Application of case-based reverse teaching model based on micro-classes in Neurology teaching / 沈阳医学院学报

Objective:To investigate the advantages of case-based reverse teaching model based on micro-classes in Neurology teaching.Method:A total of 60 undergraduates of grade 2017 majoring in psychiatry from Bengbu Medical University were selected and divided into the control group and the experimental group according to random number table method,with 30 students in each group.The control group received the traditional teaching model to study Neurology.The experimental group received the case-based reverse teaching model based on micro-classes.At the end of the course,Neurology professional knowledge and case analysis ability were evaluated,and students'satisfaction with the teaching mode were compared by questionnaire scores.Results:The scores of Neurology professional knowledge and case analysis ability and the total score in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group(P＜0.05).The satisfaction score in the experimental group was also higher than that in the control group(P＜0.05).Conclusion:The case-based reverse teaching mode based on micro-classes in Neurology teaching can promote students'professional knowledge learning and mastering,and improve teaching satisfaction,which is worthy of promotion.

Sobre a noção de classes e grupos subalternos em A. Gramsci / On the notion of classes and subaltern groups in A. Gramsci

Resumo: O objetivo do artigo é resgatar a concepção de classes e grupos subalternos no pensamento de Antonio Gramsci, demarcando a relação orgânica do tema com suas condições de vida, suas origens sardas e a "questão meridional". Através de um estudo bibliográfico e teórico-filológico, recupera-se a presença dos conceitos nos escritos pré-carcerários, o aprofundamento nos Cadernos do cárcere, com destaque para os Cadernos 3 e 25, e as mediações com outras categorias desenvolvidas na obra carcerária.

Abstract: The aim of this article is to rescue the conception of subaltern classes and groups in Antonio Gramsci's thought, demarcating the organic relationship of the theme with their living conditions, their Sardinian origins and the "southern question". Through a bibliographic and theoretical-philological study, the presence of the concepts in the pre-prison writings is recovered, as well as the deepening of the Prision Notebooks, with emphasis on Notebooks 3 and 25, and the mediations with other categories developed in the prison work.

Discrimination based on gender identity against transgender women and travestis in Brazil: a latent class analysis and associated factors / Discriminação por identidade de gênero entre mulheres trans e travestis no Brasil: uma análise de classes latentes e fatores associados

ABSTRACT Objective To identify groups of transgender women and travestis (TGW) with specific patterns of gender-based discrimination (GBD) and analyze the factors associated with GBD. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with TGW recruited through respondent-driven sampling in five Brazilian cities (2019-2021). Latent class analysis was used to characterize GBD (low, medium, and high) using 14 observable variables. Descriptive analysis was performed, and associations between predictor variables and GBD were estimated by adjusted odds ratios (aOR) using ordinal logistic regression. Results Out of a total of 1,317 TGW, 906 (68.8%) answered questions about GBD. Most were under 34 years old, single, and had a Brown race/skin color. GBD was classified as "low," "medium," and "high," with estimates of 41.7, 44.5, and 13.8%, respectively. Variables positively associated with higher intensity of GBD included living in Manaus compared to São Paulo, being ≤34 years old compared to >34, being homeless compared to living in one's own house or rented apartment, not having legally changed one's name compared to those who had, and reporting physical or sexual violence compared to those who did not report. Variables negatively associated with higher intensity of GBD included having a Brown or Asian race/skin color compared to White and a monthly income ≥1 minimum wage compared to ³1. Conclusion A high proportion of GBD was observed in Brazilian TGW, with this outcome associated with more vulnerable sociodemographic characteristics and a history of violence.

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar grupos de mulheres trans e travestis (MTT) com padrões específicos de discriminação por identidade de gênero (DIG) e analisar os fatores associados à DIG. Métodos Estudo transversal com MTT recrutadas por respondent-driven sampling em cinco capitais brasileiras (2019-2021). Análise de classes latentes foi usada para caracterizar a DIG (em baixa, média e alta) usando 14 variáveis observáveis. Análise descritiva foi realizada e as associações entre variáveis preditoras e DIG foram estimadas por odds ratio ajustados (ORaj), usando regressão logística ordinal. Resultados Do total de 1.317 MTT, 906 (68,8%) responderam perguntas sobre DIG. A maioria apresentava idade ≤34 anos, solteiras e com raça/cor de pele parda. DIG foi classificada em "baixa", "média" e "alta", com estimativas de 41,7, 44,5, 13,8%, respectivamente. As variáveis positivamente associadas à maior intensidade de DIG foram: morar em Manaus em comparação com São Paulo; possuir idade £34 anos em comparação com idade >34; estar em situação de rua em comparação com quem mora em casa ou apartamento próprio ou alugado; não ter retificado o nome em documento em comparação com quem retificou; e relato de violência física ou sexual em comparação com quem não relatou. As variáveis negativamente associadas à maior intensidade de DIG foram: raça/cor de pele parda ou amarela em comparação com branca; e renda média mensal <1 salário mínimo em comparação com ≥1 salários. Conclusão Observaram-se alta proporção de DIG em MTT brasileiras e associação desse desfecho com características sociodemográficas mais vulneráveis e histórico de violência.

Healthy dietary patterns linked to Brazilian adolescents' school meal adherence / Padrões alimentares saudáveis associados à adesão à alimentação escolar de adolescentes brasileiros

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to verify the association between adherence to school meals provided by the National School Feeding Program and dietary patterns in adolescents from Brazilian public schools. Methods: Data from the 2019 National School Health Survey were used, with a nationally representative sample of Brazilian school adolescents (n=53,477; 13-17 years old). Food consumption of healthy and unhealthy food markers was obtained from a food consumption questionnaire. Regular consumption was considered ≥5 times/week. Latent class analysis was used to identify dietary patterns whose association with adherence to school meals was evaluated by multinomial logistic regression models, with adjustment for sociodemographic and eating behavior variables. Results: Three dietary patterns were identified: "unhealthy" — higher consumption of soft drinks and sweets (9.2% of adolescents); "healthy" — higher consumption of beans, vegetables, and fruits (27.1%); and "monotonous" — higher consumption of beans (63.7%). High adherence to school meals (every day) and unsatisfactory adherence (1-4 times/week) were positively associated with the healthy pattern even after adjustment for possible potential confounders (OR 1.37, 95%CI 1.23-1.52; OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.10-1.30, respectively). Conclusion: The results showed that the consumption of school meals offered by the National School Feeding Program can contribute to healthy eating habits among Brazilian adolescents.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a associação entre a adesão à alimentação escolar fornecida pelo Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar e os padrões alimentares em adolescentes de escolas públicas brasileiras. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Escolar de 2019, com uma amostra nacionalmente representativa de adolescentes brasileiros (n=53.477; 13-17 anos). O consumo de alimentos marcadores saudáveis e não saudáveis foi obtido a partir de um questionário de consumo alimentar. O consumo regular foi considerado ≥5 vezes/semana. A análise de classes latente foi utilizada para identificar padrões alimentares cuja associação com a adesão à alimentação escolar foi avaliada por modelos de regressão logística multinomial, com ajuste para variáveis sociodemográficas e de comportamento alimentar. Resultados: Foram identificados três padrões alimentares: "não saudável" — maior consumo de refrigerantes e doces (9,2% dos adolescentes); "saudável" — maior consumo de feijão, vegetais e frutas (27,1%); e "monótono" — maior consumo de feijão (63,7%). Alta adesão à alimentação escolar (todos os dias) e adesão insatisfatória (1-4 vezes/semana) foram positivamente associadas ao padrão saudável, mesmo após ajuste para possíveis fatores de confusão (OR 1,37, IC95% 1,23-1,52; OR 1,20, IC95% 1,10-1,30, respectivamente). Conclusão: Os resultados mostraram que o consumo das refeições escolares oferecidas pelo Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar pode contribuir para hábitos alimentares saudáveis entre os adolescentes brasileiros.

La evaluación de los logros del aprendizaje de la Educación Física, en época de pandemia

La Educación Física, en la actualidad, presta cada vez más atención al desarrollo de estrategias pedagógicas, con la finalidad de perfeccionar los logros del aprendizaje y que este sea sostenible y enfrenta muchos retos de cómo acceder y mantener, en cualquier edad de la vida, la participación de experiencias de aprendizaje estimulantes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar un estudio comparativo entre dos grupos de estudiantes para evaluar la calidad del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, de la Educación Física, basado en la diferencia entre la clase presencial y la clase a distancia, demostrado en los resultados académicos. La investigación fue desarrollada con enfoque cuantitativo y diseño cuasiexperimental con prestest y postest, participaron estudiantes de educación básica regular del cuarto grado, en el año 2020 y de quinto grado durante el año 2021. La prueba de hipótesis determinó que la diferencia de los promedios fue significativa, durante el año 2020 fue de 14,5 y en el año 2021, de 13,5 para 0,05. Se obtuvo el rechazo de la hipótesis nula (Sig<0,05) y se aprobó la hipótesis alterna; lo que evidenció que en el periodo de confinamiento por la pandemia del COVID-19, los promedios en el área de Educación Física disminuyeron.

A Educação Física, atualmente, dá cada vez mais atenção ao desenvolvimento de estratégias pedagógicas, com o objetivo de aperfeiçoar as conquistas da aprendizagem e torná-la sustentável e enfrenta muitos desafios de como acessar e manter, em qualquer idade da vida, o envolvimento em experiências de aprendizagem estimulantes. . O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um estudo comparativo entre dois grupos de alunos para avaliar a qualidade do processo de ensino-aprendizagem da Educação Física, a partir da diferença entre a aula presencial e a aula a distância, demonstrada no resultados acadêmicos. . A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com abordagem quantitativa e delineamento quase-experimental com pré-teste e pós-teste, participaram alunos do ensino fundamental regular da quarta série no ano de 2020 e da quinta série durante o ano de 2021. O teste de hipótese determinou que a diferença na médias foi significativa, durante o ano de 2020 foi de 14,5 e em 2021, de 13,5 para 0,05. A hipótese nula foi rejeitada (Sig<0,05) e a hipótese alternativa foi aprovada; que mostrou que no período de confinamento devido à pandemia de COVID-19, as médias na área da Educação Física diminuíram.

Physical Education, currently, pays more and more attention to the development of pedagogical strategies, with the aim of perfecting learning achievements and making it sustainable and faces many challenges of how to access and maintain, at any age of life, engaging in stimulating learning experiences. The objective of this work was to carry out a comparative study between two groups of students to evaluate the quality of the teaching-learning process of Physical Education, based on the difference between the face-to-face class and the distance class, demonstrated in the academic results. The research was developed with a quantitative approach and quasi-experimental design with pretest and posttest, regular basic education students from the fourth grade in the year 2020 and from the fifth grade during the year 2021 participated. The hypothesis test determined that the difference in the averages was significant, during the year 2020 it was 14.5 and in 2021, from 13.5 to 0.05. The null hypothesis was rejected (Sig <0.05) and the alternative hypothesis was approved; which showed that in the period of confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the averages in the area of Physical Education decreased.

Juventudes de clases populares y covid-19: vida cotidiana y desigualdades / Young people from the underclass and COVID-19: daily life and inequalities / Juventude de classe popular e Covid-19: cotidiano e desigualdades

(analítico) El artículo se estructura a partir de dos preguntas: ¿qué aspectos de la vida cotidiana de las y los jóvenes de clases populares afectó la pandemia de covid-19? ¿De qué modos las desigualdades condicionaron tales afectaciones? El problema fue abordado cualitativamente a partir de estrategias metodológicas adaptadas a los tiempos de pandemia, cuyo objeto fue posibilitar la colaboración de las juventudes durante el proceso investigativo. Se realizaron 28 entrevistas en profundidad a jóvenes de clases populares de 16 a 19 años y a sus docentes, situados en la ciudad de Villa María (Argentina). Como hallazgo central se presenta un mapeo de afectaciones que las y los jóvenes identificaron como centrales durante el tiempo de covid-19: relación con la escuela; relación con el trabajo; sociabilidad, participación y afectividad; angustias e incertidumbres.

(analytical) The article is structured around two questions: what aspects of daily life for young people from the underclass were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic? In what ways did inequalities condition these effects? The problem was qualitatively addressed using methodological strategies that were adapted to pandemic conditions. The objective of these strategies was to facilitate the collaboration of young people during the research process. A total of 28 indepth interviews were conducted with young people from the underclass aged between 16 and 19 and their teachers in the city of Villa María (Argentina). The main finding of the study was to identify that the COVID-19 pandemic affected the daily lives of young people in the following areas: relationship with school; relationship with work; socializing, participation and personal relationships; and anxieties and uncertainties.

(analítico) O artigo está estruturado em torno de duas questões: que aspectos do cotidiano dos jovens de classe popular a pandemia da Covid-19 afetou? De que maneira as desigualdades condicionavam tais afetações? A problemática foi abordada qualitativamente com base em estratégias metodológicas adaptadas aos tempos de pandemia, cujo propósito foi possibilitar a colaboração dos jovens durante o processo investigativo. Foram realizadas 28 entrevistas em profundidade com jovens de classe popular entre 16 e 19 anos e seus professores, localizados na cidade de Villa María (Argentina). Como achado central, apresenta-se um mapeamento das afetações que os jovens identificaram como centrais durante a época da Covid-19: relação com a escola; relação ao trabalho; sociabilidade, participação e afetividade; ansiedades e incertezas.

Lifestyle behaviors and associated factors among individuals with diabetes in Brazil: a latent class analysis approach / Comportamentos de estilo de vida e fatores associados entre indivíduos portadores de diabetes no Brasil: uma abordagem com análise de classes latentes

Abstract The purpose of the cross-sectional study was to identify patterns of modifiable lifestyle behaviors and examine the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and distinct lifestyle behaviors. The data were gathered from the National Health Survey 2019, a study that included adults with diabetes. Four domains of lifestyle behaviors were used to define these behaviors: smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and diet. The association between patterns of lifestyle behaviors and variables of interest was assessed using multinomial regression analysis. The three lifestyle patterns identified were: Class 1, referred to as "unhealthy diet," comprised 17.0% of the sample and was characterized by unhealthy eating habits; Class 2 (less active and insufficient fruit and vegetable intake) represented 71.2% of the sample; Class 3 referred to as "low risk" (11.8%) is characterized by a lower probability of engaging in most risky behaviors. A person over 45 years of age with little or no education and no health care coverage was less likely to be a member of Class 1. Male individuals who do not attend a doctor regularly exhibited more chances of belonging to Class 2. Mixed-race individuals aged 45 years or more with a low level of education have a lower chance of belonging to this class.

Resumo Neste estudo de caráter transversal objetivou-se identificar os padrões de comportamento de estilo de vida e sua associação com características sociodemográficas. Utilizou-se como base de dados a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019, com adultos (≥ 18 anos) diabéticos. Os padrões de saúde foram definidos pela Análise de Classes Latentes em quatro domínios: tabagismo, consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, atividade física e alimentação. Foi aplicada análise de regressão multinominal para identificar a associação entre os padrões de comportamento e as variáveis sociodemográficas de interesse. Identificou-se três padrões de comportamento: a Classe 1 corresponde a 17% da amostra e compreende indivíduos com maior probabilidade de comportamentos de risco ligados à alimentação; a Classe 2 (baixos nível de atividade física e consumo de frutas e hortaliças) compreende 71,2% da amostra; e a Classe 3 (11,8% da população) reúne os indivíduos com menor chance de desenvolver comportamentos de risco. Indivíduos com 45 anos ou mais, com baixa escolaridade e sem plano de saúde têm menos chances de pertencer à Classe 1. Homens, que não fazem visitas regulares ao médico têm maiores chances de pertencer à Classe 2, bem como aqueles com 45 anos ou mais, com baixa escolaridade.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on medical education

Background: Medicine is one of the few academic disciplines that cannot be taught in the distance education mode. Hands-on practice for clinical skills and competency is critical in medical education. Although this pandemic has offered new learning modes such as teleconsultation, videoconferencing, virtual simulations, and digital podcasts, how much actual knowledge transfer and skill gain will be achieved, is unanswered. Aims and Objectives: The present study has been planned to understand the impact of COVID on medical education and to identify the factors which promoted or hindered learning during COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 261 willing MBBS students from various colleges of Tamil Nadu after obtaining Institutional Ethical committee clearance using a pre-validated structured online questionnaire through Google form link in online social platforms through “Voluntary opt in” method of sampling. Results: About 22.6% of the study participants were affected by COVID-19. About 46% of the participants family members suffered from COVID and all of them accepted that it significantly affected their academics. About 71.6% experienced anxiety/depression. About 93.5% were addicted to social media during class hours. About 88.1% welcomed “flipped/blended learning”. More than 90.8% reported that they missed skill-based learning/Primary health care training. About 80.8% positively felt that they got more duration for preparing exams. About 89.3% found that practical exams were challenging. Conclusion: Not only have we witnessed the importance of having a robust health-care system, but the pandemic has created a critical need to transform various aspects of medical education especially to a model of blended learning of online and offline methods to enable a better academic environment so as to reflect the changing medical landscape.

Practical Report of the First-Year Experience Medical Students Using ICT : Trial of Online Disability Simulations / 医学教育

Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan, offers “Early Exposure to Medical Practice” in the first semester for first-year medical students to learn about patient-centered care as well as the real-world conditions and issues faced in community medical practice. Owing to the COVID-19 pandemic during the past two years, we planned and implemented online training, including some disability simulations, which mostly aimed to prevent the spread of infection. The students who completed these training courses reported that the online training had certain advantages over hands-on training ; the two activities implemented were not only effective in preventing infection but also had other benefits that only an online environment could provide. Herein, we report the results and some of the merits of these practices in 2021.

Effect of antenatal class attendance on fear of childbirth and antenatal stress

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of attending antenatal classes on fear of childbirth and antenatal stress in nulliparous pregnant women. METHODS A total of 133 nulliparous pregnant women participated in the study, which had a quasi-experimental design. Data were collected by a descriptive data form, the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire, and the Antenatal Perceived Stress Inventory (APSI). RESULTS A significant correlation was found between antenatal class attendance and having a high schooling level and an intended pregnancy (p < 0.05). The mean fear of childbirth score of pregnant women was 85.50 ± 19.41 before the training and 76.32 ± 20.52 after the training, and the difference between these scores was significant (p < 0.01). Fear of childbirth score were not significantly different between the intervention group and the control group. The mean APSI score of pregnant women in the intervention group was 22.32 ± 6.12 before the training and 21.79 ± 5.97 after the training. However, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.70). CONCLUSION The fear of childbirth score decreased significantly in the intervention group after the training.

Patterns of metabolic syndrome and associated factors in women from the ELSA-Brasil: a latent class analysis approach / Padrões de síndrome metabólica e fatores associados em mulheres do ELSA-Brasil: uma abordagem com análise de classes latentes / Patrones del síndrome metabólico y factores asociados en mujeres del ELSA-Brasil: un enfoque con análisis de clases latentes

Abstract: This study aimed to identify patterns of metabolic syndrome among women and estimate their prevalence and relationship with sociodemographic and biological characteristics. In total, 5,836 women were evaluated using baseline data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Patterns of metabolic syndrome were defined via latent class analysis, using the following metabolic abnormalities as indicators: abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and reduced HDL cholesterol. The relationship between these patterns and individual characteristics was assessed using latent class analysis with covariates. Three patterns of metabolic syndrome were identified: high metabolic expression, moderate metabolic expression, and low metabolic expression. The first two patterns represented most women (53.8%) in the study. Women with complete primary or secondary education and belonging to lower social classes were more likely to have higher metabolic expression. Black and mixed-race women were more likely to have moderate metabolic expression. Menopausal women aged 50 years and older were more often classified into patterns of greater health risk. This study addressed the heterogeneous nature of metabolic syndrome, identifying three distinct profiles for the syndrome among women. The combination of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, and hypertension represents the main metabolic profile found among ELSA-Brasil participants. Sociodemographic and biological factors were important predictors of patterns of metabolic syndrome.

Resumo: O objetivo foi identificar padrões de síndrome metabólica em mulheres, estimar suas prevalências e relações com características sociodemográficas e biológicas. Este estudo examinou 5.836 mulheres utilizando dados da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Os padrões de síndrome metabólica foram definidos por meio de análise de classe latente, usando as seguintes anormalidades metabólicas como indicadores: obesidade abdominal, hiperglicemia, hipertensão, hipertrigliceridemia e colesterol HDL reduzido. As relações entre os padrões de síndrome metabólica e as características individuais foram avaliadas por meio da análise de classes latentes com covariáveis. Foram identificados três padrões de síndrome metabólica, denominados "alta expressão metabólica", "expressão metabólica moderada" e "baixa expressão metabólica". Os dois primeiros padrões representaram a maioria (53,8%) das mulheres do estudo. As mulheres com nível de escolaridade primário ou secundário e pertencentes à classe social baixa tiveram maior chance de apresentar maior expressão metabólica. Negros e pardos tiveram maior chance de apresentar "expressão metabólica moderada". Mulheres na menopausa com 50 anos ou mais apresentaram maior chance de ter padrões de maior risco à saúde. Este estudo abordou a natureza heterogênea da síndrome metabólica, identificando três perfis distintos para a síndrome entre as mulheres. A combinação de obesidade abdominal, hiperglicemia e hipertensão representa o principal perfil metabólico encontrado entre os participantes do ELSA-Brasil. Fatores sociodemográficos e biológicos foram importantes preditores para os padrões de síndrome metabólica.

Resumen: El objetivo fue identificar patrones del síndrome metabólico en mujeres, estimar sus prevalencias y relaciones con características sociodemográficas y biológicas. Este estudio examinó 5.836 mujeres utilizando datos de la línea de base del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Los patrones de síndrome metabólico se definieron a través del análisis de clase latente, utilizando las siguientes anormalidades metabólicas como indicadores: obesidad abdominal, hiperglucemia, hipertensión, hipertrigliceridemia y colesterol HDL reducido. Las relaciones entre los patrones de síndrome metabólico y las características individuales se evaluaron a través del análisis de clases latentes con covariables. Se identificaron tres patrones de síndrome metabólico, denominados "alta expresión metabólica", "expresión metabólica moderada" y "baja expresión metabólica". Los primeros dos patrones representan la mayoría (el 53,8%) de las mujeres del estudio. Las mujeres que tenían un nivel de escolaridad primario o secundario y que pertenecían a la clase social baja tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de presentar una expresión metabólica más alta. Los negros y pardos tuvieron una probabilidad más alta de presentar "expresión metabólica moderada". Las mujeres en la menopausia que tenían 50 años o más presentaron una probabilidad más alta de tener patrones de mayor riesgo para la salud. Este estudio abordó la naturaleza heterogénea del síndrome metabólico, identificando tres perfiles diferentes para el síndrome entre las mujeres. La combinación de obesidad abdominal, hiperglucemia e hipertensión representa el principal perfil metabólico encontrado entre los participantes del ELSA-Brasil. Factores sociodemográficos y biológicos fueron importantes predictores para los patrones de síndrome metabólico.

El regreso a clases presenciales de educación física ante la COVID-19 en México / The return to face-to-face physical education classes against COVID-19 in Mexico / O retorno às aulas presenciais de educação física antes do COVID-19 no México

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo conocer el nivel de cumplimiento de las medidas académicas y de salud, limpieza e higiene que se implementaron en la sesión de educación física en el regreso a clases presenciales en México. Para ello, se siguió un diseño cuantitativo no experimental de corte transversal, a través de la cual se recogió información por medio de una escala tipo Likert. Los resultados indican que el 55% de los profesores de educación física están de acuerdo en que las medidas académicas establecidas, les facilitó lograr la recuperación y reforzamiento de los aprendizajes de sus alumnos, así mismo, el 81,2% afirma que se están llevando a cabo medidas preventivas de contagio y mitigación de la COVID-19 en las actividades escolares. Se concluye que las medidas propuestas por las autoridades educativas para el regreso a clases presenciales son aceptables, sin embargo, se identifican limitantes en lo que se refiere al abasto de materiales de sanitización y limpieza entregados por las autoridades educativas.

This research was conducted in order to determine the level of compliance to the health, cleanliness, and hygiene measures implemented during physical education sessions when returning to school in Mexico. For this purpose, a non-experimental cross-sectional quantitative design was followed, through which information was collected by means of a Likert-type scale. The results indicate that 55% of the physical education teachers agree that the measures established helped them to recover and reinforce what their students learnt. Likewise, 81,2% assert that they are now carrying out preventive measures for the contagion and mitigation of COVID-19 during school activities. It is concluded that the measures proposed by the educational authorities for the return to school are acceptable. However, there are some limitations identified in terms of the supply of sanitizing and cleaning materials provided by the educational authorities.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar o nível de cumprimento das medidas acadêmicas e de saúde, limpeza e higiene que foram implementadas na sessão de educação física ao retornar às aulas presenciais no México. Para isso, seguiu-se um delineamento quantitativo transversal não experimental, por meio do qual as informações foram coletadas por meio de uma escala do tipo Likert. Os resultados indicam que 55% dos professores de educação física concordam que as medidas acadêmicas estabelecidas facilitam a recuperação e o reforço da aprendizagem de seus alunos, da mesma forma, 81,2% afirmam que estão realizando medidas preventivas de contágio e mitigação de COVID-19 nas atividades escolares. Conclui-se que as medidas propostas pelas autoridades educacionais para o retorno às aulas presenciais são aceitáveis, porém, são identificadas limitações quanto ao fornecimento de materiais de higienização e limpeza entregues pelas autoridades educacionais.

Estudiantes universitarios en tiempos de covid-19: clases en línea y vida cotidiana / Being a college student in COVID-19 times: online classes and daily life / Ser um estudante universitário em tempos de Covid-19: aulas online e vida quotidiana

Resumen (analítico) Se abordan los ajustes que hicieron estudiantes de psicología en su vida cotidiana para continuar con sus clases en línea. Desde un enfoque de psicología cultural y una investigación de corte cualitativo, se analizan los significados que las y los estudiantes plasmaron en cuestionarios abiertos respondidos en línea. Los resultados muestran el trabajo de reelaboración práctico y simbólico que realizaron las y los participantes para redefinir qué significa ser estudiante en tiempos de pandemia. Se exponen las emociones que tuvieron, las estrategias empleadas para responder a las clases en línea y las experiencias con el servicio de psicología brindado a adolescentes de secundaria. Concluimos que durante la pandemia por covid-19 las clases en línea implicaron para las y los estudiantes retos nuevos en el reacomodo de sus vidas cotidianas.

Abstract (analytical) The paper addresses the adjustments made by psychology students in their daily lives to continue with their online classes. From a cultural psychology approach and a qualitative research approach, we analyze the meanings that students expressed in open questionnaires answered online. The results show the practical and symbolic elaboration work carried out by the participants to redefine what it means to be a student in times of pandemic. The emotions they had, the strategies used to respond to the online classes, and the experiences with the psychology service provided to secondary school adolescents are presented. We conclude that during the COVID-19 pandemic, the online classes implied new challenges for the students in the rearrangement of their daily lives.

Resumo (analítico) O artigo aborda os ajustamentos que os estudantes de psicologia fizeram na sua vida quotidiana para continuar com as suas aulas online. A partir de uma abordagem psicológica cultural e de uma investigação qualitativa, analisamos os significados que os estudantes expressaram em questionários abertos respondidos em linha. Os resultados mostram o trabalho prático e simbólico de reelaboração realizado pelos participantes para redefinir o que significa ser um estudante em tempos de pandemia. São apresentadas as emoções que tinham, as estratégias utilizadas para responder às aulas em linha e as experiências com o serviço de psicologia prestado aos adolescentes do ensino secundário. Concluímos que durante a pandemia de Covid-19, as aulas em linha proporcionaram aos estudantes novos desafios na reorganização da sua vida quotidiana.

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, Perception and Barriers of E-Learning among medical students : A Cross-Sectional Study

A learning system based on formalized teaching but with the help of electronic resources is known as E-learning. Countries around the world had imposed large-scale physical distancing measures and movement restrictions often referred to as ‘lockdowns’, to slow COVID?19 transmission by limiting contact between people. Students around the country had to undergo E-learning. The study is conducted to assess the knowledge and perception about E-learning among medical students, to assess the factors which act as a barrier to effective learning via E-learning platforms. A pre-tested questionnaire is sent to the undergraduate students of Osmania Medical College. 117 students were included in the study. Data was collected in Google Forms and analyzed using Google sheets. 91.5% of students had adequate knowledge and only 43.6% of students had a positive attitude towards E-learning. There is no significant difference between men and women in knowledge and attitude.

The Transition towards Virtual Teaching Learning Environment during COVID Pandemic : Medical Educator’s Perspective

Introduction : We are moving towards a technically advanced Medical Education. However, effectiveness of online Teaching, Learning (T/L) remained unknown until COVID-19 pandemic.Aim : This study was planned to assess the perception of e-educators towards online T/L, the challenges and possible solutions during pandemic. Methodology : A mixed method cross-sectional study was conducted among 126 medical educators through online google survey from July to September, 2020 in a Tertiary Heath Care Institute & 2 neighbouring medical college. Result : Non response rate was 32%, 72.2% were males, 63.9% were between 31 to 50 years of age, 58% were having 10 or more years teaching experience. 36.2% were from basic sciences, 69.5% were holding higher academic post. 61% preferred combination of face to face and e-learning Although online classes were helpful in terms of 63.8% convenience, (54%) flexibility, 77.5% felt difficulties teaching and assessing skills domain. The major challenges encountered were technical glitches, no active participation and suggested solutions were technical assistance, formative assessments and use of new T/L, assessment tools. Conclusion : Although the change was negatively perceived, it’s inevitable. Training of faculties, sensitization of students and conducive environment is needed to combat the challenges, to improve the e-education system in health profession.

PRESCRIBING PATTERN OF DRUGS IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE IN TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious public health concern in the twenty-?rst century, and its incidence, morbidity, and death rates have posed a challenge to the healthcare system. Cigarette smoking and occupational exposure are the two main causes of COPD. So, in this retrospective study, an attempt was made to compare the present prescribing pattern in a tertiary care facility in Nagapattinam to WHO prescribing indicators to check if the prescription pattern followed WHO standards. During the six Materials And Methods: months from April to September 2021, a retrospective study was conducted using case ?les from 80 subjects in the department of General Medicine. The following socio-demographic data, social history, comorbid conditions, route of administration, smoking history, and distribution of prescribed COPD treatments were collected. The age group of 61–70 years had the Results: highest proportion of patients (37.5%), followed by 51–60 years (23.7%), 71–80 years (16.25%), 41–50 years (11%), and 31–40 years (10%), and the age group of 20–30 years had the lowest rate (1.20%). In a study of 80 subjects prescription, smoking history was found in 66.25 % of men and 2.5% of women. Comorbidities affect 71.25% of people, while the percentage of people who do not have comorbidities is 28.7%. A total of 619 medicines were prescribed in the 80 prescriptions. Bronchodilators (36.1%) were the most commonly given classes of medications, followed by antibiotics (25.8%), corticosteroids (18.7%). Leukotriene antagonists were the least commonly prescribed medication class (0.80%). Utilizing the WHO's core Conclusion: prescribing indicators for this COPD patients will strengthen the current hospital prescribing policies Clinical Pharmacists as drug therapy managers can play an excellent role in optimizing the drug therapy regimens supporting other health care professionals.

Para sair das margens da história: classes subalternas e insurgências populares nas pistas de Gramsci / Fleeing the margins of history: subordinate classes and popular insurrections in Gramsci's rootprints

Resumo: A partir da leitura de Gramsci em torno da subalternidade, destacamos aspectos conceituais e critérios metodológicos de uma categoria de análise extremamente útil para decifrar a movimentação das classes subalternas nos marcos dos antagonismos de classes. Trata-se de uma perspectiva teórico-metodológica e política fundamental para compreender o significado diferenciado de expressões de rebeldia imediata ou de movimentos políticos e populares mais orgânicos, no contexto de processos de hegemonia.

Abstract: From the reading of Gramsci about subalternity, we highlight conceptual aspects and methodological criteria of an extremely useful analytic category for deciphering the movement of subordinate classes within the framework of class antagonisms. It is a fundamental theoretical-methodological and political perspective to understand the differentiated meaning of immediate rebellion expressions or of more organic political and popular movements, within the context of the hegemonic processes.

Enfoque integral en el diagnóstico del patrón esquelético maxilomandibular, la postura corporal y cráneo-cervical / A comprehensive approach to the diagnosis of the maxillomandibular skeletal pattern, body posture and craniocervical position

Introducción: Los principios biomecánicos de cabeza y cuello cobran un interés especial en el campo de la ortodoncia y la ortopedia dentomaxilofacial. Cualquier anomalía debe ser analizada y tratada dentro del sistema cráneo-cérvico-mandibular con un enfoque integral. Objetivo: Describir la relación entre el patrón esquelético maxilomandibular sagital, la postura corporal y la posición cráneo-cervical en adolescentes. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, desarrollado entre marzo del 2018 a junio del 2019. La muestra estuvo conformada por 105 adolescentes del séptimo grado de la ESBU "Eduardo Anoceto Rega", de Santa Clara. Se determinó el patrón esquelético maxilomandibular de clase I, II y III midiendo la convexidad facial del cefalogramas de Ricketts; la posición cráneo-cervical de extensión, normoinclinación y flexión con el cefalograma de Rocabado; el tipo de postura con el método de Bricot. Se siguieron las normas éticas y fueron aplicados los estadígrafos chi cuadrado, F de Fisher y estadístico de Welch. Resultados: La postura D (espalda plana y plano escapular anterior) predominó en todas las clases esqueléticas 64,76 por ciento de los adolescentes, seguido de la postura C (plano escapular posterior). En la clase II, después de la postura D siguió la postura B (plano escapular y glúteo alineados con aumento de las curvas anteriores) con un 6,22 por ciento. Predominó la normoinclinación cráneo-cervical 46,67 por ciento y la flexión 42,86 por ciento. En la clase III predominó la flexión y el ángulo posteroinferior de Rocabado mayor respecto a las otras clases esqueléticas de 107º. Conclusiones: La posición del cráneo respecto a las estructuras cervicales, asociada a las características de cada clase esquelética, puede ser un indicador importante en el diagnóstico morfológico. A pesar de las muchas investigaciones en este campo, aún no se puede hablar de consenso en cuanto al grado de relación entre la postura craneocervical y las maloclusiones(AU)

Introduction: Head and neck biomechanical principles are particularly relevant in the fields of orthodontics and dentomaxillofacial orthopedics. Any anomaly should be analyzed and treated within the cranio-cervical-mandibular system applying a comprehensive approach. Objective: Describe the relationship between the sagittal maxillomandibular skeletal pattern, body posture and craniocervical position in adolescents. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2018 to June 2019. The study sample was 105 adolescents attending seventh grade at Eduardo Anoceto Rega junior high school in Santa Clara. Determination was made of maxillomandibular skeletal patterns Classes I, II and III, measuring the facial convexity in Ricketts' cephalograms, craniocervical extension, normal inclination and flexion positions with Rocabado's cephalogram, and posture type with Bricot's method. Ethical standards were complied with. Use was made of the statistical tests chi-square, Fisher's F and Welch's. Results: Posture D (flat back and anterior scapular plane) prevailed in all skeletal classes: 64.76 percent of the adolescents, followed by posture C (posterior scapular plane). In Class II, posture D was followed by posture B (scapular and gluteal plane aligned with increased anterior curves): 6.22 percent. A predominance was observed of craniocervical normal inclination: 46.67 percent and flexion: 42.86 percent. In Class III, Rocabado's flexion and posteroinferior angle were more common than the remaining 107º skeletal classes. Conclusions: Cranial position with respect to cervical structures, according to the characteristics of each skeletal class, may be an important indicator in morphological diagnosis. Despite the large number of studies conducted in this field, consensus has not been achieved about the degree of relationship between craniocervical posture and malocclusions(AU)

TAKE HOME MESSAGE FOR M.B.B.S STUDENTS FROM NEWLY INTRODUCED ONLINE CLASSES DUE TO COVID-19 PANDEMIC

BACKGROUND: The internet becomes “information superhighway”. From its inception, it had grown such that it could be accessed from any part of the world. Conventional classroom teaching had been replaced to some extent by online learning. Almost two years of online classes due to lockdown in Corona virus pandemic, helped the students to understand the future learning methodology. OBJECTIVE:To determine the “take home” message for the M.B.B.S students from online classes. METHODOLOGY: Both live and recorded online classes had been introduced during lockdown period. When medical college opened and students were back to classes a survey was undertaken based on the semi structured questionnaire based on google form. Responses were analyzed with Microsoft excel 365 software. RESULT: 143 out of total 200 students responded (72%). 64% students liked recorded classes, according to them, recorded classes could be accessed at a convenient time (44%), repeat watching helped to clear the concepts (34%), easily accessible (53%), video could be shared among the peer groups (61%). Rest of the students preferred live streaming classes. In their opinion, live classes felt like actual class (75%), could directly interact with friends (66%), asking question directly to the teachers (34%), They tried to include in future the following aspects of online learning to ofline classroom teaching, those were: start peer group learning, sharing the useful contents, improvements of technological knowledge and skills, to maintain discipline in the class- there were take home message for the students after long one year of online classes CONCLUSION: It was clear if proper strategy had been taken and if widespread internet connections would be provided the online classes could be effective as classroom teaching.

Participação nas aulas de Educação Física em Pernambuco: uma análise de tendência temporal / Participation in Physical Education classes in Pernambuco: a temporal trend analysis

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a tendência temporal e fatores associados à participação nas aulas de educação física de estudantes de Pernambuco. Estudo de tendência temporal composto por três levantamentos de abrangência estadual. Foram entrevistados 4.207 estudantes em 2006, 6.264 em 2011 e 6.002 em 2016, por meio do questionário "Global School-based Student Health Survey" (GSHS). O desfecho foi a participação nas aulas de Educação Física e as exposições foram as informações sociodemográficas. A análise bivariada foi realizada mediante teste Qui-quadrado e as análises multivariadas por regressão logística binária. Observou-se um aumento na prevalência de participação nas aulas de Educação Física (2006: 35%, 2011: 74% e 2016: 81,2%) destacando o aumento significativo no sexo masculino Δ% (2006-2016) = 123,5%. Ser do sexo masculino, estudar no período integral e ser filho de mães que estudaram, independente do tempo de estudo foi associado a maior participação nas aulas de educação física, assim como residir nas regiões do Agreste, Sertão e Sertão do São Francisco. Apesar do aumento na participação nas aulas de Educação Física em Pernambuco, a garantia deste componente curricular deve ser fortalecida, levando em consideração os grupos de risco para que aumente a participação nas aulas desses grupos

The aim of the study was to analyze the temporal trend and factors associated with participation in physical education classes in Pernambuco. The temporal trend study was composed of three surveys. A total of 4,207 students were interviewed in 2006, 6,264 in 2011 and 6,002 in 2016, using the "Global School-based Stu-dent Health Survey" (GSHS) questionnaire. The outcome was participation in Physical Education classes and the independent variables were sociodemographic information. The bivariate analysis was performed using the chi-square test and the multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression. There was an increase in the prevalence of participation in Physical Education classes (2006: 35%, 2011: 74% and 2016: 81.2%), highlighting the significant increase in males Δ% (2006-2016) = 123.5%. Male, studying full-time and being the son of mothers who studied was associated with greater participation in physical education classes, as well as living in the regions of Agreste, Sertão and Sertão do São Francisco. Despite the increase in par-ticipation in Physical Education classes in Pernambuco, the guarantee of this curricular component must be strengthened, considering risk groups in order to increase participation in classes for these groups