period of Workers' General Health Examinations in non-office workers had a more significant prevention effect on ischemic heart disease than a 2-year period in office workers among working age (40s–50s) men. It is, however, necessary to consider that prevention of cardio-cerebrovascular disease can be partially explained by their occupational characteristics rather than by health examination period.

Overall analysis of Chinese materia medica with clinical approval by CFDA during 2010-2015 / 中草药

The article provides the references for R&D direction of Chinese materia medica (CMM) by searching and sorting the clinical approval of CMM in China. The overall analysis on CMM includes the total amounts, register classifications, indications, declared periods, formulations of approved herbal medicines, and potential reasons of their regularities. The annual approval amounts during 2010-2015 are obviously decreased in the past 6 years. Approved medicines (83.75%) are compound recipes that belong to the sixth class in register classifications. Involving indications, the total amounts of approved medicines from respiratory system, digestive system, cardio-cerebrovascular system, gynecology, and skeletal musculature system are accounted for 70.03% of total number. The calculated average declared period is 27.36 months, while the applications of endocrine, nutrition, metabolism disease, and cancer system have much longer declared periods than the others. Most formulations of approved medicines are solid oral preparations such as tablets, capsules, granules, and it displays a big difference in formulations between different therapeutic domains. Overall, the registration approval analysis reflects to a certain extent that now is the difficult time of CMM research and development as well as approvals, the new drug R&D should pay more attention on its clinical value.