RESUMO
Early life is a critical window period that determines the growth and development of children, but this delicate and complex period is highly susceptible to the disturbance of various exogenous chemicals, which in consequence may lead to short-term or long-term adverse health effects in human beings. The massive use of antibiotics has contributed to widespread exposure in early life, along with the potentially adverse effects on child health, and has caused great concern in public health. This review summarized recent epidemiological studies on the population with early-life antibiotic exposure and associated health outcomes such as growth and development, allergies, and psycho-behavioral problems in children, as well as potential biological mechanisms underlying these associations. Current findings suggested that antibiotic exposure early in life, including pregnancy and infancy, is strongly associated with childhood allergic diseases (e.g., atopic dermatitis and asthma), growth and development (e.g., obesity and birth length), and childhood psycho-behavioral problems (e.g., autism and anxiety). It also suggested that antibiotic exposure may affect individual health through gut microbiota, thyroid function, inflammation factors, mitochondrial function, and epigenetic mechanisms. In the future, more large prospective birth cohorts should be established to determine the levels of internal exposure to different types of antibiotics at multiple time points in early life and to explore their associations with child health outcomes, as well as to further validate relevant mechanisms, aiming to provide high-quality scientific evidence for research on child health associated with environmental exposure in early life.
RESUMO
Background: In developing countries various childhood diseases lead the morbidity, mortality and irre-versible losses which can be prevented by proper vaccination. This study was conducted to analyse the changing trends of childhood vaccination in India and its impact on childhood diseases and mortality, the trends in coverage of each vaccine along with identification of geographical areas of concern.Materials and methods: NFHS data published by Government of India was analyzed to see the trends in vaccination coverage, female literacy, childhood diseases and under-five mortality, along with online da-tabase search for relevant literature. Results: Total vaccination coverage in India has reached to 76.4% as per NFHS- 5 data. Orissa stands at the top with 90.5% coverage while Nagaland at the bottom with 57.9% coverage. Prevalence of child-hood diseases and under-five mortality has reduced overtime accountable to increase in vaccination coverage as one of the major factors for same. Conclusion: Despite improvement in total vaccination coverage, the goal of Intensified Mission Indra Dhanush of 90% coverage still remains unachieved. There is reduction in childhood disease and mortali-ty rate, but the pandemic has adversely affected these advances. Therefore, immediate steps should be taken to gain the lost ground.
RESUMO
Esta pesquisa renova trabalhos de validade relativos ao teste das Fábulas (TF). Sua originalidade consiste em examinar indicadores de somatização (IS), novo problema no TF. São estudados IS em 47 crianças (16 com asma, 21 câncer, 10 sadias), de ambos os sexos, com idades entre quatro e 14 anos. Utiliza-se estatística descritiva e testes de associação. As fábulas do Passarinho e do Elefante, cujas estórias propiciam alusão ao corpo, mostram-se altamente sensíveis a esses indicadores. A análise dos IS, em grupos contrastantes, sugere a validade do TF. O estudo contribui para o conhecimento psicossomático baseado em evidências. Apesar das promissoras evidências empíricas, há necessidade de mais estudos controlados, com amostras maiores e com outras doenças crônicas...
This research renovates previous works about the validity of the Fables Test (TF). Its originality lies on investigating indicators of somatization (IS) that are a new problem about TF. These indicators were studied in a group of 47 children, aged 4 to 14 years (16 with asthma, 21 with cancer, 10 healthy). Descriptive statistics and association tests were used. Fables of the Bird and the Elephant, whose stories provide an allusion to the body, appeared as highly sensitive to these indicators. The somatization analysis in contrasted groups suggests the validity of the TF. The study contributes to psychosomatic evidence-based knowledge. Despite the promising empirical evidence, there is a need for larger controlled studies with other groups of chronic disease...