An evaluation of primary immunization coverage among 12-23 months children in an urban area of western Maharashtra: a community based cross sectional study

Background: Infectious diseases are major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. One of the most cost effective and easy methods for the child survival is immunization. Objective was to determine the immunization coverage and find out the various factors and its reasons for partial or non-immunization of child. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out for the assessment of immunization coverage in the field practice area of the urban health training center using WHO 30×7 clusters sampling method during March 2021 to October 2022. A total of seven children aged 12-23 months were interviewed from each cluster on pretested, predesigned schedule, thus giving us the sample size of 210. Chi square test was applied for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 210 children aged 12-23 months were included in the study. It was found that 158 (75.24%) of the children were found to be fully immunized. While 49 (23.34%) and 3 (1.42%) nonimmunized respectively. Most common reason for partial and non-immunization of children was found to be obstacles and lack of motivation on the part of parents. There is only statistically significant association between education of mothers and immunization status of children. Conclusions: Increasing the knowledge and understanding of the caretakers of the young children abouts the essentiality and benefits of routine immunization would be a strong step forward in achieving the goals.

Inquéritos nacionais de saúde: visão geral sobre técnicas de amostragem e dados coletados por desenhos complexos / Encuestas nacionales de salud: descripción general de las técnicas de muestreo y los datos recopilados por diseños complejos / National health surveys: overview of sampling techniques and data collected using complex designs

Abstract This article aimed to present an overview of national health surveys, sampling techniques, and components of statistical analysis of data collected using complex sampling designs. Briefly, surveys aimed at assessing the nutritional status of Brazilians and maternal and child health care were described. Surveys aimed at investigating access to and use of health services and funding, those aimed at surveillance of chronic noncommunicable diseases and associated behaviors, and those focused on risk practices regarding sexually transmitted infections were also addressed. Health surveys through social networks, including online networks, deserved specific attention in the study. The conclusion is that the development of health surveys in Brazil, in different areas and using different sampling methodologies, has contributed enormously to the advancement of knowledge and to the formulation of public policies aimed at the health and well-being of the Brazilian population.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo presentar una descripción de las encuestas nacionales de salud, las técnicas de muestreo y los componentes del análisis estadístico de diseños de muestreo complejos. Brevemente, se describieron encuestas destinadas a evaluar el estado nutricional y la atención a la salud materno-infantil. También se abordaron las encuestas dirigidas a investigar el acceso y uso de los servicios de salud y el financiamiento, las dirigidas a la vigilancia de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y comportamientos asociados, y las enfocadas a las prácticas de riesgo para las infecciones de transmisión sexual. Las encuestas de salud a través de las redes sociales, incluidas las virtuales, merecieron atención específica en el estudio. Se concluye que el desarrollo de encuestas de salud en Brasil ha contribuido enormemente para el avance del conocimiento y para la formulación de políticas públicas dirigidas a la salud y el bienestar de la población brasileña.

Resumo O artigo teve por finalidade apresentar um panorama dos inquéritos nacionais de saúde, técnicas de amostragem e componentes da análise estatística de dados coletados por desenhos complexos de amostragem. Foram descritos, brevemente, os inquéritos dirigidos à avaliação do estado nutricional dos brasileiros e da atenção à saúde materno-infantil. Inquéritos voltados à investigação do acesso, utilização dos serviços e financiamento da saúde, aqueles dedicados à vigilância das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e comportamentos associados e os focados nas práticas de risco às infecções sexualmente transmissíveis foram também abordados. As pesquisas de saúde por redes sociais, incluindo as virtuais, mereceram atenção específica. Conclui-se que o desenvolvimento de inquéritos de saúde no Brasil, em diferentes áreas e por distintas metodologias de amostragem, contribuiu enormemente para o avanço do conhecimento e a formulação de políticas públicas dirigidas à saúde e bem-estar da população brasileira.

Space-time clusters of severe acute respiratory syndrome and COVID-19 and hierarchical urban network in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, 2020-2021 / Clusters espaço-temporais de síndrome respiratória aguda grave e COVID-19 e rede urbana hierárquica no estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, 2020-2021 / Agrupaciones espacio-temporales de síndrome respiratorio agudo severo y COVID-19 y red urbana jerárquica en el estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, 2020-2021

Objective: to analyze the space-time distribution of COVID-19 in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Methods: Weekly case records of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome were obtained from the Ministry of Health's Database related to this syndrome, including data from COVID-19. Temporal and spatiotemporal analysis using scanning statistics to identify clusters of severe acute respiratory syndrome cases were performed with the software SaTScan. Results: A total of 27,093 cases was observed, with an incidence of 768.33/100,000 inhabitants. The spatial distribution considering the period of study evidenced the heterogeneity of values in the state. The highest incidence rates were observed in more populous municipalities. Conclusion: We highlight priority areas for interventions, aiming at controlling the transmission of the disease and reducing transmission risks to more remote areas of the state of Mato Grosso.

Objetivo: Analisar distribuição espaço-temporal de COVID-19 no estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Métodos: Registros de casos semanais de Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave foram obtidos junto ao Banco de Dados dessa síndrome do Ministério da Saúde, incluindo dados de COVID-19. Análises temporal e espaço-temporal utilizando varreduras estatísticas para identificação de clusters de casos de síndrome respiratória aguda grave foram realizadas com o programa SaTScan. Resultados: Foram observados 27.093 casos, com incidência de 768,33/100.000 habitantes. A distribuição espacial considerando o período de estudo evidenciou heterogeneidade de valores no estado. As maiores taxas de incidência foram observadas em municípios mais populosos. Conclusão: Destacam-se áreas prioritárias para intervenções, priorizando controle da transmissão da doença e redução dos riscos de transmissão para áreas mais remotas do estado de Mato Grosso.

Objetivo: Analizar la distribución espacio-temporal de COVID-19 en la provincia estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Métodos: Se obtuvieron registros semanales de casos de Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo (SRAG) de la Base de Datos SRAG del Ministerio de Salud, incluyendo datos de COVID-19. Se realizaron análisis temporales y espaciotemporales utilizando exploraciones estadísticas para identificar grupos de casos SRAG con el programa SaTScan. Resultados: se observaron 27.093 casos, con una incidencia de 768,33 / 100.000 habitantes. La distribución espacial considerando el período de estudio mostró heterogeneidad de valores en el estado. Las tasas de incidencia más altas se observaron en los municipios más poblados. Conclusión: Se destacan las áreas prioritarias para las intervenciones, priorizando el control de la transmisión de enfermedades y la reducción de los riesgos de transmisión a áreas más remotas del estado de Mato Grosso.

Sampling plan and methodological aspects: a household healthcare survey in Piauí / Plano de amostragem e aspectos metodológicos: inquérito de saúde domiciliar no Piauí

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the methodological aspects of the Piauí home healthcare survey (ISAD-PI) and assess the relation between sampling plan, precision, and design effects, assuming that population health surveys are relevant instruments for health monitoring. METHODS ISAD-PI was a population-based cross-sectional study that analyzed the living conditions and health status of the population residing in urban areas in the municipalities of Teresina and Picos, in Piauí. Sampling was carried out by conglomerates in two stages: Primary Sampling Units and households. To calculate the sample size, we considered the stratification of the population in both cities, according to the age of the individuals. We evaluated the "non-response" rate (NRR) and estimated the proportions according to sex and age, as well as the prevalence of social determinants of health in order to assess the compliance of the sampling plan. Analyses related to the precision according to the coefficient of proportion variation of the standard error (Cv-pˆ) and the design effect (deff). Cv-pˆ less than 20% and deff less than 1.5 were considered adequate. The total NRR of households was 38.2% in Teresina and 38.3% in Picos. We carried out twenty-four proportion estimates in relation to age and sex and 48 prevalence of social and health determinants estimates, totaling 72 estimates. Among them, 71 had Cv-pˆ less than 20% and 61 had deff less than or equal to 1.5. CONCLUSION Data generated from the ISAD-PI may contribute to the assessment of health and morbidity conditions in the population. Furthermore, methodological aspects employed in this research may serve as a basis for studies carried out in other cities in Brazil.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever os aspectos metodológicos do Inquérito de Saúde Domiciliar no Piauí (ISAD-PI), bem como avaliar a conformidade do plano amostral em relação à precisão e aos efeitos do desenho, dado que os inquéritos populacionais de saúde constituem instrumentos importantes para o monitoramento da situação de saúde da população. MÉTODOS O ISAD-PI foi um estudo de base populacional, transversal, que analisou as condições de vida e situação de saúde da população residente nas áreas urbanas dos municípios de Teresina e Picos, no Piauí. A amostragem foi realizada por conglomerados, em dois estágios: Unidades Primárias de Amostragem e domicílios. Para o cálculo do tamanho da amostra, considerou-se a estratificação da população de ambas as cidades, de acordo com a idade dos indivíduos, para ambos os sexos. Para avaliação da conformidade do plano amostral, foi avaliada a taxa de "não-resposta" (TNR) e, além disso, as estimativas de proporções segundo sexo e idade, bem como as prevalências de determinantes sociais de saúde, que foram analisadas em relação à precisão por meio do coeficiente de variação da proporção do erro padrão (Cv-pˆ) e do efeito do delineamento (deff). Foram considerados adequados Cv-pˆ menores que 20%, e deff menores que 1,5. A TNR-Total dos domicílios foi de 38,2% em Teresina e de 38,3% em Picos. Foram realizadas 24 estimativas de proporção em relação à idade e ao sexo e 48 estimativas de prevalência de determinantes sociais e de saúde, totalizando 72 estimativas, das quais 71 apresentaram Cv-pˆ menor que 20% e 61 apresentaram deff menor ou igual a 1,5. CONCLUSÃO Dados gerados a partir do ISAD-PI poderão contribuir para a avaliação das condições de saúde e morbidade na população. Ademais, aspectos metodológicos empregados nesta pesquisa poderão servir de base para estudos realizados em outras cidades do Brasil.

Sampling plan and methodological aspects: a household healthcare survey in Piauí / Plano de amostragem e aspectos metodológicos: inquérito de saúde domiciliar no Piauí

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the methodological aspects of the Piauí home healthcare survey (ISAD-PI) and assess the relation between sampling plan, precision, and design effects, assuming that population health surveys are relevant instruments for health monitoring. METHODS ISAD-PI was a population-based cross-sectional study that analyzed the living conditions and health status of the population residing in urban areas in the municipalities of Teresina and Picos, in Piauí. Sampling was carried out by conglomerates in two stages: Primary Sampling Units and households. To calculate the sample size, we considered the stratification of the population in both cities, according to the age of the individuals. We evaluated the "non-response" rate (NRR) and estimated the proportions according to sex and age, as well as the prevalence of social determinants of health in order to assess the compliance of the sampling plan. Analyses related to the precision according to the coefficient of proportion variation of the standard error (Cv-pˆ) and the design effect (deff). Cv-pˆ less than 20% and deff less than 1.5 were considered adequate. The total NRR of households was 38.2% in Teresina and 38.3% in Picos. We carried out twenty-four proportion estimates in relation to age and sex and 48 prevalence of social and health determinants estimates, totaling 72 estimates. Among them, 71 had Cv-pˆ less than 20% and 61 had deff less than or equal to 1.5. CONCLUSION Data generated from the ISAD-PI may contribute to the assessment of health and morbidity conditions in the population. Furthermore, methodological aspects employed in this research may serve as a basis for studies carried out in other cities in Brazil.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever os aspectos metodológicos do Inquérito de Saúde Domiciliar no Piauí (ISAD-PI), bem como avaliar a conformidade do plano amostral em relação à precisão e aos efeitos do desenho, dado que os inquéritos populacionais de saúde constituem instrumentos importantes para o monitoramento da situação de saúde da população. MÉTODOS O ISAD-PI foi um estudo de base populacional, transversal, que analisou as condições de vida e situação de saúde da população residente nas áreas urbanas dos municípios de Teresina e Picos, no Piauí. A amostragem foi realizada por conglomerados, em dois estágios: Unidades Primárias de Amostragem e domicílios. Para o cálculo do tamanho da amostra, considerou-se a estratificação da população de ambas as cidades, de acordo com a idade dos indivíduos, para ambos os sexos. Para avaliação da conformidade do plano amostral, foi avaliada a taxa de "não-resposta" (TNR) e, além disso, as estimativas de proporções segundo sexo e idade, bem como as prevalências de determinantes sociais de saúde, que foram analisadas em relação à precisão por meio do coeficiente de variação da proporção do erro padrão (Cv-pˆ) e do efeito do delineamento (deff). Foram considerados adequados Cv-pˆ menores que 20%, e deff menores que 1,5. A TNR-Total dos domicílios foi de 38,2% em Teresina e de 38,3% em Picos. Foram realizadas 24 estimativas de proporção em relação à idade e ao sexo e 48 estimativas de prevalência de determinantes sociais e de saúde, totalizando 72 estimativas, das quais 71 apresentaram Cv-pˆ menor que 20% e 61 apresentaram deff menor ou igual a 1,5. CONCLUSÃO Dados gerados a partir do ISAD-PI poderão contribuir para a avaliação das condições de saúde e morbidade na população. Ademais, aspectos metodológicos empregados nesta pesquisa poderão servir de base para estudos realizados em outras cidades do Brasil.

Detección de conglomerados «activos¼ emergentes de altas tasas de incidencia, para la vigilancia rápida de la COVID-19 / Detection of emerging "active" clusters with high incidence rates, for rapid surveillance of COVID-19

RESUMEN La geografía médica se ha aplicado en el marco de la fusión de la gestión gubernamental con el potencial científico disponible, con el objetivo de encontrar las mejores respuestas a la COVID-19. La investigación geográfica, en función del seguimiento y control de la actual pandemia, deviene tendencia mundial. Entre los procedimientos empleados, la técnica de Kulldorff es una metodología de análisis espacial implementada para la vigilancia rápida de la enfermedad. En Cuba existe experiencia de su uso, pero no con esta finalidad. Esta investigación muestra la aplicación de la opción de análisis espacio-temporal prospectivo, con datos de casos confirmados diariamente con la COVID-19 en la provincia de Villa Clara, que resulta en la detección de conglomerados «activos¼ emergentes de altas tasas de incidencia de la enfermedad. En caso de futuros rebrotes en el país, este recurso puede proveer información orientadora para las acciones encaminadas a la contención de la enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Medical geography has been applied within the framework of the government management and the available scientific potential, with the aim of finding the best answers to COVID-19. Geographical research, based on the monitoring and control of the current pandemic, becomes a global trend. Kulldorff's method, is among the procedures used, the spatial analysis methodology implemented for rapid surveillance of the disease. In Cuba, there is experience of its use, but not for this purpose. This research shows the implementation of a prospective spatio-temporal analysis, with data from cases confirmed daily with COVID-19 in Villa Clara province, which results in the detection of emerging "active" conglomerates with high incidence rates of the illness. This resource can provide guiding information for actions aimed at containing future outbreaks of the disease in our country.

Vaccination coverage of children in tribal Narmada district of Gujarat: a cross sectional study

Background: Vaccination being one of the cheapest and safest methods of primary prevention, indicators of maternal and child healthcare are crucial. Multi-indicator cluster survey was planned to check these objectives as set up in reproductive child health (RCH)-II and National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) plan. This study was initiated to determine the vaccination coverage among the children in tribal district in Gujarat and to determine factors associated with partial immunization and non-immunization.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was done in tribal district Narmada in Gujarat for a period of four months from May 2011 to August 2011. The study population consisted of all children aged between 12-23 months. After using cluster sampling method, assessment of vaccination programme was obtained from 346 out of total 352 children scattered across 30 clusters. A pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was administered by interview technique.Results: Highest coverage was seen in the first dose of diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT) 95.7% (CI 92.3-99) followed by Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) 95.4% (CI 92-98.7) and first dose of oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV) 95.4% (CI 92-98.7). The proportion of fully immunized children was 77.7% (CI 69.4-86.1), whereas 2.9% (CI 0.0-6.1) children were not vaccinated at all. The drop-out rate was 8.76% from DPT1 to DPT3 and 16% for DPT1 to measles.Conclusions: Vaccination coverage was highest for DPT first dose followed by BCG. The drop- out rate was 8.76% from DPT1 to DPT3 and 16% for DPT1 to measles. Non-awareness regarding subsequent doses of vaccines was most common reason for partial or non-vaccination.

Process evaluation of mission Indradhanush immunization program in urban and rural communities of Ahmedabad district of Gujarat

Background: Mission Indradhanush has been launched in December 2014 as a special drive to vaccinate all unvaccinated and partially vaccinated children. This study was conducted with an aim to evaluate process of mission Indradhanush immunization program in urban and rural communities of Ahmedabad district, Gujarat.Methods: Community based cross-sectional study carried out at places such as urban slums with migration, nomadic sites, brick kilns, construction sites, underserved and hard to reach areas from July 2015 to July 2017. Cluster sampling method has been used, adapted from WHO 30-cluster sampling. Thirty (30) clusters were selected using probability proportional to the population size (PPS). Each PHC/UHC was taken as one cluster.Results: All the planned session being held as per micro plan (100%). Due lists of beneficiaries were present at all sites but not updated at 6 (10%) session sites. Mobilizers were present at 58 (96.67%) session sites. ANMs were giving all 4 key messages at 86.67% of session sites. 115 (95.8%) caregivers told source of information was home visits of ASHA/AWW. 66(55.00%) mothers were aware about when to come for next visit and 70 (58.33%) aware about which vaccines were given on MI session day.Conclusions: All the session sites had micro plan and due list, which is major achievement and positive sign of successful implementation of mission Indradhanush. Availability of vaccines and other logistics were also up to the mark. Over all implementation process was satisfactory and according to operational guidelines of MI.

Iodine Deficiency and Toxicity Among School Children in Damoh District, Madhya Pradesh, India

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of Iodine Deficiency Disorders, and householdconsumption of adequately iodized salt in Damoh district, Madhya Pradesh in 2016.Methods: Cross-sectional study with cluster sampling method was used among school-going children. 30 clusters, each with 90 children were selected to access Total Goiter rate(TGR). 540 salt samples were collected to estimate salt iodine content from their householdand 270 on the spot urine samples were collected to estimate Urine Iodine Excretion level.Results: TGR was 2.08%. The prevalence of iodine deficiency, adequate iodine nutrition,and either more than adequate or toxic level of Iodine was 26%, 28% and 46 %, respectively.72.4% people were consuming adequately iodized salt. Conclusions: Damoh district is nomore an endemic area for iodine deficiency. We recommend continuous monitoring toassess IDDs as well Iodine-induced toxicity in future

Sampling plan in health surveys, city of São Paulo, Brazil, 2015 / Plano de amostragem em inquéritos de saúde, município de São Paulo, 2015

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the sampling plan of the Health Survey of the City of São Paulo (ISA-Capital 2015) regarding the accuracy of estimates and the conformation of domains of study by the Health Coordinations of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS We have described the population, domains of study, and sampling procedures, including stratification, calculation of sample size, and random selection of sample units, of the Health Survey of the City of São Paulo, 2015. The estimates of proportions were analyzed in relation to precision using the coefficient of variation and the design effect. We considered suitable the coefficients below 30% at the regional level and 20% at the city level and the estimates of the design effect below 1.5. We considered suitable the strategy of establishing the Health Coordinations as domains after verifying that, within the coordinations, the estimates of proportions for the age and sex groups had the minimum acceptable precision. The estimated parameters were related to the subjects of use of services, morbidity, and self-assessment of health. RESULTS A total of 150 census tracts were randomly selected, 30 in each Health Coordination, 5,469 households were randomly selected and visited, and 4,043 interviews were conducted. Of the 115 estimates made for the domains of study, 97.4% presented coefficients of variation below 30%, and 82.6% were below 20%. Of the 24 estimates made for the total of the city, 23 presented coefficient of variation below 20%. More than two-thirds of the estimates of the design effect were below 1.5, which was estimated in the sample size calculation, and the design effect was below 2.0 for 88%. CONCLUSIONS The ISA-Capital 2015 sample generated estimates at the predicted levels of precision at both the city and regional levels. The decision to establish the regional health coordinations of the city of São Paulo as domains of study was adequate.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar o plano de amostragem do Inquérito de Saúde do Município de São Paulo (ISA-Capital 2015) em relação à precisão das estimativas e à conformação de domínios de estudo pelas coordenadorias de saúde do município de São Paulo. MÉTODOS Descrição de população e domínios de estudo, procedimentos de amostragem, incluindo estratificação, cálculo do tamanho da amostra e sorteio de unidades amostrais do Inquérito de Saúde do Município de São Paulo, 2015. As estimativas de proporções foram analisadas em relação à precisão, por meio do coeficiente de variação e do efeito do delineamento. Foram considerados adequados coeficientes menores do que 30% no nível regional e 20% no municipal, e efeitos do delineamento menores do que 1,5. Para considerar adequada a estratégia de estabelecimento das Coordenadorias de Saúde como domínios, foi verificado que, dentro das coordenadorias, as estimativas de proporções para grupos de idade e sexo tinham a precisão mínima aceitável. Os parâmetros estimados referiram-se aos temas: uso de serviços, morbidade e autoavaliação em saúde. RESULTADOS Foram sorteados 150 setores censitários, 30 em cada Coordenadoria de Saúde, sorteados e visitados 5.469 domicílios ocupados, e realizadas 4.043 entrevistas. Das 115 estimativas feitas para os domínios de estudo, 97,4% apresentaram coeficientes de variação menores do que 30% e 82,6% menores do que 20%. Das 24 estimativas feitas para o total do município, 23 apresentaram coeficiente de variação menor do que 20%. Mais de dois terços das estimativas do efeito do delineamento foram inferiores a 1,5, valor previsto no cálculo do tamanho da amostra, e o efeito do delineamento foi menor do que dois para 88%. CONCLUSÕES A amostra do ISA-Capital 2015 gerou estimativas situadas nos patamares previstos de precisão, tanto as de nível municipal como regional. Foi acertada a decisão de estabelecer as coordenadorias regionais de saúde do município de São Paulo como domínios de estudo.

Sampling procedures for inventory of commercial volume tree species in Amazon Forest

ABSTRACT The spatial distribution of tropical tree species can affect the consistency of the estimators in commercial forest inventories, therefore, appropriate sampling procedures are required to survey species with different spatial patterns in the Amazon Forest. For this, the present study aims to evaluate the conventional sampling procedures and introduce the adaptive cluster sampling for volumetric inventories of Amazonian tree species, considering the hypotheses that the density, the spatial distribution and the zero-plots affect the consistency of the estimators, and that the adaptive cluster sampling allows to obtain more accurate volumetric estimation. We use data from a census carried out in Jamari National Forest, Brazil, where trees with diameters equal to or higher than 40 cm were measured in 1,355 plots. Species with different spatial patterns were selected and sampled with simple random sampling, systematic sampling, linear cluster sampling and adaptive cluster sampling, whereby the accuracy of the volumetric estimation and presence of zero-plots were evaluated. The sampling procedures applied to species were affected by the low density of trees and the large number of zero-plots, wherein the adaptive clusters allowed concentrating the sampling effort in plots with trees and, thus, agglutinating more representative samples to estimate the commercial volume.

Desenho da amostra da pesquisa nacional de saúde 2013 / Sampling design for the national health survey, 2013 / Diseño del muestreo de la encuesta nacional de salud 2013

Este artigo descreve o plano amostral usado na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013. A população-alvo constitui-se de pessoas residentes em domicílios particulares permanentes de todo o território nacional; a pesquisa foi domiciliar, com amostragem estratificada e três estágios de conglomeração; os setores censitários formaram as unidades primárias de amostragem, os domicílios foram as unidades de segundo estágio e os moradores adultos (18 anos ou mais) definiram as unidades de terceiro estágio; o tamanho da amostra considerou o nível de precisão desejado para as estimativas de alguns indicadores em diferentes níveis de desagregação e grupos populacionais; o peso final foi um produto do inverso das probabilidades de seleção em cada estágio do plano amostral, incluindo processos de correção de não respostas e calibrações de ajustes para os totais populacionais conhecidos. Por se tratar de uma amostra complexa, alguns cuidados devem ser levados em consideração no momento do processamento dos dados.

Este artículo describe el plan de muestreo utilizado en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2013. La población objetivo, fueron residentes permanentes, en domicilios particulares, de todo el territorio nacional; el estudio fue domiciliar, el muestreo fue estratificado en tres etapas; los sectores censitarios fueron las unidades primarias de muestreo, los domicilios fueron las unidades de segunda etapa y los residentes adultos (18 años o más) fueron las unidades de la tercera etapa; el tamaño de muestra consideró el nivel deseado de precisión para las estimaciones de algunos indicadores en los diferentes niveles de desagregación y grupos poblacionales; el peso final fue el producto inverso de la probabilidad de selección en cada etapa de muestreo, incluyendo los procesos de corrección por falta de respuesta y calibración de ajustes para los totales de la población conocida. Por tratarse de una muestra compleja, algunos cuidados deben tomarse en consideración al momento de procesar los datos.

This paper describes the sample design used in the Brazilian 2013 National Health Survey. The target population is composed by people resident in permanent private households throughout the country; the survey was household-based with stratified sampling and three clustering stages; census tracts form the primary sampling units, households are the units of second stage and adults (aged 18 years or older) define the third-stage units; the sample size considered the desired level of precision for the estimates of some indicators at different levels of disaggregation and different population groups; the final weighting was a product of inverse selection probabilities at each stage of the sampling plan, including non-response correction procedures and adjustment calibrations for the known population totals. Since this is a complex sample, appropriate procedures must be used during data processing.

Impact of Individual, Household and Community Characteristics on Children’s Nutritional Indicators.

This study analyzed WHO-standardized nutritional indicators of children from selected households within communities that were sampled from all districts of Botswana. Data from the 2007 Botswana Family Health Survey were fitted into multilevel models that seek to account for variability due to the macro- and micro-units that have been hierarchically selected. This allowed for estimation of different levels of intraclass correlations while simultaneously assessing the model-fit by accounting for the influence on the nutritional indicators due to the fixed variables attributable to these macro- and micro-units. The results show that variation in nutritional status of under-five children in Botswana is a function of characteristics of the households and communities within which they live. As much as 17% of variation is due to differences in the communities and households. Economic status of households holds an important key in predicting the nutritional status of children.

O controle do câncer de mama na atenção primária: desafios na elaboração do plano amostral / Breast cancer control in primary health care: challenges in building a sampling plan

Objetivo: descrever a amostragem para identificar as ações no controle do câncer de mama na atenção básica. Mé- todo: estudo descritivo. Apresentam-se os critérios de escolha do objeto e local de pesquisa, dos informantes- chave e da técnica amostral. Resultados: para identificar as ações consensuadas, na região sudeste de São Paulo, selecionaram-se amostras de serviços, usuárias, gestores e enfermeiros. Várias fontes informatizadas foram consulta- das devido à incompletude dos cadastros locais. A hetero- geneidade populacional conduziu a um plano complexo de amostragem em dois estágios. Considerou-se o nível de confiança de 95%, efeito de delineamento igual a dois com erro amostral de 5%, resultando em amostra de 760 usuárias e a totalidade de gestores e enfermeiros de 38 ser- viços. Conclusão: os critérios adotados foram adequados para definição de uma amostra que satisfizesse aos obje- tivos propostos. No entanto a incompletude e a incon- sistência das informações nas bases de dados consultadas foram os principais desafios deste estudo.

Objective: Describe sampling to identify the breast cancer control actions in primary health care. Methods: Descriptive study. We present the criteria for selecting the study object and locale, as well as the key respondents and sampling techniques. Results: Samples from services, users, managers, and nurses were selected to identify consensual breast cancer control actions in the southeast region of São Paulo. The incompleteness of local records led us to consult several computerized sources to carry out the sampling. A complex, two-stage sampling plan was employed due to the heterogeneity of the main population. A 95% confidence interval, a design effect of 2, with a sampling error of 5%, was considered, resulting in a sample of 760 users and a universe of managers and nurses from 38 services. Conclusion: The criteria used were adequate to define a sample that met the intended goals. However, the incompleteness and inconsistency of the information in the databases consulted were the main challenges in this study.

Does Seasonal Migration for Sugarcane Harvesting Influence Routine Immunization Coverage? A Cross-Sectional Study from Rural Maharashtra.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate and to compare immunization coverage and to understand reasons of partial/non-immunization among children of seasonal migrant sugarcane harvesting laborers and nonmigrating children. Caretakers of a total of 420 children between 12 and 23 months age were interviewed in 30 clusters consisting 14 children from each cluster (seven from each group) by expanded program on immunization cluster survey method. Statistical analysis was performed with proportions, their 95% confidence intervals (CI), Chi-square test, and binary logistic regression. Full immunization coverage rate was 89.5% (95% CI: 86.5-92.5) for children in nonmigrating group and 70.5% (95% CI: 66.0-74.9) for migrant group. Reasons cited for unimmunized/partially immunized were, place or time of vaccination not known, unavailability of immunization services at site, inconvenient time of sessions, unaware of need for vaccination etc. Thus full immunization coverage rate was significantly lower among children of seasonal migrant sugarcane harvesting laborers.

EpiFloripa Health Survey: the methodological and operational aspects behind the scenes / Inquérito de saúde EpiFloripa: aspectos metodológicos e operacionais dos bastidores

The present study aims at describing the sampling plan, operational aspects and strategies used to optimize the field work of a cross-sectional, population-based study conducted in a southern capital of Brazil. For this purpose, the sample design, data collection instrument, selection of interviewers, pilot study, data collection, field logistics, quality control, consistency control, costs, and divulgation of results are herein described. The study's response rate was 85.3%. We found that the comparison of frequency measurements with and without self-assessment had no significant impact on the estimates, and that the design effect, estimated at 2, was sufficient for most calculations. The reproducibility of the questionnaire was satisfactory, with Kappa values and intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.6 to 0.9. The strategies used to overcome operational problems, such as counting of households, use of maps, questionnaire structuring, rigorous organization of the field work and monitoring of the estimates were fundamental in conducting the study.

O estudo objetiva descrever o plano amostral, aspectos operacionais e estratégias utilizadas para otimizar o trabalho de campo de um estudo transversal de base populacional desenvolvido em uma capital do sul do Brasil. Para tal, foram descritos plano amostral, instrumento de coleta, seleção de entrevistadoras, estudo piloto, coleta de dados e logística de campo, controle de qualidade, controle de consistência, custos e divulgação dos resultados. A taxa de resposta do estudo foi de 85,3%. Foi verificado que a comparação de medidas de frequência com e sem ponderação não teve impacto importante nas estimativas e que o efeito de delineamento, estimado em 2, foi suficiente para a maior parte dos cálculos. A reprodutibilidade do questionário foi satisfatória, com valores de Kappa e coeficiente de correlação intraclasse variando entre 0,6 a 0,9. As estratégias utilizadas para transpor problemas operacionais, como contagem dos domicílios, uso de mapas, estruturação do questionário, organização rigorosa do campo e acompanhamento das estimativas foram fundamentais para a condução do estudo.

Assessment of primary immunization coverage in children between 12 to 23 months in Bhadravathi taluk, Shimoga.

Background: Immunization prevents approximately 4 lakh under-five deaths from vaccine preventable diseases in India. Immunization is a proven cost-effective and relatively inexpensive public health intervention for improving child survival. Under the national immunization program infants are immunized against 7 vaccine preventable disease namely diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, hepatitis B, tuberculosis and measles. In India, inequity in the coverage of immunization persists within and between states, emphasizing the continuing need of coverage assessment surveys with a focus on quality of the health service. Aims & Objective: (1) To assess the primary immunization coverage of children aged 12-23 months; and (2) To know the reasons for partially or not immunizing the child. Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional study. The method was adapted from WHO 30 cluster sampling, a two stage sampling technique involving a random selection of clusters based on probability proportional to size and then a random selection of households in the selected clusters. Mothers of the children were interviewed using a pretested and semi- structured questionnaire. Results: Out Of the 210 surveyed children, 104 (49.5%) were males and 106 (50.5%) were females. Coverage was highest for BCG (100%) followed by DPT1 (99.5%), DPT3 (95.7%) and lowest for Measles (93.8%). As far as the dropout rate is concerned, it was 3.83% for both DPT1 to DPT3, 3.38% for OPV1 to OPV3, 4.83% for HEP1 to HEP3 and 6.19% for both BCG to measles and 5.74% for DPT1 to Measles. Amongst the various reasons main reasons for dropout or non-immunization of children were the lack of awareness about the need for immunization in 38.70% and unawareness of the need to return for 2nd or 3rd doses in 25.58%. Conclusion: Improvement should focus on reducing the dropout rate from DPT1/OPV1/HepB1 to DPT3/OPV3/HepB3 and improving coverage of measles and also Vitamin A.

Sorteio intradomiciliar em inquéritos de saúde / Sorteo intra-domiciliar en pesquisa de salud / Selection within households in health surveys

OBJETIVO : Comparar a eficiência e a acurácia de delineamentos de amostragem com e sem sorteio intradomiciliar em inquéritos de saúde. MÉTODOS : Com base nos dados de um inquérito realizado na Baixada Santista, SP, entre 2006 e 2007, foram retiradas 1.000 amostras sob cada um dos delineamentos e, em cada amostra, foram obtidas estimativas para pessoas de 18 a 59 anos de idade e de 18 anos e mais. Sob o primeiro, foram sorteados 40 setores censitários, 12 domicílios por setor e uma pessoa por domicílio. Na análise, os dados foram ponderados pelo número de adultos residentes nos domicílios. Sob o segundo, foram sorteados 40 setores, seis domicílios por setor para o grupo de 18 a 59 anos de idade e cinco ou seis domicílios para o grupo de 18 anos e mais. Não houve sorteio dentro do domicílio. Medidas de precisão e de vício das estimativas de proporção para 11 indicadores foram calculadas nos dois conjuntos finais das amostras selecionadas para os dois tipos de delineamentos. Estes foram comparados por meio das medidas relativas: coeficiente de variação, razão vício/média, razão vício/erro padrão e erro quadrático médio relativo. O custo foi comparado considerando custo básico por pessoa, custo por domicílio e números de pessoas e domicílios. RESULTADOS : Os vícios mostraram-se desprezíveis nos dois delineamentos. A precisão foi maior para o delineamento sem sorteio e o custo foi menor. CONCLUSÕES : O delineamento sem sorteio intradomicilar mostrou-se superior em termos de eficiência e acurácia, devendo ser a opção preferencial do pesquisador. O sorteio de moradores deve ser adotado quando houver razões referentes ao objeto de estudo que possam levar à introdução de vícios nas respostas dos entrevistados ...

OBJETIVO: Comparar la eficiencia y la precisión de delineamientos de muestreo con y sin sorteo intra-domiciliar en pesquisas de salud. MÉTODOS: Con base en los datos de una pesquisa realizada en la Baixada Santista, SP – Brasil, entre 2006 y 2007, se retiraron 1.000 muestras considerando cada uno de los delineamientos y, en cada muestra, se obtuvo estimativas para personas de 18 a 59 años de edad y de 18 años y más. En el primero, fueron sorteados 40 sectores censados, 12 domicilios por sector y una persona por domicilio. En el análisis, los datos fueron ponderados por el número de adultos residentes en los domicilios. En el segundo, se sortearon 40 sectores, seis domicilios por sector para el grupo de 18 a 59 años de edad y cinco o seis domicilios para el grupo de 18 años y más. No hubo sorteo dentro del domicilio. Medidas de precisión y de vicio de las estimativas de proporción para 11 indicadores fueron calculadas en los dos conjuntos finales de muestras seleccionadas para los dos tipos de delineamientos. Ambos fueron comparados por medio de medidas relativas: coeficiente de variación, cociente vicio/promedio, cociente vicio/desviación estándar y desviación media cuadrática relativa. El costo fue comparado considerando costo básico por persona, costo por domicilio y número de personas y domicilios. RESULTADOS: Los vicios se mostraron insignificantes en los dos delineamientos. La precisión fue mayor para el delineamiento sin sorteo y el costo fue menor. CONCLUSIONES: El delineamiento sin sorteo intra-domiciliar se mostró superior en términos de eficiencia y precisión, siendo la opción preferencial del investigador. El sorteo de la población debe ser adoptado cuando existan motivos relacionados con el objeto de estudio que puedan llevar a la introducción de vicios en las respuestas de los entrevistados en el caso de que varios de ellos respondan al cuestionario propuesto.

OBJECTIVE : To compare the efficiency and accuracy of sampling designs including and excluding the sampling of individuals within sampled households in health surveys. METHODS : From a population survey conducted in Baixada Santista Metropolitan Area, SP, Southeastern Brazil, lowlands between 2006 and 2007, 1,000 samples were drawn for each design and estimates for people aged 18 to 59 and 18 and over were calculated for each sample. In the first design, 40 census tracts, 12 households per sector, and one person per household were sampled. In the second, no sampling within the household was performed and 40 census sectors and 6 households for the 18 to 59-year old group and 5 or 6 for the 18 and over age group or more were sampled. Precision and bias of proportion estimates for 11 indicators were assessed in the two final sets of the 1000 selected samples with the two types of design. They were compared by means of relative measurements: coefficient of variation, bias/mean ratio, bias/standard error ratio, and relative mean square error. Comparison of costs contrasted basic cost per person, household cost, number of people, and households. RESULTS : Bias was found to be negligible for both designs. A lower precision was found in the design including individuals sampling within households, and the costs were higher. CONCLUSIONS : The design excluding individual sampling achieved higher levels of efficiency and accuracy and, accordingly, should be first choice for investigators. Sampling of household dwellers should be adopted when there are reasons related to the study subject that may lead to bias in individual responses if multiple dwellers answer the proposed questionnaire. .

Plano amostral, ponderacao e efeitos do delineamento da Pesquisa Nacional de Saude Bucal / Prevalencia y extension de la caries dentaria radicular en adultos y ancianos / Sampling plan, weighting process and design effects of the Brazilian Oral Health Survey

OBJETIVO: Apresentar aspectos do plano de amostragem da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Bucal (Projeto SBBrasil), com questões teóricas e operacionais que não devem ser ignoradas nas análises dos dados primários. MÉTODOS: A população de estudo compreende cinco grupos demográficos de áreas urbanas brasileiras no ano de 2010. Amostragem por conglomerados em dois ou três estágios foi usada adotando diferentes unidades primárias. Pesos amostrais e efeitos de delineamento (deff) foram as medidas utilizadas para avaliar a consistência das amostras. RESULTADOS: No total, foram alcançados 37.519 indivíduos. Estimativas de deff , embora aceitáveis na sua maioria, apresentaram distorções em alguns domínios. A maioria (90%) das amostras apresentou resultados concordantes com a precisão proposta no plano amostral. As medidas preventivas contra perdas e efeito do processo de conglomerados no tamanho mínimo das amostras mostrou-se efetiva e a maioria das estimativas para deff não ultrapassou o valor 2, mesmo para os resultados decorrentes da ponderação. CONCLUSÕES: As amostras alcançadas no inquérito SBBrasil 2010 se aproximaram das principais proposições de precisão do delineamento. Algumas probabilidades resultaram desiguais entre unidades primárias de um mesmo domínio. Os usuários desse banco de dados devem considerar essa particularidade, introduzindo pesos amostrais nos cálculos das estimativas pontuais, erros padrão, intervalo de confiança e efeitos do delineamento. .

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia y la extensión de la caries radicular en la población adulta y anciana de Brasil. MÉTODOS: A partir de los datos de la Investigación Nacional de Salud Bucal (SBBrasil 2010) se examinaron 9.564 adultos y 7.509 ancianos en domicilios de las 26 capitales y en el Distrito Federal y de 150 municipios del interior de cada macro región. Se implementaron criterios de diagnóstico establecidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Para estudio de la prevalencia y de extensión se utilizó el índice de caries radicular y el índice de raíces cariadas y obturadas. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de caries radicular fue de 16,7% en los adultos y 13,6% en los ancianos; el índice de raíces cariadas y obturadas fue de 0,42 y 0,32 respectivamente, siendo la mayor parte compuesta por caries no tratadas. Se observaron diferencias en la experiencia de caries radicular entre capitales y macro regiones, con valores mayores en capitales del Norte y Noreste. El índice de caries radicular en los adultos varió de 1,4% en Aracaju (SE) a 15,1% en Salvador (BA) y en los ancianos de 3,5% en Porto Velho (RO) a 29,9% en Palmas (TO). Se verificó incremento de caries radicular con la edad y mayor expresividad de la enfermedad en hombres de ambos grupos etarios. CONCLUSIONES: Se identificó una gran variación de la prevalencia y extensión de la caries radicular entre y dentro de las regiones de Brasil, tanto en adultos como en ancianos, y la mayor parte de la caries radicular se encuentra no tratada. Se recomienda la incorporación de este agravio al sistema de vigilancia en salud bucal, debido a su tendencia creciente. .

OBJECTIVE: To present aspects of the sampling plan of the Brazilian Oral Health Survey (SBBrasil Project). with theoretical and operational issues that should be taken into account in the primary data analyses. METHODS: The studied population was composed of five demographic groups from urban areas of Brazil in 2010. Two and three stage cluster sampling was used. adopting different primary units. Sample weighting and design effects (deff) were used to evaluate sample consistency.  RESULTS: In total. 37.519 individuals were reached. Although the majority of deff estimates were acceptable. some domains showed distortions. The majority (90%) of the samples showed results in concordance with the precision proposed in the sampling plan. The measures to prevent losses and the effects the cluster sampling process in the minimum sample sizes proved to be effective for the deff. which did not exceeded 2. even for results derived from weighting. CONCLUSIONS: The samples achieved in the SBBrasil 2010 survey were close to the main proposals for accuracy of the design. Some probabilities proved to be unequal among the primary units of the same domain. Users of this database should bear this in mind, introducing sample weighting in calculations of point estimates, standard errors, confidence intervals and design effects. .

Evaluation of immunization coverage among children aged 12-23 months in Surendranagar city.

Background: Infectious diseases are a major cause of morbidity & mortality in children. One of the most cost effective & easy methods for child survival is immunization. In May 1974, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially launched a global immunization programme known as Expanded Programme of immunization (EPI) to protect all the children of the world against 6 Vaccine Preventable Diseases by the year 2000. It was later redesignated as Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) since 1985. The objectives of this study were to assess the dropout rate and primary immunization coverage of children aged 12-23 months in Surendranagar city and to know the various reasons for partially or not immunizing the child. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study. Thirty clusters were selected out of a total of 282 blocks of Surendranagar using the cluster sampling method. Cluster sampling method was used for sample selection and the proforma designed by UNICEF was used as a study tool. Sample size was 210 children (7 Children from each cluster) of aged 12-23 months. The obtained data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests like Z test and X2 test. Results: Out Of the 210 surveyed children, 121(57.62%) were males and 89(42.38%) were females. Immunization card was available for 69.52% of children and fully immunized were 70.47%. Coverage was highest for BCG (95.71%) followed by OPV3 (82.85%), DPT3 (79.52%) and lowest for measles (75.23%). As far as the dropout rate is concerned, it was 21.39%, 10.21%, and 9.37% for BCG to measles, DPT1 to DPT3, and OPV1 to OPV3, respectively. Amongst the various reasons main reasons for dropout or unimmunization of children were ignorance in about 64% and lack of information regarding time, place and schedule (21%). Conclusions: Improvement should focus on reducing the dropout rate from DPT2/OPV2 to DPT3/OPV3 and improving coverage of measles and also Vitamin A.