Máscaras de tecido em locais públicos: intervenção essencial na prevenção da COVID-19 no Brasil / Cloth masks in public places: an essential intervention to prevent COVID-19 in Brazil

Resumo Acumulam-se evidências de que o uso de máscaras é uma medida indispensável de proteção à COVID-19, devido ao alto poder de transmissão do novo coronavírus por via respiratória, inclusive por indivíduos assintomáticos. Por sua vez, o uso das máscaras de tecido em locais públicos tem se consolidado como medida adicional de proteção às medidas de distanciamento social e higienização das mãos. Objetivou-se sistematizar as evidências científicas que justificam o amplo uso de máscaras de tecido como prevenção à COVID-19 e descrever a evolução dos posicionamentos contrários ou favoráveis ao seu uso em ambientes extradomiciliares, diante do avanço da pandemia do novo coronavírus pelo mundo. A triagem de artigos e documentos oficiais do Brasil e de outros países indica que o uso de máscaras em locais públicos tornou-se uma intervenção essencial graças ao potencial de reduzir a velocidade de propagação do novo coronavírus. Recomenda-se que o poder público adote estratégias para aumentar a oferta deste produto e fomente estudos para avaliação do impacto da medida no controle da pandemia no Brasil. É imperativo assegurar disponibilidade de máscaras a grupos socioeconomicamente desfavorecidos e garantir que determinados grupos raciais não sejam estigmatizados diante do uso de máscaras em ambientes extradomiciliares.

Abstract There is increasing evidence that the use of masks is an indispensable protective measure against COVID-19, given the high transmissibility of the new coronavirus through the respiratory system, including by asymptomatic individuals. The use of cloth masks in public places has been established as a protective measure to be adopted alongside social distancing and hand hygiene. This narrative review aims to systematize the scientific evidence that informs the widespread use of cloth masks as a preventive measure against COVID-19 and to describe the evolution of positions contrary to or in favor of its use outside the home, in view of the advance of the new coronavirus pandemic globally. The scientific articles, technical notes, governmental decrees and other documents analyzed indicate that widespread use of masks has the potential to reduce the spread of the new coronavirus. We recommend that the Brazilian government adopt strategies to increase the supply of reusable cloth masks to the public, especially to vulnerable populations and to support studies on the impact of this measure to control the pandemic in the country. Finally, it is imperative to ensure that use of masks does not exacerbate stigmatization of racial groups that already face prejudice.

Recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology regarding the use of cloth face coverings, by chronic kidney patients in dialysis, during the new coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) / Recomendações da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia quanto ao uso de máscaras de pano por pacientes renais crônicos em diálise, durante a pandemia pelo novo coronavírus (Covid-19)

ABSTRACT These recommendations were created after the publication of informative note 3/2020- CGGAP/DESF/SAPS/MS, of April 4, 2020, in which the Brazilian Ministry of Health recommended the use of a cloth mask by the population, in public places. Taking into account the necessary prioritization of the provision of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for patients with suspected or confirmed disease, as well as for healthcare professionals, the SBN is favorable concerning the wear of cloth masks by chronic kidney patients in dialysis, in public settings, except in the dialysis setting. The present recommendations have eleven items, related to this rationale, the procedures, indications, contraindications, as well as appropriate fabrics for the mask, and hygiene care to be adopted. These recommendations may change, at any time, in the light of new evidence.

RESUMO As presentes recomendações foram elaboradas após a publicação da Nota Informativa nº 3/2020 CGGAP/DESF/SAPS/MS, em 4 de abril de 2020, na qual o Ministério da Saúde recomenda o uso de máscara de pano por toda a população, em locais públicos. Levando-se em consideração a necessária priorização do fornecimento de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPIs) para pacientes com suspeita ou confirmação da doença, assim como para profissionais de saúde, a Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia (SBN) posicionou-se favoravelmente ao uso de máscaras de pano por pacientes renais crônicos em diálise, em ambientes públicos, exceto no ambiente da diálise. As presentes recomendações englobam onze itens relativos ao que é racional para posicionamento, procedimentos, indicações, contraindicações, assim como tecidos apropriados para confecção e os cuidados de higiene a serem adotados. Essas recomendações poderão ser modificadas a qualquer momento, à luz de novas evidências.

Menstrual hygiene and practices among adolescent girls in rural Visakhapatnam: a cross-sectional study

Background: Adolescent girls constitute 1/5th of total female population in the world. Poor personal hygiene and defective menstrual management practices among adolescents give rise to repeated reproductive tract infections (RTIs) which are otherwise preventable. So the present study was undertaken to study the knowledge, status of hygiene and practices regarding menstruation among adolescent girls. The objectives of the study were to study the knowledge and practices of menstrual hygiene among study population and to identify beliefs, perception regarding menstruation and menstrual practices among the study population.Methods: A cross-sectional study was done in the month of November 2017 in the rural field practice area of the Department of Community Medicine, Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam. The study was done in a high school selected by simple random sampling among 400 adolescent girls who had attained menarche and were present in the schools during the days of survey after obtaining Institutional Ethics Committee approval, permission from the school authority and informed consent was taken from study participants. The sample size was calculated Using 4PQ/L2 with 5% absolute precision (p=36% from previous studies).Results: Mean age of study participants was 14.2yrs ±1.05. About 206(48.4%) knew about menstrual cycle before their menarche. Majority of study participants (78.3%) used sanitary pad as protective material. Regarding hygienic practices during menstruation 78.8% had daily bath.Conclusions: Awareness about menarche before its onset was still poor in rural areas.

Impact assessment of new sick clothes in patients with electrocardiogram monitoring / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective To design a new modified sick clothes for electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring, and to observe its clinical application effect. Methods In order to overcome the shortcomings of the existing modified ECG monitoring clothes, a new type of modified sick clothes was designed on the basis of the traditional sick clothes, and a national utility model patent was obtained. 408 conscious patients with ECG monitoring admitted to department of neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University from January 2015 to June 2018 were enrolled, and they were randomly divided into three groups according to the order of admission for comparing the wearing effect of three kinds of sick clothes. 133 patients dressed traditional clothes, while 139 patients dressed modified ECG monitoring clothes. According to the method reported in the literature, the pockets were removed on the basis of the traditional patient clothes, and a circular hole 5 cm in diameter was made at the position of the electrodes for ECG monitoring, which was used to pass through the lead wire and the electrodes. 136 patients dressed the new modified sick clothes. In view of the inconvenience of ECG monitoring and stimulation of patients' thoracic and abdominal skin by traditional sick clothes, the existing modified ECG monitoring clothes were not easy to operate, the location of electrodes sticking was not easy to judge and the lead line was messy, the new modified sick clothes were still based on the traditional ones. The three circular holes of the existing modified ECG monitoring clothes were made into incisions about 12 cm in length to facilitate the ECG monitoring lead line and electrodes sticking. A compression band or a simple patch was added to each side near the shoulder for tidying up the fixed lead. The self-evaluation of patient's comfort, the operation time of ECG monitoring by nurses, skin allergy rate and lead damage rate were recorded and compared among the three groups. Results Compared with the traditional sick clothes and the modified ECG monitoring clothes groups, the patients in the new modified sick clothes group had higher comfort [the proportion of no discomfort: 11.0% (15/136) vs. 0% (0/133), 5.8% (8/139); the proportion of severe discomfort: 0% (0/136) vs. 4.5% (6/133), 0.7% (1/139), all P < 0.05], the installation and disassembly time of ECG monitoring by nurses was significantly shortened [installation time (s): 69.12±16.47 vs. 96.74±3.89, 88.24±9.83; disassembly time (s): 50.24±4.54 vs. 75.76±4.98, 66.54±7.86, all P < 0.01], and the skin allergies rate [3.7% (5/136) vs. 15.8% (21/133), 8.6% (12/139)] and the insulation loss rate of the lead wires [2.9% (4/136) vs. 15.8% (21/133), 7.9% (11/139)] were significantly lowered (all P < 0.05). Conclusion The ECG monitoring patients using new modified sick clothes could increase their comfort, reduce the workload of nurses, save medical consumables, and have beautiful appearance and high practicability, which was worthy of clinical application.

A Case of Aortic Valve Re-replacement for Starr-Edwards Ball Valve 45 Years after Implantation / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

This patient is a 72-year-old-man who had undergone aortic valve replacement using a Starr-Edwards Ball Valve to treat aortic valve stenosis when he was 28 years old. In April 2015, he was admitted with cardiac failure of NYHA III. Echocardiography showed a remarkable increase of aortic valve pressure gradient and progressive change in mitral valve stenosis and tricuspid valve regurgitation. The Starr-Edwards Ball Valve was replaced using a CEP MAGNA EASE prosthesis, the mitral valve was replaced using a CEP MAGNA MITRAL EASE prosthesis with tricuspid annuloplasty using the MC3 ring. Cloth wear of the Starr-Edwards Ball Valve cage and all-round pannus formation under the valve seat was found at the operation, and the cause of the higher pressure gradient may have been the pannus. The postoperative period of this case following the initial aortic valve implantation of the Starr-Edwards Ball Valve is the longest known in Japan as far as we could discover.

Bacteria-blocking effect of surgical gowns with new material / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To study bacteria-blocking effect of surgical gowns with new material.Methods Semi-quantitative and qualitative testing methods were used to detect bacteria-blocking rates of key sites of surgical gowns(chest and forearm), the detected samples included sample A (composite material, unused), sample B (composite material, after washing 100 times), and sample C (monolayer material, unused).Results In semi-quantitative testing,the average bacteria-blocking rates of three samples were 75.47%, 70.78%, and 73.73% respectively.In qualitative testing,three samples could effectively block the penetration of Staphylococcus aureus under wet condition and Bacillus subtilis var.niger spores under dry condition.Conclusion In semi-quantitative testing, all three kinds of samples had bacteria-blocking effect, and the average bacteria-blocking rate was> 70%;in qualitative testing, three samples all meet requirements of bacteria-blocking effect under wet and dry condition.

The research on the technology of vacuum coating developing fingerprints and the profiling of DNA on the objects of cloth / 中国法医学杂志

Objectives To conduct a research on the possibility and effect factors of latent fingerprints development in clothing objects after vacuum coating, and extracting fingerprints DNA and to probe in the relation among DNA template quantity and genetic loci numbers tested, and the rfu value after coating. Methods To select two groups that are free sweat hands and sweat hands and have them press their fingerprints on the cloth, after coating, and to analyze the effect of time, to quantify and test the targeted fingerprints DNA, to compare the locus numbers tested between white and black cloth. Results As the time is prolonged, the locus numbers tested decrease. The locus numbers tested on the group of sweat hands using the same method after the same placed time are lager than the free sweat hands. When the value of rfu is 600 above, the ratio of the locus numbers tested is more than 90% and the threshold of templates is 0.013ng. The locus numbers tested of white cloth is larger, comparing with black cloth when using the same method. What is more, there exists an prohibitive influence of pigments of the dyed cloth over the PCR amplification, to put it further, the loci numbers tested will be trimmed. Conclusion The technology of vacuum coating can be well used in the area of detecting fingerprint DNA.

Microbial barrier effect of cotton cloth, non-woven fabric and disposable filter paper, as well as related parameters of cotton cloth / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To compare bacterial blocking rate of different medical packaging material,as well as weight loss rate,tear strength,and abrasion resistance of cotton cloth with different times of washing.Methods According to test methods for sterile medical device packaging,bacterial blocking rates of cotton cloth,non-woven fabric,and disposable filter paper were tested.Weight loss test,tensile test,and abrasion resistance test of cotton cloth were performed to test weight loss rate,tear strength,and abrasion resistance of cotton cloth with different times of washing.Results In test for microbial barrier ranking of porous package material,the average bacterial blocking rates of double-layer new cotton cloth,double-layer old cotton cloth,disposable filter paper,and nonwoven fabric were 62.15％,31.39％,82.04％,and 89.71％ respectively;after cotton cloth was washed 30 times,the weight loss rate decreased by 1.22％,tear strength decreased by 6.70％,fabric-rubbing test revealed there was no pilling.Conclusion Bacterial blocking effect ranked as follows:non-woven fabric,disposable filter paper,doublelayer cotton cloth.After 30 times of washing,the weight loss rate and tear strength decreased,and bacterial blocking effect was worse than that of new cotton cloth.

Progress on Electrocatalysts of Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Based on Carbon Fiber Materials / 分析化学

Hydrogen evolution from water electrolysis is one of the effective ways to obtain clean hydrogen energy in the future. Pt-based materials are the efficient catalysts in hydrogen evolution reaction, but it is expensive, difficult to recycle, which impedes its application in the development of hydrogen energy and economy. Therefore, it is the key trend to develop efficient non-noble metal electrocatalysts with the aim of providing cost-competitive hydrogen energy. In this review, we highlighted the recent research efforts toward the synthesis of noble metal-free electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction ( HER) , mainly focusing on nanomaterial catalysts supported on carbon fiber materials. We reviewed several important kinds of heterogeneous non-noble metal electrocatalysts, including sulfides, selenides, carbides, phosphides, and oxides. In the discussion, emphasis was given to the synthetic methods of these HER electrocatalysts, and the strategies for performance improvement. In addition, this paper also briefly summarized the application of carbon fiber material as substrate in the field of electroanalytical chemistry.

Biological Effects of Cloth Containing Specific Ore Powder in Patients with Pollen Allergy / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The custom-homebuilding company, Cosmic Garden Co. Ltd., located in Okayama City, Japan was established in 1997 and uses specific natural ore powder (SNOP) in wall materials and surveys customers in order to improve allergic symptoms.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>To investigate the biological effects of SNOP, patients with a pollen allergy were recruited to stay in a room surrounded by cloth containing SNOP (CCSNOP), and their symptoms and various biological parameters were compared with those of individuals staying in a room surrounded by control non-woven cloth (NWC). Each stay lasted 60 min. Before and immediately after the stay, a questionnaire regarding allergic symptoms, as well as POMS (Profile of Mood Status) and blood sampling, was performed. Post-stay minus pre-stay values were calculated and compared between CCSNOP and NWC groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Results indicated that some symptoms, such as nasal obstruction and lacrimation, improved, and POMS evaluation showed that patients were calmer following a stay in CCSNOP. Relative eosinophils, non-specific Ig E, epidermal growth factor, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and tumor necrosis factor-α increased following a stay in CCSNOP.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This ore powder improved allergic symptoms, and long-term monitoring involving 1 to 2 months may be necessary to fully explore the biological and physical effects of SNOP on allergic patients.</p>

Improvement of preparing technique for Tongtian oral liquid / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective To improve the filtering technique and the addition methods of distillate for Tongtian oral liquid with a new type of filtering equipment. Methods The filter paper in the current filtering process was replaced with a combination of terylene filter cloth and pulvis talci. Distillate was added into the runny paste of preparation directly without using the solubilizer of Tween-80. Then the admixture was agitated sufficiently. After that, 10% NaOH was used to adjust the pH to 4.5-A.5, and the solution was added to 1200 L by water. At last, a clear preparation was obtained by using the above filtering equipment. Results Compared with the product made by the current method, the improved preparation was qualified and tasty. Conclusion The improved method is feasible, simple and economical. The product is tasty.

Improvement of preparing technique for Tongtian oral liquid / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective To improve the filtering technique and the addition methods of distillate for Tongtian oral liquid with a new type of filtering equipment. Methods The filter paper in the current filtering process was replaced with a combination of terylene filter cloth and pulvis talci. Distillate was added into the runny paste of preparation directly without using the solubilizer of Tween-80. Then the admixture was agitated sufficiently. After that, 10% NaOH was used to adjust the pH to 4.5-6.5, and the solution was added to 1200 L by water. At last, a clear preparation was obtained by using the above filtering equipment. Results Compared with the product made by the current method,the improved preparation was qualified and tasty. Conclusion The improved method is feasible, simple and economical. The product is tasty.

Complementary data on four methods for sampling free-living ticks in the Brazilian Pantanal / Dados complementares de quatro métodos para amostragem de carrapatos em vida livre no Pantanal brasileiro

In this study, four methods for sampling free-living ticks that are used in ecological and human tick-bite risk studies were evaluated. Cloth dragging, carbon dioxide traps and visual searches and inspection of plant litter on the ground were used in field and forest areas within the Brazilian Pantanal. Among the three tick species collected, Amblyomma sculptum predominated, followed by Amblyomma parvum and Amblyomma ovale. Dragging, a cheap and simple technique, yielded the highest numbers of ticks, particularly nymphs. The visual search detected a high number of adult ticks and provided information on tick questing height. Even though laborious, plant litter examination showed that large numbers of ticks may use this stratum. Carbon dioxide (CO2) traps are expensive and difficult to handle, but they are highly efficient for adult ticks, especially A. parvum. These data indicate that one method alone is incapable of providing a representative sample of the tick fauna in a particular area and that multiple techniques should be used for tick population studies.

Neste estudo, foram avaliados quatro métodos de amostragem de carrapatos em vida livre, usados em estudos ecológicos e avaliação do risco de picadas em humanos. Arraste de flanela, armadilhas de gás carbônico (CO2), busca visual e inspeção de serrapilheira foram aplicados em áreas campestres e florestais no Pantanal brasileiro. Dentre três espécies coletadas, a predominância foi de Amblyomma sculptum, seguida por Amblyomma parvum e Amblyomma ovale. O arraste, técnica simples e de baixo custo, resultou em maior número de carrapatos, particularmente de ninfas. A busca visual detectou alto número de carrapatos adultos e forneceu informações sobre altura de espera por hospedeiros. Apesar de trabalhoso, o exame da serrapilheira demonstrou que grande número de carrapatos pode utilizar esse estrato. Armadilhas de CO2 têm custo elevado e são difíceis de manusear, entretanto, são altamente eficientes para carrapatos adultos, em especial para A. parvum. Esses dados indicam que somente um método é incapaz de fornecer amostra representativa da ixodofauna em uma área particular e que, para estudos populacionais, técnicas múltiplas devem ser usadas.

Comparative Study of the Antibacterial Effect of Mouth Washes and Vernonia amygdalina (del.) on Some Tooth Decay Causing Bacteria.

Aims: To determine the antibacterial effect of the ethanol stem extract of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter-leaf) and some mouth washes against some bacteria that have been implicated in causing tooth decay so as to establish the role of herbal medicine and chemical compounds in oral hygiene. Study Design: In vitro assay of antibacterial activities Place and Duration of Study: Dental Department of the State Specialist Hospital, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria and Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, between October, 2012 and January, 2013. Methodology: Bacterial isolates were collected, identified, standardized and the stem extract was prepared. Phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out as well as the in vitro antibacterial assay using agar well diffusion technique. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and antibiotics sensitivity test (disc diffusion assay) were also determined. Results: The stem extract showed the presence of anthraquinone, alkaloid, saponin, steroid and cardiac glycoside. The ethanolic stem extract of Vernonia amygdalina inhibited all the test isolates at a concentration of 50 mg/ml with the highest zone of inhibition observed against Staphylococcus aureus (26.0 mm) while the least zone of inhibition of 14.0 mm was observed against Streptococcus mutans. Colgate mouthwash exhibited the highest zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus while the least was recorded by Brett against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The antibacterial assay compared well with Ciprofloxacin, and in most cases higher zones of inhibition were recorded than the commercial antibiotics. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of the mouth washes ranged from 30 to 70% while it was 12.5 mg/ml for the stem extract. Conclusion: Bioactive components of Vernonia amygdalina can be incorporated as ingredients in manufacturing mouthwashes and the plants’ stem can be used in the form of chewing stick. Further purification of the extract is necessary to further enhance greater antibacterial activity.

Eficiência de métodos de amostragem de lagartas e de percevejos na cultura de soja / Efficiency of sampling methods for caterpillars and stink bugs in soybean

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a capacidade de coleta de três métodos de amostragem de lagartas e de percevejos na cultura de soja. Para isso, em área de 6,16ha de soja, foi demarcado um gride de 154 pontos amostrais, espaçados de 20×20m. Em cada um desses 154 pontos, foram coletadas lagartas (pequenas, grandes e total) e percevejos (ninfas, adultos e total) (seis variáveis), por meio dos métodos de amostragem pano-de-batida, pano-de-batida largo e pano-de-batida vertical, em 14 estádios fenológicos da cultura de soja, totalizando 6.468 coletas. Para cada uma dessas seis variáveis, em cada um dos 14 estádios fenológicos e no geral (todos os estádios fenológicos), as médias dos três métodos de amostragem foram comparadas pelo teste t (bilateral) de Student para dados pareados, em nível de 5% de probabilidade. O número de lagartas coletadas por meio dos métodos de amostragem é decrescente na seguinte ordem: pano-de-batida vertical, pano-de-batida largo e pano-de-batida. O número de percevejos coletados por meio dos métodos de amostragem pano-de-batida vertical e pano-de-batida largo é superior ao pano-de-batida. O pano-de-batida vertical é o mais eficiente para a coleta de lagartas e de percevejos.

The aim of this study was to compare the collect capacity of three sampling methods for caterpillars and stink bugs in soybean. Therefore, in a 6.16ha soybean field, a grid of 154 sampling points spaced 20×20m was marked. In each of these 154 points were collected caterpillars (small, large and total) and stink bugs (nymphs, adults and total) (six variables) by the sampling methods beating cloth, wide beating cloth and vertical beat sheet, on 14 phenological stages of the soybean crop, totaling 6,468 samples. For each of these six variables, on each of the 14 phenological stages and overall (all phenological stages), the averages of the three sampling methods were compared by Student's t test (bilateral) for paired data, in a 5% probability level. The number of caterpillars collected by the sampling methods decreases in the following order: vertical beat sheet, wide beating cloth and beating cloth. The number of stink bugs collected by the sampling methods vertical beat sheet and wide beating cloth is higher than beating cloth. Vertical beat sheet is the most efficient to collect caterpillars and stink bugs.

Entalpias de ineersión de telas de carbón activdo como parámetro de caracterizzación fisicoquímica / Immersion entalppies of activated carbon cloths as physical cemistry charactterization parameter / Entalpías de merrsão de telas de carvão activad com parámetro de caracterização fisico quimica

Se determinan las entalpias de inmersión de cinco telas de carbón activado en CCl4, H2O, y soluciones de NaOH y HCl 0,1 M. Los valores de área superficial de las telas se encuentran entre 243 y 848 m²g-1, y presentan una relación lineal con las entalpías de inmersión en CCl4. Las entalpías de inmersión de las telas de carbón están entre 5,49 y 42,3 Jg-1 para el CCl4 y entre 3,83 y 7,54 Jg-1 para el H2O. Las entalpías de inmersión en las soluciones se relacionan con los contenidos de grupos ácidos y básicos, y se encuentra que para el primer caso, al aumentar la entalpía de inmersión en NaOH, aumenta la acidez total. Se calcula el factor hidrofóbico a partir de las entalpías de inmersión en CCl4 y H2O, que indica la interacción del sólido con compuestos polares y apolares, y a la vez se relaciona con el pH PZC de cada muestra.

The immersion enthalpies of five activated carbon cloths in carbon, CCl4,H2O and NaOH and HCl 0.1 M solutions are determined. The surface area values of the cloths are between 243 and 848 m²g-1 and exhibit a linear relationship with the immersion enthalpies in CCl4. The immersion enthalpies of carbon cloths are between 5.49 and 42.3 Jg-1 for CCl4 and 3.83 and 7.54 Jg-1 for H2O. The immersion enthalpies in the solutions are related to the contents of acidic and basic groups and find that in the first case to increase the immersion enthalpy in NaOH increases the total acidity. Hydrophobic factor is calculated from the immersion enthalpies in CCl4 and H2O, that indicate the interaction with polar and apolar compounds, and also relates to pH PZC each sample.

Determinam-se as entalpías de imersão de cinco telas de carvão activado em CCL4HO , e soluções de NaOH e HCl 0,1 M. Os valores de área superficial das telas encontram-se entre 243 e 848 m²g-1, e apresentam uma relação lineal com as entalpías de imersão em CCl4. As entalpías de imersão das telas de carvão estão entre 5,49 e 42,3 Jg-1 para o CCl4 e entre 3,83 e 7,54 Jg-1 para o H2O. As entalpías de imersão nas soluções relacionam-se com os conteúdos de grupos ácidos e básicos e encontra-se que para o primeiro caso ao aumentar a entalpía de imersão em NaOH aumenta a acidez total. Calcula-se o factor hidrofóbico a partir das entalpías de imersão em CCl4 e H2O, que indica a interacção do sólido com compostos polares e apolares, e ao mesmo tempo se relaciona com o pH PZC da cada mostra.

Study in application of cloth in turning patients over / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical application of cloth in turning patients over. Meth-ods 80 emergent patients of long-term bedridden without automtic movement and with spinal cord injury and paraplegia were divided into the observation group and the control group with 40 cases in each group. The ob-servation group used cloth for turning over, while the control group used the traditional free hand turning over method, the advantages and disadvantages of the two groups were compared. Results From the aspects of patients' subjective comfort, skin integrity, the labor intensity of nurses, the observation group was better than the control group. Conclusions Turning patients over with cloth overcomes the pushing, pulling, drnging and other defects of traditional flee-hand method, keep patients feel comfortable and skin integrity and non-dam-aged, nurses feel easy because of less labor and time.

Preparación de aarbones activados a partir de mteriales tejidos y caracterizacción estructural por adsorción y difracción de rayos x / Preparationand sstructural haracterization by x-ray diffraction of activatted carbon prepared from woven materilss / Preparaçã e caraacterizaço estructural por adsorção e difração de raios x do carbono ativado preparado com materiais tecidos

Se preparan telas de carbón activado, a partir de dos materiales tejidos de algodón, por activación química mediante impregnación en soluciones acuosas diluidas de ZnCl2, AlCl3 y H3PO4 y la posterior carbonización en atmósferas de nitrógeno y dióxido de carbono hasta una temperatura final de 850 °C . Se presentan los porcentajes de contracción y rendimiento así como los parámetros estructurales determinados por adsorción de N2 77 K, y se comparan con algunos parámetros cristalográficos determinados por difracción de rayos X. Las telas de carbón activado preparadas presentan áreas superficiales de 210 m2g-1 y 951 m2g-1 así como volúmenes de microporo de 0,09 cm3g-1 y 0,528 cm3g-1que permiten estudiar la influencia de los materiales de partida, el agente químico utilizado en la impregnación y la atmósfera de carbonización.

Activated carbon cloths are prepared by chemical activation of two woven materials of cotton, by the impregnation in diluted aqueous solutions of ZnCl2, AlCl3 and H3PO4 and the later carbonization in nitrogen and carbon dioxide atmosphere up to a final temperature of 850 °C . We report the percentage of contraction and yield as well as the structural parameters determined by adsorption of N2 77 K, and they are compared with some crystallographic parameters determined by X-ray diffraction. The prepared activated carbon cloths exhibit a superficial area of between 210 m2g-1 and 951 m2g-1, as well as micropore volumes 0,09 cm3g-1 and 0,528 cm3g-1 that allows to study the influence of the precursors, the chemical agent used as impregnant and the atmosphere of carbonization.

Os panos ativado de carbono são preparados por activação química de dois materiais tecidos do algodão, impregnando- thos em soluções aguadas diluídas de ZnCl2, AlCl3 e H3PO4 e carbonizando- lhos numas atmósfera de nitrogênio e de dióxido de carbono até uma temperatura final de 850 °C . Nós relatamos a porcentagem da contração e rendimento, assim como os parâmetros estruturais determinados pela adsorção do N2 77 K, e eles são comparados com alguns parâmetros cristalográficos determinados pela difração de raios X. Os panos preparados de carbono ativado exibem uma área superficial de 210 m2g-1 e 951 m2g-1 e volumes do micropore de 0,09 cm3g-1 e 0,528 cm3g-1 que permitem estudar a influência dos precursors, de agente químico usado como impregnante e a atmósfera de carbonição.

Preparación y crracterización de telas de carbó activado. influencia del materrial precursor de algoóón / Preparaton and ccharacterization of activated carbon infuence of the prrecursor of cotton / Preparação e caaacterização de tecidos de carvão ativado. a influência do material precursor do algoãão

Se preparan dos telas de carbón activado a partir de la activación química de textiles de algodón. La preparación de los materiales se lleva a cabo por medio de la impregnación de éstos en una solución 0,10 M de H3PO4 , seguida de una carbonización en atmósfera de dióxido de carbono hasta una temperatura final de 825°C. Se presentan los análisis termogravimétricos de las telas de partida que permiten ajustar las condiciones experimentales de carbonización así como los porcentajes de contracción y rendimiento de los materiales preparados, que se encuentran entre un 50% y 20% respectivamente. Las telas de carbón activado preparadas presentan áreas superficiales de 796 m² g-1 y 951 m² g-1 así como volúmenes de microporo de 0,416 cm³ g-1 y 0,528 cm³ g-1 . Un estudio calorimétrico de los sólidos preparados permite estimar que las entalpías de inmersión en tetracloruro de carbono son -4,66 J g-1 y -5,05 J g-1 respectivamente. Los resultados de un análisis por microscopia óptica de las telas preparadas también son presentados.

The present work reports the results of the preparation of two activated carbon cloths by chemical activation of cotton based fabrics. The preparation of the materials was achieved by its impregnation into a solution 0.10 M of H3 PO4 , followed by carbonisation in carbon dioxide atmosphere up to 825ºC . Thermal analysis of the precursor fabrics that allow to adjust the experimental conditions of carbonization are presented, as well as the contraction percentages and yield of the prepared materials that are respectively between 50% and 20% The activated carbon cloths prepared exhibit a superficial area of 796 m² .g-1 and 951 m² .g-1 , and micropore volume of 0.416 cm³ g-1 y 0.528 cm³ g-1 . A calorimetric study of the prepared solids allows to estimate that the immersion enthalpies in carbon tetrachloride are - 4.66 J g-1 and -5.05 J g-1 respectively. The optical microscopy results of the prepared cloths also are presented.

Nós relatamos os resultados da preparação de dois tecidos de carvões ativados pela ativação química da teia baseadas em algodão. A preparação dos materiais foi conseguida pela sua impregnação em uma solução 0.10 M de H3 PO4 , seguida pelo carbonização na atmosfera de dióxido de carbono até uma temperatura de análise de 825ºC . Análise térmica dos tecidos do precursor que reservam para ajustar as condições experimentais do carbonização são apresentadas, assim como as porcentagens da contração e o rendimento dos materiais preparados que estão entre 50% e 20% respectivamente. Os tecidos ativados preparados de carbono exibem uma área superficial de 796 e 951 m 2 g-1 , e um volume de microporo de 0.416 cm 3 g-1 y 0.528 cm³ g-1 . Um estudo calorimetrico dos sólidos preparados reserva para estimar que as entalpias da imersão no tetracloreto do carbono são -4.66 J g-1 e -5.05 J g-1 respectivamente. Os resultados pelo microscopia ótica dos tecidos preparados são apresentados também.

A Case of Reoperation for a Starr-Edwards Ball Valve Prosthesis Implanted in the Aortic Position 30 Years Previously / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

The patient was a 57-year-old woman. In 1974, she had undergone aortic valve replacement using a Starr-Edwards ball valve to treat aortic stenosis at another hospital. In 1989, she had undergone percutaneous transluminal mitral commissurotomy (PTMC) for mitral stenosis at our hospital. In December 2003, she was admitted with cardiac failure of NYHA III to our hospital. Echocardiography showed the progressive changes of mitral stenosis and the prosthetic aortic valve. In January 2004, the mitral valve was replaced using a Carbo Medics prosthesis and the Starr-Edwards aortic valve was replaced using a BICARBON prosthesis, together with tricuspid ring annuloplasty. The cloth wear of the Starr-Edwards valve cage and a pannus formation at the valve seat was found at operation. The patient was discharged, and now is rehabilitated in good health.