Impact of color vision deficiency on the quality of life in a sample of Indian population: Application of the CVD-QoL tool

Purpose: To investigate the quality of life (QoL) in a sample of color vision deficit (CVD) patients in India and how color vision deficiency affects them psychologically, economically, and in productivity related to their work and occupation. Methods: A descriptive and case–control study design using a questionnaire was conducted on N = 120 participants, of whom 60 were patients of CVD (52 male and eight female) who visited two eye facilities in Hyderabad between 2020 and 2021 and 60 were age?matched normal color vision participants who served as controls. We validated English–Telugu adapted version of CVD?QoL, developed by Barry et al. in 2017 (CB?QoL). The CVD?QoL consists of 27 Likert?scale items with factors (lifestyle, emotions, and work). Color vision was assessed using the Ishihara and Cambridge Mollen color vision tests. A six?point Likert scale was used, with lower scores indicating poor QoL (from 1 = severe issue to 6 = no problem). Results: The CVD?QoL questionnaire’s reliability and internal consistency were measured, including Cronbach’s ? (? =0.70–0.90). There was no significance between the group in age (t = ?1.2, P = 0.67) whereas the Ishihara colour vision test, scores showed a significant difference (t = 4.50, P < 0.001). The QoL scores showed a significant difference towards lifestyle, emotions and work (P = 0.001). The CVD group had a poorer QoL score than the normal color vision group odds ratio [OR] =0.31, 95% confidence interval [CI], (P = 0.002, CI = 0.14–0.65, Z = 3.0) . In this analysis, a low CI indicated that the OR was more precise. Conclusion: Color vision deficiency affects Indians’ QoL, according to this study. The mean scores of lifestyle, emotions, and work were lower than the UK sample. Since CVD is underreported and possibly affects developing countries more, advocacy for a new health care plan on CVD is essential. Increasing public understanding and awareness could also help diagnosing the CVD population

Prevalence of color vision deficiency and it’s relation with ABO blood group among medical students

Background: Normal human beings can appreciate color in all three of it’s attributes; Hue, intensity, and saturation. Human beings can perceive three primary colors, that is, red, green, and blue. Any defect in appreciation of colors is known as color vision deficiency (CVD). Complete inability to appreciate color is known as color blindness. The genes for red and green cone pigments are found in the q arm of the X chromosome. Hence, red and green CVD are inherited as X-linked recessive diseases. Blue CVD is autosomaly inherited. Blood groups are genetically inherited as well. Although it is a known fact that there is a preponderance of genetic diseases in subjects belonging to a specific blood group, no such study was available in Western Odisha as per our knowledge. This becomes more relevant as consanguineous marriages are a serious social problem in that part of Odisha. Aim and Objectives: Therefore, the study was undertaken to find out the prevalence of CVD among Medical students in Western Odisha and to find out it’s relation, if any, with ABO blood groups, as these two entities are genetically inherited. Record should be kept for future use, especially for counseling at the time of marriage and if necessary, to choose a subject for further study, where color detection does not play an important part. Materials and Methods: Prior permission was taken from the Institutional Ethics Committee to carry out this study. The study was carried out among the 1st–4th year medical students of V.S.S. Medical College and Hospital (n = 690) from August 2022 to October 2022. Ishihara test plates for color vision and agglutination method for ABO blood grouping were employed to get the prevalence of CVD and to get the percentage of subjects belonging to each blood group among those having CVD. The observations were noted carefully. Results: After careful screening, it was seen that 647 (93.76%) were normal, 42 (6.08%) had CVD, and 1 (0.14%) subject was completely color blind. All those affected were males. Distribution of blood group in CVD subjects showed 7 (16.27%) numbers belonging to blood group A, 22 (51.16%) belonging to blood group B, 1 (2.3%) belonging to blood group AB, and 12 (27.9%) belonging to blood group O. The only color blind student belonged to blood group B (2.3%). Conclusion: As medical students have to deal with colors throughout their career, the study helps the subjects to be aware of their condition early in their professional life. It also tried to find out the percentage distribution into ABO blood groups. A larger population should be included to get more accurate results.

Implications of inherited color vision deficiency on occupations: A neglected entity!

Purpose: To highlight the plight of individuals with congenital color vision deficiency (CVD). Methods: This is a retrospective study in which 191 electronic medical records of individuals with the diagnosis of inherited CVD, who visited the eye institute, between January 2010 and January 2021 were included. The inclusion criteria included diagnosis based on the failure in pseudoisochromatic plates (Ishihara / Hardy, Rand and Rittler (HRR) and age range between 18 and 35 years. The patient’s medical history, age, gender, type of defect, and preference for colored contact lenses was noted. Medical records were excluded if the participant had any other ocular pathology apart from congenital CVD. Results: At least 30% (57/191) of the individuals explicitly requested for color vision examination for a job?related purpose. Amongst them, the most common jobs aspired were army (~25%; [14/57]) followed by police (21%; [12/57]). There was only 2.6% (5/191) of individuals in which the type of CVD (protan/deutan) was classified. Only 5.2% of them (10/191) sought an X?Chrome contact lens trial. Conclusion: This study reported the occupational setbacks experienced by individuals with CVD. This study highlights the need to identify CVD at a younger age, thereby avoiding occupational?related setbacks later in life

A Comparison of Nagel Anomaloscope and Farnsworth Munsel 100-hue in Congenital Color Vision Deficiency

PURPOSE: To compare the classification and severity of congenital color vision deficiency using a Nagel anomaloscope and Farnsworth Munsel 100-hue Test (FM 100-hue).METHODS: A total of 394 eyes of 197 patients diagnosed with congenital color vision deficiency were included. Examinations using a Nagel anomaloscope and FM 100-hue were performed, and color vision abnormalities were classified as a protan color defect or deutan color defect by each test, and the degrees of color vision abnormalities were compared.RESULTS: The tests showed 64.3% (p < 0.001) agreement in the classification of color vision deficiencies. The Nagel anomaloscope was able to classify all cases, whereas 143 eyes (36.3%) could not be classified using the FM 100-hue test. In the case of the same type of color vision abnormality in both eyes, 196 cases (99.5%) using the Nagel anomaloscope and 111 cases (56.3%) using the FM 100-hue were observed. Regarding the degree of color defect, there was a moderate positive correlation between the two tests (r = 0.43; p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the total error scores between mild anomalous trichromacy and severe anomalous trichromacy as assessed using FM 100-hue (p = 0.087).CONCLUSIONS: The Nagel anomaloscope was a more appropriate test for discerning the degree of color defect and binocular classification. In severity assessments, there was a moderate positive correlation between the two test methods. However, there were no significant differences in the total error scores between mild anomalous trichromacy and severe anomalous trichromacy as assessed using FM 100-hue. Therefore, it was difficult to perform severity classification using the Nagel anomaloscope based on the total error score of the FM 100-hue test.

Prevalence of color-vision deficiency among male high-school students

@#Objective This study determined the prevalence of color-vision deficiency among male high-school students in a public school. Methods Male high-school students were screened for color-vision deficiency using 6 plates of the Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates. All students with one or more errors were reexamined at a later date with the full 15 Ishihara plates and the Farnsworth D15 (FD15) test. A detailed history was taken and an ocular examination was conducted. Students who identified less than 10 plates correctly on the FD15 were classified as color-deficient and underwent the Farnsworth Munsell 100 hue (FM 100) test. The results were statistically analyzed. Results A total of 1,258 male high-school students, aged 12 to 16 years, were included in the study, 122 of whom failed the screening test. Of these, 106 completed the 15 Ishihara plates. Sixty-five failed and were classified as color-visiondeficient, of which 64 (98%) were deutans. Deutan was also the most common deficiency determined using the FD15 (78.95%) and FM100 (44.19 %) hue tests. Conclusion The prevalence of color-vision deficiency among male students in a public high school was 5.17% (65/1,258). The most common deficiency was the deutan type.

Relative prevalence of color vision deficiency among Iranian female high school students / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

·Color blindness is a common disorder in human. Congenital color blindness is a trait of X-linked recessive inheritance. In our study, one thousand and six hundred female students were selected by randomized group sampling and tested by "Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates".Among this(0.63%) showed color vision deficiency; among these cases six girls (0.38%) had deuteranomaly and 4 girls (0.25%) had protanomaly.

Clinical Genetics Education Program in Medical School: A Trial in Nippon Medical School / 医学教育

Advances in genetic medicine has rapidly been applied to clinical practice. However, many medical students have not studied biology or genetics in high school. There is little chance to think in Japan medical education about how to treat genetic information appropriately in the setting of clinical medicine. The timing and contents of a clinical genetics education program in medical school has hardly been discussed in Japan. This paper discusses the clinical genetics educationduring the medical-science and clinical-medicine stages at Nippon Medical School.<BR>1) An exercise on information gathering and role-play (for 180 minutes) about color vision deficiency were performed during the second-year molecular genetics course.<BR>2) A clinical genetics course (45 minutes 18 classes) in the fourth year was started in 2002 as a part of an integrated medical curriculum with courses classified by organ system.<BR>3) This clinical genetics course included systematic lectures for knowledge acquisition, lectures by patient support groups, exercises in drawing pedigrees, role-play, and discussions of ethical issues. Students evaluated this course favorably.<BR>4) Some topics in clinical genetics can be effectively presented at an early stage of medical education as part of an introduction to medicine. To maximize the educational effects and increase the possibility that students understand the importance of medical genetics, clinical genetics education in medical school will be performed after the student have grasped a basic understanding of diseases through lectures about clinical subjects.

Color vision deficiency of three sisters in the same family / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

· AIM: To evaluate genetic characteristics of congenital color vision deficiency of our medical student and her family subjects for establishing the mode of inheritance.· METHODS: Ishihara Pseudo-isochromatic Plate Test (IPPT)was used for determining the color vision deficiency and Farnsworth 100 Hue test (F100HT) was done for evaluating the type of color vision deficiency. Family pedigree was established for the color blindness, ophthalmologic examinations and genetic studies were done. Genetic counseling was given to her family.· RESULTS: Ocular examination revealed best correction bilateral visual acuity of 20/20 in both eyes, with myopic correction (-2.0D). Slit-lamp examination and intraocular pressure measurement were within normal limits and funduscopy revealed normal optic nerve, macula and retinal periphery. All other external ocular assessment and neurological examinations were normal. Proband's sisters and her parents' ophthalmic examinations were also normal. The error scores of three sisters and their father were found 19-20/25 in IPPT. The results were consistent as deutran of red-green color blindness. The chromosome analyses and ovarian cycles were both normal.· CONCLUSION: According to her family pedigree, her color blindness was due to X-linked recessive penetrance mode of inheritance.

Efficacy of the Computer Program to Compensate Color Vision Deficiency using Seohan Computerized 85-Hue Test

PURPOSE: to study the utility of a program which diagnoses and compensates for color defects on computer monitors according to the severity and type of color vision deficiency (CVD). METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with congenital CVD completed Seohan computerized hue test, color compensated Seohan computerized hue test and questionnaire for preference of color compensated images. The relation between results of the Seohan computerized hue test and the degrees of color compensation was investigated. HRR test and Nagel anomaloscope were used for determining the severity and type of CVD. RESULTS: In applying the color compensation program, the total error score (TES) of the Seohan computerized hue test was significantly reduced. In cases of milder color vision defect, the TES of the color compensated Seohan computerized hue test was reduced at lower color compensations, while it was reduced at higher color compensations in cases of more severe color vision defect. In the color compensation of images, patients with milder color vision defects preferred images with lower color compensation and patients with more severe color vision defect preferred images with higher color compensation. CONCLUSIONS: The color compensation program for CVD effectively reduced the TES of Seohan computerized hue tests and improved the recognition of colors. This suggests that the program can be helpful to actual life in patients with CVD.

The Discriminatiuon between Congenital and Acquired Color Vision Defects by Computerized Color Vision Test

PURPOSE: To investigate the characteristics of congenital and acquired color vision defects with Seohan computerized hue test and SNU (Seoul National University) computerized color test and to help to discriminate between congenital and acquired color vision defect METHODS: from June 2003 to January 2004, patient with congenital and acquired color vision defect and visual acuities more than 20/30 underwent Seohan computerized hue and SNU computerized color tests. Their results were compared with each other. Quadrant analysis and RQ calculation were done. RESULTS: On Seohan computerized hue and SNU computerized color tests, congenital color vision defects showed mainly red-green color vision defects (p<0.01, paired t-test) while acquired color vision defects showed blue-yellow color vision defect(p<0.01, paired t-test). RQ had 95% sensitivity and 98% specificity with a standard of 1.5 by Seohan computerized hue test, and 96% sensitivity and 98% specificity with standard of 1.0 by SNU computerized color test, for the discrimination of congenital and acquired color vision defects (ROC curve, confidence interval 95%). CONCLUSIONS: Seohan computerized hue and SNU computerized color tests were effective to classify types of color vision defects and discriminate between the congenital and acquired color vision defects.

The Classification of Congenital Color Vision Deficiency by SNU Computerized Color Test

PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate the characteristics and classification of congenital color vision deficiency (CVD) by the SNU computerized color test (SCCT) that was developed to sufficiently utilize the advantages of a computer. METHODS: Hardy-Rand-Rittler test (HRR test), Nagel anomaloscope and SCCT were performed on 60 eyes of 30 CVD patients and 30 normal subjects and the results were compared. RESULTS: In normal subjects, the error scores were all zero at all colors by SCCT. By SCCT protan color defectives showed a peak at hue 0 red in 7 eyes (29.2%), at hue 150 green in 3 eyes (12.5%), at hue 180 green in 18 eyes (75%), and at hue 330 red in 2 eyes (8.3%). By SCCT, deutan color defectives showed a peak at hue 0 red in 2 eyes (5.6%), at hue 150 green in 24 eyes (66.7%), at hue 180 green in 2 eyes (5.6%), and at hue 330 red in 23 eyes (63.9%). CONCLUSIONS: SCCT showed specific axes in CVD patients, with accuracy and high sensitivity to diagnosis. SCCT appears to be useful clinically as a color vision test to diagnose and classify CVD patients.

Significance of Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test and Anomaloscope on Acquired Color. Vision Deficiency in Glaucoma Patients

It is well known that, optic nerve damage in glaucoma begins and proceeds before the glaucomatous visual field defects become evident. Recently, various diagnostic methods were introduced to detect early optic nerve damage in patients with suspected glaucoma, Using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test and the Neitz anomaloscope, the incidence, severity, and patterns of color vision deficiency was investigated in 65 normal eyes, 24 ocular hypertensive eyes, and 64 glaucoma eyes to find out the relation between glaucomaand color vision deficiency. The incidence of color vision deficiency in the normal subjects, ocular hypertensives. and glaucoma patients were 20%, 25%, and 78.1% respectively, which confirmed the correlation of glaucoma to the occurrence of color vision deficiency(R2=0.63). The glaucoma patients with color vision deficiency were found to have more profound defect compared to the normal individuals or ocular hypertensives. Among the glaucoma patients, those with severe visual field defect showed more profound color vision deficiency compared to those with mild or moderate visual field defect(p<0.01). The patterns of color vision deficiency in glaucoma patients were tritanoid in 84%, and non specific in 16%, which signified the high correlation of glaucoma to the tritanoid defect(R2=0.66).

Significance of Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test and Anomaloscope on Acquired Color Vision Deficiency in Glaucoma Patients

It is well known that, optic nerve damage in glaucoma begins and proceeds before the glaucomatous visual field defects become evident. Recently, various diagnostic methods were introduced to detect early optic nerve damage in patients with suspected glaucoma Using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test and the Neitz anomaloscope, the incidence, severity, and patterns of color vIsIon deficiency was investigated in 65 normal eyes, 24 ocular hypertensive eyes, and 64 glaucoma eyes to find out the relation between glaucoma and color vision deficiency. The incidence of color vision deficiency in the normal subjects, ocular hypertensives, and glaucoma patients were 20%, 25%, and 78.1 % respectively, which confirmed the correlation of glaucoma to the occurrence of color vision deficiency (R2=0.63). The glaucoma patients with color vision deficiency were found to have more profound defect compared to the normal individuals or ocular hypertensives. Among the glaucoma patients, those with severe visual field defect showed more profound color vision deficiency compared to those with mild or moderate visual field defect (p