Interrelations among Smoking Habits, Casual Blood Pressure and Intraocular Pressure in Middle and Old-Aged Japanese Residents

Objectives: To investigate the association of smoking habits with blood pressure (BP) and intraocular pressure (IOP), and to examine whether the smoking-BP association is related to the IOP level. Methods: This study was conducted on the basis of a cross-sectional design using annual health check-up data during one-year between August, 1999 and August, 2000 for 611 middle and old-aged Japanese residents living in Ibaraki prefecture, Japan. Results: After adjustment for age, gender, body mass index and alcohol intake score, the proportion of hypertensives, and the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) of the subjects without antihypertensive medications were the highest (50.4%, 129.6 mmHg and 75.9 mmHg, respectively) in the “smokers of 25 or more cigarettes per day with intraocular pressure (IOP) >15 mmHg” of six subgroups crossed by three smoking categories (non-smokers, 1 to 24 cigarettes per day, and 25 or more cigarettes per day) and two IOP categories (less than 15 mmHg, and 15 mmHg or greater). On the other hand, the adjusted proportion of hypertensives, and the adjusted mean SBP and DBP decreased with increasing smoking category in the individuals with less than 15 mmHg of the IOP (p for trend=0.028 for proportion of hypertensives, 0.008 for the SBP, and 0.001 for the DBP, respectively). Conclusions: Heavy smoking may be specifically related to ‘high BP accompanied by high IOP’, although the BP may be inversely associated with smoking under the condition without high IOP.

Interrelations among smoking habits, casual blood pressure and intraocular pressure in middle and old-aged Japanese residents

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To investigate the association of smoking habits with blood pressure (BP) and intraocular pressure (IOP), and to examine whether the smoking-BP association is related to the IOP level.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This study was conducted on the basis of a cross-sectional design using annual health check-up data during one-year between August, 1999 and August, 2000 for 611 middle and old-aged Japanese residents living in Ibaraki prefecture, Japan.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After adjustment for age, gender, body mass index and alcohol intake score, the proportion of hypertensives, and the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) of the subjects without antihypertensive medications were the highest (50.4%, 129.6 mmHg and 75.9 mmHg, respectively) in the "smokers of 25 or more cigarettes per day with intraocular pressure (IOP)≥15 mmHg" of six subgroups crossed by three smoking categories (non-smokers, 1 to 24 cigarettes per day, and 25 or more cigarettes per day) and two IOP categories (less than 15 mmHg, and 15mmHg or greater). On the other hand, the adjusted proportion of hypertensives, and the adjusted mean SBP and DBP decreased with increasing smoking category in the individuals with less than 15 mmHg of the IOP (p for trend=0.028 for proportion of hypertensives 0.008 for the SBP, and 0.001 for the DBP, respectively).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Heavy smoking may be specifically related to 'high BP accompanied by high IOP', although the BP may be inversely associated with smoking under the condition without high IOP.</p>

Avaliação da pressão arterial em indivíduos normais e hiper-reatores. Um estudo comparativo dos métodos de medidas casual e da MAPA / Blood Pressure Response in Normorreactive and Hyperreactive Patients. A Comparative Study Between Casual and Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring

PURPOSE: To evaluate the levels of blood pressure when measured by casual and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. METHODS: We studied 16 sedentary and normotensive subjects (mean 43 +/- 3 years old) showing an exaggerated blood pressure response (SBP > 220 mmHg) during a cycloergometric test, hyperreactive group (HG). This group was compared to 15 others with SBP < or = 220 mmHg during exercise, normoreactive group (NG). Casual blood pressure was obtained by the conventional method and the ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was obtained with SpaceLabs 90207 monitor. This procedure (test 1) was repeated after four months (test 2). RESULTS: Both groups showed statistically higher levels of blood pressure when measured by ABPM device, compared to casual measurements. Systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in HG in casual measurement, in test 1 but not in test 2. Diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher in HG only through the ABPM device. The ambulatory blood pressure average values for two or 24 hours was similar in both groups. No significant differences were observed in left ventricular morphology at the echocardiogram. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that hyperreactive subjects have an exaggerated stress-induced cardiovascular response during the installation of the device.

Objetivo - Avaliar a pressão arterial de indivíduos normais e hiper-reatores antes e após a colocação do aperelho de monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial (MAPA), bem como as médias de 2h, 24h e subperíodos de monitorização. Métodos - Estudaram-se 16 indivíduos (43±3 anos), sedentários, assintomáticos, normotensos e que apresentaram elevação exagerada da pressão sistólica (PAS >220mmHg) durante o teste ergométrico, constituindo o grupo hiper-reator (GH). Este grupo foi comparado com outros 15 indivíduos normotensos em repouso e que apresentaram durante o esforço PAS <220mmHg (GN). A pressão casual foi determinada pelo método auscultatório convencional e os valores de monitorização foram obtidos com o monitor SpaceLabs 90207. Este procedimento (teste 1) foi repetido após período de quatro meses (teste 2). Resultados - Em ambos os grupos observou-se elevação estatisticamente significante das cifras pressóricas após a instalação do monitor, em relação à medida casual. A PAS casual e a pressão diastólica da 1ª medida da MAPA foram maiores (p<0,05) em GH, cujas significâncias desapareceram após quatro meses. A média das duas primeiras horas de monitorização e dos valores da MAPA de 24h foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos. O estudo ecocardiográfico não apresentou diferenças estruturais cardíacas entre GN e GH. Conclusão - Esses dados indicam que indivíduos hiper-reatores podem apresentar resposta cardiovascular exagerada estresse-induzida durante a instalação do monitor